Perspective of Bioenergy and
Jatropha in China
北京科技大学教授 Heinz-Peter Mang
Centre for Sustainable Environmental Sanitation (CSES)
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of Science and Technology Beijing
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Topics
Food Security
April 10-11, 2008
Bioenergy
Climate
Protection
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
People's Republic of China
• Has the largest population of any country in the world. 2005, the
total population of China is 1.3 billion or about one fifth of the
world population.
• Population density 135 people per square kilometer.
• Annual population growth rate in 2006 at 0.59 percent.
• GDP per capita is ranking after No.100 among all countries in
the whole world.
• 23 million people are living below the national poverty line.
• 57 percent of China’s population is living in the undeveloped
rural areas.
UNDP, Human Development Report 2006
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Overall and harmonious development of people and
nature, people and society, and economy and society.
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11th Five-Year Plan (2006–10) centered on independent innovation,
sustainable economic growth and building an environmental friendly
and human centered society.
It emphasizes a shift from extensive to intensive growth in order to
meet demands for improved economic returns.
Conservation of resources includes a 20-percent reduction in energy
consumption by 2010.
Scientific concept of development and building a socialist harmonious
society.
Promote balances or “harmony” between
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urban and rural development,
development among regions,
economic and social development,
development between human and nature,
domestic development and opening to the outside world.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Lower-middle-income country
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China is still categorized as a developing country with a per capita
income of approximately between 1500 and 1.740 USD per year.
China is classified under OECD/DAC as „lower-middle-income
country“.
World Bank estimates, 320-350 Mio Chinese are still living on less than
2 USD/day. The gap between rich and poor is widening.
China does not have an overall, economic and accessible health care
system. Only 14% of employees hold unemployment insurance, 18%
health insurance and 23% retirement schemes.
Unemployment is on the rise: The official unemployment rate in urban
areas is at 8.5%, in the country at 30%. This leads to migration,
especially to the urban centers in the east.
There is a strong need for qualified personnel.
USD 1500 according to 2006 BMZ Country Strategy Paper, USD 1740 according to figures available from the Chinese
Embassy in Germany (2007) and People's Daily, 21. August 2006
World Development Report 2007
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
China energy market
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2006, 70% of China's energy use was based on coal, with other forms of energy
each accounting for a tiny proportion according to official statistics.
The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) announced in
October 2007 that China would lift the proportion of renewable energy
consumption to about 10 percent by 2010, and to 20 percent by 2020.
In 2005 the non fossil energy supply in China was 7% (incl. hydropower).
Increase biodiesel output for transport to 200,000 tons by 2010 and 2 million
tons by 2020.
China is expected to consume 62.5 percent more oil in 2020 (563 million tons)
compared with 2006 (346.6 million tons) as fast economic growth will continue to
fuel domestic demand. (2010: 407 million tons). In the first five months of 2007
China’s net imports of crude oil totaled 65.83 million MT, an 11.5% increase
over the same period in 2006. Chinese domestic crude oil production in the first
five months of 2007 totaled 77.51 MT, a 1.7% increase compared to the 2006
period.
www.biopact.com Jan. 17th, 2008
Chinese Academy of Social Science forecast report 2008
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Energy consumption and production
1.Inhabitants
2. Area
3. Inst. Capacity el.
4. Energy tot.
5. Consumption
300 Mio.
492.8 Mio.
> 1,300 Mio.
9.6 Mio. km²
4.3 Mio. km²
9.6 Mio. km²
813 GW
648 GW
700 GW
3640 TWh
2,650 TWh
~2,500 TWh
14,000 kWh/(c.a)
6,600 kWh/(c.a)
~ 1,300 kWh/(c.a)
US – EUROPE – CHINA Energy situation in 2006
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Climate
Protection
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Climate Protection
Renewable Energy (RE) development to 10% share in 2010.
China is the second largest emitter of CO2 and the largest emitter of
SO2.
Chinas influence on the global climate change is very important and
constantly on the rise, with an ever growing need for more energy and
resources, which can already not be covered by China alone.
This has an immediate effect on the countries where China is currently
sourcing and on the overall impacts of globalization.
China is aware of the negative consequences of this development and
has introduced far-reaching and modern environmental laws and
regulation. However, the implementation of these laws and their
monitoring remains weak.
BMZ 2007, Länderkonzept China: according to estimates, the economic costs of environmental damage in
China are eating up a considerable part of its economic growth
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Climate
Protection
Climate Protection
• Promotion of climate protection, energy saving, renewable
energy technologies
• Support for biogas and biofuel energy by biodegradable
feedstock supply
• Promoting climate neutral fertilizer production
• Support and development of CDM projects
• International technology and know-how transfer
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
Past developments (1/2)
• According to the Sixth National Survey on Forest Resources,
conducted by the State Forestry Administration (SFA), the existing
forest area of China is 0.175 billion ha and the growing stock is 13.6
billion m³, accounting for 3.2% of the world’s total.
