Diplomacy and World War II
1929-1945
Short Version
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Hoover’s foreign policy-isolationist>economic
sanctions
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Japanese aggression-Manchuria (1931),
defied open door policy and league of nations
Stimson Doctrine-Honor Nine-power
Treaty(1922) by refusing to recognize
Manchukuo
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Latin America
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1929, good will tour
Arranged the departure of US troops in Nicaragua
(1933)
Negotiate treaty with Haiti to remove all US troops
by 1934
FDR foreign Policy (1933-1938)
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Good-neighbor Policy
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Dollar diplomacy-ineffective due to Great
Depression=lack of resource to invest
Rise of militarist regimes (GER, ITA) prompts desire
for cooperation in regional defense
Montevideo, Uruguay
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Pan-American Conference
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1933, US delegates vow to end intervention in internal
affairs of Latin Amer.
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1936-FDR personally attended
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Pledged to submit further disputes to arbitration
Warned against European aggression (GER)
Cuba
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Repudiation of Roosevelt corollary
1934-nullification of Platt Amendment, retained right to
Guantanamo Bay
Mexico
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Reject corporate demands to seizure of oil properties by
Lazaro Cardenas
Encouraged negotiation for settlement
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Economic Diplomacy
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London Economic Conference (1933)
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Recognized USSR
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FDR withdrew support, b/c stabilization of currencies could
hurt his own recovery plans
1933, recognition = increased US trade = economic boost
Philippines
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Tydings-McDuffie Act(1934)
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Philippines independence (1946),gradual removal of US military
presence
Election of New President (1935), New Constitution
Reciprocal Trade Agreement
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FDR favored lowering of tariff = increased international trade
1934, plan by Sec. State Cordell Hull, granted President
power to reduce tariff to 50% for Nations w/ reciprocated
comparable reduction of US import
American Isolationists
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Strong among Republicans, Midwest
Revisionist history
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Neutrality Acts
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Entrance into WWI mistake
Sen. Gerald Nye (ND), 1934, committee conclude entrance was to serve
greed of bankers and arm manufacturers, influenced later isolationist
legislation
Neutrality act 1935- Authorize president to prohibit arms shipment and US
citizen from traveling on ships of warring nations
1936, forbade extension of loan and credits
1937, forbade shipment of arms to opposing side in Spanish civil war(1936,
General Francisco France>forces of republicanism, royalists)
America First Committee(1940)
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React to pro-British policies of FDR
Mobilize public opinion and engaged prominent people > WW2
Prelude to War
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Appeasement
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Ethiopia (1935)
Rhineland (1936)
China (1937)-US gunboat Panay destroyed, Japanese
apology accepted
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Sudetenland, 1938
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FDR tested public opinion, quarantine speech (negative
reaction)
Munich conference, 1938 (broken March 1939)
Preparedness
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1938, increased military and naval budget by 2/3, some
accepted, belief in that it would be used to attack aggression
against western hemisphere
From Neutrality to War (1939-1941)
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Outbreak of War in Europe
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1939, USSR and Germany = nonaggression pact
Division of Poland
Invasion of Poland (September, 1939)
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Blitzkrieg (1940)
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Scandinavia, France(1 week)
Denmark and Norway surrender
June 1940, Britain remains
Changing US policy
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1940-acceptance of stronger US defense > aid to
Britain
Cash and Carry
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1939, less restrictive neutrality act
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Selective Service Act (1940)
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Warring nations, cash and carry, favored Britain
Compulsory military service, 21-35, trained 1.2 mil/1 yr
First peace time draft
Isolationists outnumbered, people away from Strict
Neutrality
Destroyers for Base
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50 older US destroyers = military bases on Caribbean
British islands
Election of 1940
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Wendell Willkie (R)
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Criticize New Deal, agreed to preparedness and
aid to GB
End of two term tradition
54% to FDR (popular)
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Strong recovery b/c defense purchases, instead of
Keynesian
Fear of war, desire for strong leader
Arsenal of Democracy
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Four Freedoms
 Nations dedicated to Free. Speech, Religion, from want, from fear
 Jan 6, 1941. Speech to lend money for purchase of US war
material
Lend-Lease (March 1941)
 End cash and carry, allow obtaining all US arms on credit
Atlantic Charter (August 1941)
 Affirmed peace objectives, sound peace include selfdetermination, no territorial expansion, free trade
Shoot on Sight
 June 1941-extension of protection from submarines
 Escort ships carrying lend-lease to Iceland
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Greer attacked by GER sub = attack all German vessel on sight
Disputes with Japan
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1940, Axis alliance
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German success = Japanese aggression, Dutch East
Indies, British Burma, Indochina
Economic Action
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Prohibit export of Steel and scrap iron, ex. Britain and
western hemisphere
1941-freeze all Japanese credit, cut off access to vital
material, oil
Negotiations breaking down
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Pearl Harbor, 1 day later WAR
Stalin join with Democracies, Europe then Asia
World War II :Home Front
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WPB-management of war industries
OWM-set production priorities and controlled raw materials
Cost-plus system, paid war contractors cost of production and certain %
for profit
End of depression, unemployment virtually ends by 1944
1944, US 2> 1 Axis industrial output
OPA- regulation of civilian life-freeze price, wages, rents and rationing
Unions-Agreement of no strike (John L. Lewis broke)
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Smith-Connally Anti-Strike act (1943)-empowered government to take over
war-related business threatened by strike
Financials of the War
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Increase in spending, 100 bil in 1945
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Increased income tax, 1945 automatic deduction from paycheck
Selling war bonds
Borrow money, sell 145 bil war bonds
Shortage = savings
The War’s impact on society
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Leave rural areas in Midwest to pacific coast (California), defense
installations in S (warm, low labor cost)
African American
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15 mil left S, 1 mil join armed force
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Faced discrimination and segregation, summer of 1943, race riot in NY and Detriot
Double V
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Increased NAACP members
CORE, militant movement for African interest
Smith vs. Allwright (1944)
Mexican Americans
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V > fascism, V > inequality
300000 in military, many in defense industries
1942 agreement-Braceros enter US in harvest season neglecting
immigration procedures
Summer 1943, LA soot suit riots, battle between whites and Mexicans
Native Americans -25k in military, more in defense industries. /2 never
returned to reservations
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Japanese American
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Women- 200k served in non-combat role
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20k served in Military
1942, l fear/racism prompts government to order 100k on
west coast to leave for internment camps.
