CH 13: Review
1. What do we know about the effectiveness of self-help groups?(pg 417)
a. Self help groups have been formed to help individuals overcome addictive
behaviors.
b. 12 million people in US participate in roughly 500,000 self help groups most of
which focus on a single problem such as substance abuse or depression.
2. What has been the main use of behavior therapies based on classical conditioning?
a. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are used mainly to: rid people
of dears and undesirable behaviors or habits.
3. What is the main premise of cognitive therapies?
b. Cognitive therapies: which are based on the cognitive perspective, assume that
maladaptive behavior can result from irrational thoughts, beliefs, and ideas, which
the therapist tries to change. (referred to as cognitive-behavioral approaches)
c. Therapists of cognitive therapies seek to change the way the clients think
(cognitive) and they determine the effectiveness of their interventions by
assessing changes in clients behavior ( behavioral).
4. With what disorders have cognitive therapies been most effective?
a. Cognitive therapies have been most effective for: anxiety disorders,
hypochondriasis, psychological drug dependence, and pathological gambling.
5. Know the difference among clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and psychoanalysts.
(pg 432)
a. Clinical psychologist: PH.D. or Ed. D; internship in counseling psychology/
diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders; can prescribe drugs in some
settings after additional training; psychological testing.
b. Psychiatrist: a mental health professional who is a doctor. Medical degree ( M.D.
or O.D. residency in psychiatry./ psychotherapy; drug therapy; hospitalization for
serious psychological disorders.
c. Psychoanalysts: M.D., PhD or Psy.D., additional training in psychoanalysis/
psychodynamic therapy.
6. Which therapies are considered insight therapies?
a. Insight therapies: approaches to psychotherapy based on the notion that
psychological well-being depends on self-understanding. ( understanding of ones
own thoughts, emotions, motives, behaviors, and coping mechanisms)
7. What techniques are important in humanistic therapy?
a. Humanistic therapy: psychotherapies that assume that people have the ability and
freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices.
b. Person-centered therapy [client-centered therapy]: a nondirective, humanistic
therapy developed by Rogers, in which the therapist creates an accepting climate
and shows empathy, freeing clients to be themselves and releasing their natural
tendency toward self actualization.
c. Unconditional positive regard: therapist empathizes with the clients concerns and
emotions.
d. Rogers claimed that the therapist must adopt an attitude of congruence, or
genuinesness, that is, a willingness to communicate with the client on a person to
person basis rather than as an authority figure who will pass judgment on and give
advice to the client.
e. Active listening: therapist responds by restating or reflecting back his or her ideas
and feelings.
8. Which type of therapy appears to be most effective in treating adolescent drug
abuse?
a. Family therapy: therapist pays particular attention to the dynamics of the family
unit. [goal is to help family members reach agreements on certain changes that
will help heal the wounds of the family unit, improve communication patterns,
and create more understanding and harmony within the group.
9. Which therapy involves the application of principles of classical and operant
conditioning?
a. Behavior therapists uses methods based on classical and operant conditioning and
modeling, which include systematic desensitization, flooding, exposure and
response prevention, and aversion therapy.
10. Which therapy emphasizes acceptance and unconditional positive regard?
a. Person-centered therapy: therapist shows empathy, unconditional positive regard,
and genuineness, and reflects clients expressed feelings back to client.
11. What is participant modeling?
a. participant modeling: a behavior therapy in which an appropriate response to a
feared stimulus is modeled in graduated steps and the client attempts to imitate
the model step by step, encouraged and supported by the therapist.
12. What is systematic desensitization?
a. systematic desensitization: a behavior therapy that is based on classical
conditioning and used to treat fears by training clients in deep muscle relaxation
and then having them confront a graduated series of anxiety-producing situations
(real or imagined) until they can remain relaxed while confronting even the most
feared situation.
13. What group of drugs are used to treat symptoms including hallucinations and
delusions?
a. Narcoleptics [antipsychotic drugs]: used to treat hallucinations and delusions.
14. What are their most severe side effects?
a. Narcoleptics most severe side effects: long term use of typical antipsychotic drugs
carries a high risk of a severe side effect, tardive dyskinesia,- almost continual
twitching and jerking movements of the face and tongue, and squirming
movements of the hands and trunk.
15. What is interpersonal therapy?
a. Interpersonal therapy: a brief psychotherapy designed to help depressed people
better understand and cope with problems relating to their interpersonal
relationships.
b. Used with 4 interpersonal problems associated with major depression:
a. Unusual or severe responses to the death of a loved one
b. Interpersonal role disputes
c. Difficulty in adjusting to role transitions, such as divorce, career change,
and retirement.
d. Deficits in interpersonal skills.