• The Chinese management organization of forest includes state
owned forest enterprises, state owned forest farms, collectively
owned forest farms, individually managed forest farms, and
household units.
• Traditionally forest energy aspects are only related to fuel wood,
and woody plant oil is often dedicated to Traditional Chinese
Medicine (TCM).
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
Past developments (2/2)
• Systematic research started in the early 1990’s: program of
“Fuel Plants’ Survey and Planting Technology Research”
carried out by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) during
the period of the 8th Five-year Plan, 1991-1995
– oil plants in the drainage area of Jinsha River, Sichuan
province, were investigated, the planting technologies of
some fuel plants were studied, and 30 ha of Jatropha
curcas L. were planted for demonstration.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
Biomass energy resources
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Mainly straw and other agricultural wastes, waste from forestry and forest
product processing, animal manure, energy crops and energy plantations,
organic effluents from industry, municipal wastewater, and bioorganic municipal
waste (BMW).
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600 million tons of crop straw produced every year, nearly 300 million tons (around 150 million tons of
coal equivalent (tce)) can be used as fuel.
900 million tons of waste from forestry and forest product processing available every year, nearly 300
million tons (or about 200 million tce) can be used for energy production.
57 million hectares of marginal lands, 15% can be used to cultivate energy crops
and plantations. In addition, there are near 0.1 billion ha of marginal lands such
as saline lands, sandy lands, mining lands, etc., which can be planted as energy
forest.
Biogas and BMW are also biomass energy resources with good potential for
development.
In 2007, NDRC estimates that the country’s total biomass resource that can
potentially be converted into energy is about 500 million tce.
NDRC: Medium and long-term development plan for renewable energy in China, September 2007
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
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Bioenergy policies
Law of the People's Republic of China on Renewable
Energy.
The operational opinion of finance and tax supporting
policies about the development of bio-energy and biochemistry industry.
Middle and long term development plan of renewable
energy.
To ensure the food security, grains and corn was restricted
to bio-energy production since 2007, rape seed oil followed
since 2008.
The national development plan of energy forest.
Construction plan of bio-energy forests during 11th five-year
plan period.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
RE development targets
items
2010
2020
Large
140
225
Small
50
75
Straw (wheat, corn, cotton)
4
24
Biogas from animal waste
1
3
Municipal waste incineration
0.5
3
Biomass pellet (million ton)
1
50
Biogas (billion m³)
19
14
Bioethanol (million ton)
2
10
Biodiesel (million ton)
0.2
2
Wind power (GW)
5
30
Solar PV
0.3
1.8
0.15
0.3
Hydro power GW
Biomass electricity (GW)
Solar thermal
Water heater (billion m²)
Long and medium term planning of RE, CNP report 2007
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
Theoretically all forest resources can
be utilized as raw material of
bioenergy
• The main types of forest biomass for
energy are restricted to:
– (1) shrubs: 45.3 million ha and mainly distributed
in northwest and southwest of China - up to 0.18
billion tons at an production average of 4t/ha.
– (2) the “three residues” from forestry maintenance
and timber processing work considering the
environmental impacts of total forest use
(firewood) – at least 6.8 billion tons of biomass
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
(3) Woody oil-bearing
plants
• There are more than 1,554 species of oil-bearing
plants in China, which belong to 697 genera of 151
families.
• 154 kinds of these have a seed oil content of up to
40%.
• About 4.2 million ha of oil-bearing forests yield fruit
output of 5.6 million tons.
• To date only plants with a total yearly output of 1.5
million tons are exploited (TCM, paint, biodiesel,
lubricants, chemical industry) leaving a great
prospect of exploiting the rest of 4.1million tons/year.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
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National investments in
Jatropha biodiesel
On January 11th, 2007 SFA and China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC)
signed a contract to cooperate in the cultivation and exploration of energy forest:
Jatropha curcas L. energy forest bases with projected plantations of more than
40,000ha and aimed feedstock provision for biodiesel production of 60,000t/y were
currently under construction in Yunnan and Sichuan province as the first phase of the
project.
On April 6th, 2007 SFA signed a similar agreement with COFCO, China’s largest oils
and food im- and exporter, and a leading food manufacturer, ambitious to be a
leading participant in Jatropha curcas L. energy forest production. COFCO will
invest in energy forest as a demonstration project to produce at least 20,000t/y of
liquid bio-fuel in Guizhou province.
China National Offshore Oil Corp. (CNOOC) also plans to invest 2.3 billion RMB until
2010 to develop 33,000 ha of Jatropha curcas L. forest in Panzhihua, Sichuan
province.
