Thinking About Psychology
The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2012
Applications of Psychological
Science Domain
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Module 33
Psychological Therapies
Module Overview
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Psychoanalysis
Humanistic Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Family and Group Therapies
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Psychotherapy
• An interaction between a trained
therapist and someone who is seeking
to overcome psychological difficulties
or achieve personal growth.
• There are over 250 different types of
therapy.
Four Major Types of Psychotherapy
• Most therapies can be divided into:
– Psychoanalytic
– Humanistic
– Behavioral
– Cognitive
Eclectic Approach
• An approach to psychotherapy that,
depending on the person’s problems,
uses techniques from various forms of
therapy.
• Uses whichever therapy works best for
the problem the person has
Module 33: Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Founder of
psychoanalysis, a
controversial theory
about the workings of
the unconscious mind.
Psychoanalysis
• Freud’s theory of personality;
• also, a therapeutic technique
that attempts to provide
insight into thoughts and
actions by exposing and
interpreting the underlying
unconscious motives and
conflicts.
Module 33: Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalysis:
Psychoanalytic
Assumptions
Psychoanalysis Assumptions
• Psychological problems are the result of
repressed conflicts and impulses from
childhood.
Psychoanalysis Assumptions
• The therapist must bring the repressed
problems into the conscious mind to help
patients have an insight about the original
cause of the problem.
Module 33: Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalysis:
Psychoanalytic Methods
Free Association
• Freudian technique of discovering the
unconscious mind--where the patient
relaxes and says whatever comes to
mind, no matter how
trivial or embarrassing
Resistance
• In psychoanalysis, the blocking from
consciousness of anxiety-laden
material.
Interpretation
• In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s
noting of ideas of the meaning behind
dreams, resistances, and other
significant behaviors to promote
insight.
• The analyst’s ideas of the meaning
behind the patient’s dreams (latent
content), resistance, and other behaviors
Transference
• In psychoanalysis, the patient’s
transfer of strong emotions (such as
love or hatred) linked with other
relationships to the analyst.
• The patient projects feeling from the
past to the therapist.
Problems with Psychoanalysis
• Can important memories be repressed?
• Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is
very costly
• Psychoanalysis does not allow for
differing interpretations.
Module 33: Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalysis:
The Psychodynamic
Perspective
Psychoanalytic Influence
• Few therapists follow strict Freudian
therapy.
• Heavily influenced other types of
therapy (interpersonal therapy)
• Modern approach is the psychodynamic
perspective
Psychodynamic Approach
• A more modern view that retains some
aspects of Freudian theory but rejects
other aspects
• Retains the importance of the
unconscious mind
• Less emphasis on unresolved childhood
conflicts
Module 33: Psychological Therapies
Humanistic Therapies
Nondirective Therapy
• Therapist listens without interpreting
and does not direct the client (patient) to
any particular insight.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
• Humanistic psychologist who
developed client-centered therapy and
• stressed the importance of
acceptance, genuineness, and
empathy in fostering human growth.
Client-Centered Therapy
• A humanist therapy, developed by Rogers,
in which the therapist uses techniques such
as active listening within a genuine,
accepting, empathic environment to
facilitate the client’s growth.
• The therapy stresses:
– Empathy
– Acceptance
– Genuineness
Active Listening
• Empathic listening in which the
listener echoes, restates and clarifies.
Active Listening Characteristics
• Active listening entails:
– Echoing/Reflecting feelings: mirrors the
feelings of the client
– Restating/Paraphrasing: uses the words of
the client to summarize the conversation
– Clarifying: encouraging the client to say
more by asking leading questions
Module 33: Psychological Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Behavior Therapy
• Therapy that applies learning
principles to the elimination of
unwanted behaviors.
• Uses both classical and operant
conditioning
• Primary concern is to eliminate the
disorder’s behavior, not find the cause
of the disorder
Behavior Therapy
• Primary concern is to eliminate the
disorder’s behavior, not find the cause of
the disorder
Module 33: Psychological Therapies
Behavior Therapies:
Classical Conditioning
Techniques
Counterconditioning
• A behavior therapy technique that
teachers us to associate new responses
to places or thing that have in the past
triggered unwanted behaviors.
Systematic Desensitization
• A type of counterconditioning that
associates a pleasant, relaxed state
with gradually increasing, anxietytriggering stimuli.
• Usually used to
treat phobias
Systematic Desensitization Process
• Establish a hierarchy of the anxietytriggering stimuli
• Learning relaxation methods
(progressive relaxation)
• Slowly think through the hierarchy,
working to relax whenever anxiety is
felt
Systematic Desensitization
Systematic Desensitization
Systematic Desensitization
Systematic Desensitization
Systematic Desensitization
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
• An anxiety treatment
that progressively
exposes people to
simulations of their
greatest fears, such as
airplane flying, spiders,
or public speaking.
Aversive Conditioning
• A type of counterconditioning that
associates an unpleasant state (such as
nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such
as drinking alcohol).
• The person is replacing a positive but
harmful response with a negative response
• Example with alcoholism: Lace a drink with
a drug that makes the person becomes sick
Aversive Conditioning
Aversive Conditioning
Aversive Conditioning
Module 33: Psychological Therapies
Behavior Therapies:
Operant Conditioning
Techniques
Token Economy
• An operant conditioning procedure
that attempts to modify behavior by
rewarding desired behavior with
some small item.
• The tokens can be exchanged for
various privileges or treats
• Form of secondary reinforcement
Module 33: Psychological Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Therapy
• Therapy that teaches people new,
more adaptive ways of thinking and
acting.
• Based on the assumption that thoughts
intervene between events and our
emotional reactions
Cognitive Therapy
• Almost half of all therapist at a
university setting use cognitive therapies
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Self-Serving Bias
• Tendency to judge oneself favorably
• Severely depressed patients tend to not
have a self-serving bias and tend to
blame themselves for problems and
credit the environment for successes
• Optimistic explanatory
style
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
• Integrated therapy that combines
changing self-defeating thinking with
changing inappropriate behaviors.
Module 33: Psychological Therapies
Family and Group
Therapies
Group Therapy
• Having a therapist work with a number
of patients at one time
• Groups usually consist of 6 to 10 people
• Cognitive, behavior, and humanistic
therapists all can lead group therapies.
Advantage of Group Therapy
• Therapists can help more than one
person at a time.
• Overall session cost is lower.
• Patients interact with others having the
same problems as they have.
• Builds a sense of community
Family Therapy
• Therapy that views an individual's
unwanted behaviors as influenced by or
directed at other members of the family and
• attempts to guide the
family toward positive
relationships and
improved
communication.
Comparison of Psychotherapies
Comparison of Psychotherapies
Comparison of Psychotherapies
Comparison of Psychotherapies
Comparison of Psychotherapies
Comparison of Psychotherapies
The End
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• Scientific Inquiry Domain
• Biopsychology Domain
• Development and Learning Domain
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• Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any
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Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022
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