Korematsu v. US (1944) , policy upheld
Acute labor shortage
5 mil enter work force, industrial jobs in shipyards and
defense plants
Rosie the Riveter, pay <
Propaganda
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Maintain morale
Encourage sacrifice and conservation
Increase war production
Office of war information-news about troop movement and
battle
Movie, Radios, music
The Election of 1944
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FDR (D) and Truman, FDR’s medical health ?
Thomas Dewey (R)
FDR, 53% popular vote, 432-99 electoral
World War II: Battlefronts
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Fighting Germany
 Defense at sea, attack by air
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Battle of the Atlantic
From North Africa to Italy
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Operation Torch (NOV 1942), May 1943 success
Summer 1943, Sicily.
From D day to VE day
 June 6, 1944. Doomsday.
 Belgium December 1944, battle of the bulge
German Surrender, Holocaust discovery
 April 30, 1945-Hitler suicide. Unconditional surrender of German
army, May 7
 6 million Jewish people perished, genocide on Hitler’s part
Fighting Japan
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1942- Korea, Philippines, eastern China, British Burma and Malaya, French
Indochina , Dutch east Indies, most pacific islands west of Midway
Turning point, 1942
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Battle of Coral Sea (may 7-8), invasion of Australia ended June 4-7, Battle of Midway,
destruction of 4 Japanese carriers and 300 planes
Island Hoping (Chester Nimitz)
Major Battle
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Leyte Gulf (October 1944)-virtual destruction of Japanese Navy
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First usage of kamikazes
Battle of Okinawa (April –June 1945)- 50k US deaths, 100k Japanese
Atomic bombs
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Manhattan project (1942)
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J. Robert Oppenheimer, 100k people and 2 bil spent
Successful test, June 16, 1945, Alamogordo, New Mexico
August 6, Hiroshima
August 9, Nagasaki
250k Japanese died immediately or after prolonged suffering
August 16, Jpanese surrender. Emperor retained as titular head of state but renounced Divinity
Formally received on September 2, 1945 aboard Missouri in Tokyo
Wartime Conferences
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Casablanca (Jan 1943)- FDR and Churchill agreed to invade Sicily and demand
unconditional surrender from Axis
Teheran-Big three in Iranian city, November 1943, Drive to liberate France in
spring of 1944, Soviet would invade Germany and eventually join in war against
Japan
Yalta, February 1945-black sea coast of USSR
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Roosevelt’s death April 12, 1945- sudden death
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Germany divided into occupation zones
Free election in liberated eastern Europe
USSR enter war >Japan (August 8, 1945)
USSR control southern half of Sakhalin island and Kurile island in Pacific, special
concessions in Manchuria
New world peace organization formed in San Francisco
Truman becomes president
Potsdam
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Late July, Churchill replaced by Clement Attlee, Stalin remain
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In Germany (July 17-August 2, 1945)
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Warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally
War-crime trials of Nazi leaders
The War’s Legacy
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Cost
 300k Americans died, 800k wounded
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320 bil spent, immense amount of defecit spending.
 1000% increase in federal spending, 1939-1945.
 250 bil national debt
UN
 1944, Dumbarton Oaks, Allied representatives from US, USSR,
GB, and CN proposed on the organization.
 April 1945, 50 nations sent delegates to assemble in San
Francisco, 8 weeks to draft charter.
 October 24, 1945- UN is borne
Expectations-USSR, A-bomb
 1945-US strongest and most prosperous
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Most deadly after Civil War
I got lazy and didn't feel like putting more
pictures, it got problematic as I had to search
for so many pictures when I could just
condense the entire chapter into note form.
Be happy you didn't get the other version,
which had 50 slides.
G Luck and stuff on your finals, AP exam/s,
Regents, and Summer