Yunan Shengyu New Energy Company plans to develop Jatropha curcas L. forest
on more than 150,000 ha in Yunnan province. The first period of the project started
2007 with total investment of 90 million RMB, including establishing 20,000ha of
energy forests and the construction of a millwork plant.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
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Foreign investments in
Jatropha biodiesel
Biodiesel Manufacturing Company (UK) plans to plant over 30,000ha of Jatropha
curcas L. in Guangxi province, with an expected capacity of 100,000t/y as feedstock.
The project owner will provide seedling and technologies for free, and purchase seeds
of Jatropha curcas L. from local farmers. By 2009, this project should produce more
than 10,000t/y biodiesel.
British Sunshine Technology Group (UK) has planted 267 ha Jatropha curcas L. forest
in 2006, and is planning to plant 20,000ha more in the Basin of Honghe River of Yunnan
province during 2007-2012. In Sichuan province, the investor plans to develop over
650,000 ha of Jatropha curcas L. forests at a total investment of over 4 billion RMB.
Baker Biofuel Company (USA) has planted 10,000ha of Jatropha curcas L. forests in
Panzhihua, Sichuan province, in 2005. It is further planned to invest over 2 billion US$ in
the energy forest of Panzhihua, aiming to construct the biggest biofuel feedstock base of
the world within the next few years.
In 2007, Yunnan Plant Oil Group and German Energy Strategy Consulting Company
signed a project idea note to invest in energy forest, in a first stage about 0.65 billion
RMB to plant 50,000-70,000ha Jatropha curcas L., and to construct a factory with
capacity of 50,000-100,000t/y of biodiesel production.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
Rented land
(Forest usage right)
• operating business to grow Jatropha in a
large scale in the key provinces of Hainan,
Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Fujian.
• identify suitable land banks that would be a
viable low cost consideration to rent the land
on a long term basis and manage a plantation
by establishing a Jatropha crop.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
Contract farming
• with well established relationships and inputs and buy
back managed contracts.
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Site Production & yield
Land availability
Contract farming
Environmental assessments
Land use – water and greenhouse gas
Land classification
Production model
• require carefully managing to ensure guaranteed
suitable supply.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
Research on cultivation and
breeding of oil-bearing tree
species
• (1) Introduction, selection and cultivation of appropriate firewood
tree species;
• (2) Analysis on the energy potential of 120 native or exotic tree
species in different regions;
• (3) National survey on resources of woody oil-bearing plants;
• (4) Research on the physiological and ecological properties of
oil-bearing plant species, and construction of breeding bases
appropriate species.
• (5) Exploration of quality improving manners of oil-bearing
plants through bio-technology.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Species
Tung oil tree (Vernicia fordii, Aleurites
Areas
Output
(ha)
(ton/year)
Locations (current)
779,300
2,270,000
Guizhou, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Fujian,
Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum)
27,000
59,700
Guizhou, Hubei, Shanxi, Sichuan
Lacquer tree (Toxicodendron
106,800
318,400
Guizhou, Hubei, Shanxi, Sichuan
Walnut (Juglans regia)
68,000
365,000
Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang
Oil Camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel)
2,868,000
2,049,800
Hunan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Fujian
Jatropha nut (Barbados nut)
20,000
196,200
Sichuan, Hainan, Yunnan, Guizhou
Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis)
284,700
320,000
Shandong, Hebei
Long-paniculated Cinnamon
23,200
3,000
Sichuan, Fujian
vernicifluum succedaneum, Rhus
succedanea)
(Jatropha curcas L.)
output of economic forestry of China”
“Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Forestry (2005)”and “The statistical table of areas and
fordii)
(Cinnamomum longe paniculatum)
Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans 6,800
Sichuan
lours.)
Dogwood (Cornus wilsoniana
1,500
400
Wangerin)
Yunnan, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hebei, Hunan,
Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang
Shiny leaf yellowhorn (Xanthoceras
600
1,200
Hainan, Inner Mongolia,
100
9,000
Hainan
sorbifolia Bunge)
Henry Emmenopterys (Emmenopterys
henri henryi Oliv.)
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
Development plan of bio-energy forests
during 11th Five Year Plan period
Species
Areas(ha)
Location
Jatropha curcas L
1,200,000
Yunnan,
Sichuan,
Guizhou,
Chongqing
Pistacia chinensis
250,000
Hebei, Shaanxi, Anhui, Henan
Cornus Wilsoniana
50,000
Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi
Xanthoceras sorbifolia
130,000
Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Xinjiang
1. During the 11th Five Year Plan period (2006 – 2010), 839,100ha of energy
forests are to be planted to provide raw material for 1.25 million tons
biodiesel each year.
2. Up to 2020, energy forests will count more than 13 million ha, thus providing
million tons
of biodiesel
year. to fulfill the plan:
The6 following
measures
will each
be adopted
(1) Quality improvement of key oil-bearing tree species such as Jatropha
curcas L, Pistacia chinensis, Cornus Wilsoniana, Cornus Wilsoniana,
(2) Improve forest of lower productivity to profitable forests;
(3) Demonstrate high-yield cultivation technologies,
(4) Implement RE projects in potential areas.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Bioenergy
Jatropha curcas L.
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belonging to nettle spurge and
spurge family, generally taller than
2m, up to 10m.
Mainly distributed in tropical very dry
to moist areas, through subtropical to
wet forest zones.
It is a perennial plant with a highyield period of at least 30 years.
Under very favourable conditions,
harvesting of seeds can achieve up
to 9 kg/tree/year; under less
favourable conditions, harvest can
drop to 0.2-2 t/ha.
The largest Jatropha curcas L forest
in development in China is located in
the Southwest of Sichuan province,
with a total area of up to 27,000ha.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Food
Security
Energy or Food?
• Conflict potential between energy-oriented infields and foodstuff plantations?
– according to studies on Chinese food supply the potential output per ha
can meet most of the increased demand for food – also in future.
– 27% of China’s territory is desert
– Over the past 25 years, China has made great strides in improving
agricultural productivity and reducing hunger and poverty levels
– Competition will always exist for both the biomass for liquid biofuel
production and the requisite land resource to grow it: the five "f" of
biomass usage: food, feed, fibre, forage, and fuel
• In the Chinese context energy-oriented agriculture and forestry
with at least some valued dual use or co-product derived
from the crop should be promoted
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Food
Security
Land competition solved?
• Energy crop plantation projects are not
allowed to compete with food and fed
production quality land.
• As the amount of fertile land suitable for
agriculture, and even the amount of marginal
land, is limited, NDRC announced in 2007 not
to accept bio-fuel production based on staple
food and to shift bio-fuel production to other
energy high yield plants such as sorghum,
cassava and sweet potatoes.
China Daily, 17.07.07
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Food
Security
Food security and plant oil
• In highly populated areas of China biofuel oil plant will
compete with food production areas.
• In many regions in China marginal arable land is available.
These areas are perfect to start with plant oil production.
• Organic matter to improve soil fertility and oil plant
productivity should include the waste and wastewater
management sector.
• Many tree borne oil varieties can be used as cooking oil for
own consumption or as product for selling.
• Village electrification from plant oil can be the starting point
for commercial food processing activities.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Food
Security
Straith vegetable oil (SVO) keeps
the money in the village
• Added value remains in the community: The whole supply chain from
the oil crop cultivation, the oil pressing and filtering and the electricity
production is managed and controlled by local people. They are the
beneficiaries.
• The money expenses for the SVO remain in the village, the money
expenses for the electricity remain also in the village. A local economic
loop is created.
• New jobs: SVO production creates permanent local jobs for the oil
production, SVO genset operation and electricity distribution.
• SVO production has always as byproduct the press cake. This presscake
is perfect for biogas production, if it is mixed with local energy crops
like sorghum or grass. The slurry from the biogas plant is a high value
fertilizer for farming.
• Biogas can replace charcoal as cooking fuel.
• A closed nutrient loop for sustainable biofuel production is created.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Food
Security
Biomass energy reality
• 35 million poor people of the rural population still has no access
at all to electricity .
• The government has committed to resolving this situation during
the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010).
• The Ministry of Agriculture relates rural biomass energy to
increased agricultural efficiency and farmer’s income, improved
environment, energy conservation and emission reduction.
• Based on these achievements, China is willing to conduct
extensive international cooperation and exchange on biomass
energy development.
Invitation of International Seminar on China’s Rural Biomass Energy – June 2008, announced in March 2008
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
Food
Security
Conclusion
• Wind, solar, and wave energy relies strongly on hardware
capital cost.
• Biomass, biogas and biofuel can be competitive in- and outside
China.
• The challenge is that Chinese agro-forestry is still too inefficient
and too environmental resources consuming to supply the huge
local demand for agriculture goods and energy feedstock at
competitive prices.
• If China can improve agro-forestry efficiency, it will greatly boost
local agriculture industry competitiveness and lower cost for biofuels and biomass energy, not to mention the more efficient use
of land and the impact to raise the living standard of farmers.
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, Rome, Italy
北京科技大学教授 Heinz-Peter Mang
Centre for Sustainable Environmental Sanitation (CSES)
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of Science and Technology Beijing
谢谢
THANK YOU
cses@biogas.tk
cses@ecosan.net.cn
April 10-11, 2008
International Consultation on Pro-poor Jatropha Development, 32
Rome, Italy