Who Should Control Education:
The Common School Era
Colonial Era
Demographics
Attitude
toward children
Education (grammar schooling)
Education (college)
Drawing of Harvard College, circa 1767
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Revolutionary Era
Ideology
Faith
in reason
Natural law (deism)
Nationalism
Revolutionary Era Education
Jeffersonian
Meritocracy
Plan
ideals
for popular education-4 tiers
His legacy
Common School Era
Demographics
Ideology
One Room School House (KS)
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One Room School House (MD)
Common School Movement
School
structure
Teaching
Overarching goals: moral training,
discipline, patriotism, mutual
understanding, formal equality, and
cultural assimilation
(development of high schools)
 By
Questions for Discussion
which secondary source-Kaestle or Bowles and
Gintis-are you persuaded?
 What do you think of the arguments for localism
or centralization? Where do you stand?
 What do you think about the notion of the
“common school?” What would it look like?
 Where do you stand: are children property of the
state or of their parents? (Kaestle 158-159)
 What is the hidden curriculum and how is it
transmitted to students in today’s schools?
The Progressive Era I:
Pedagogical Progressivism
Characterization of the Era
Urbanization
Immigration
Ideology
Education
General Characterization of
Progressive Education
Built on the “new” psychology
Traditional classical curriculum
should be
replaced with a varied curriculum
Learning should be based on activities not
rote memorization
Primary aim of schooling is to help solve
society’s problems
New Educational Goals
Social
stability
Employable skills
Equal educational opportunity
Meritocracy
George Counts (1889-1974)
Influenced
by Dewey
Envisioned a ‘political’ role for
teachers
Accused of being a communist
Critical of Progressive Education
John Dewey (1859-1952)
 The
‘father’ of
pedagogical
progressivism
 Disagreed with Counts;
believed that schools
should produce
reformers not reform
society directly
Dewey’s ideas
Schools
kill curiosity and social
interaction
Schools should be laboratories for
democracy
Education THROUGH the vocations
not FOR the vocations
Questions for Discussion
What
do you think the role of the school
should be in society? Should they lead or
follow?
What of the role of the teacher?
What do you think of the concept of
indoctrination (a la Counts)?
Do you have a prescription for achieving
the “good” society?
The Progressive Era II:
Administrative
Progressivism/
Social Efficiency
Alfred Binet
 Paper
and pencil test
 Series of short tasks
according to child’s
age
 Related to everyday
problems
 Didn’t rely on learned
skills like math or
reading
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Binet’s cautions
Scores
are a practical device; they
do not buttress any theory of
intellect
Scale is a rough empirical guide for
identifying learning disabled kids
NOT for ranking normal children
Low scores shall not be used to mark
children as innately incapable
Enter Lewis Terman
Adopts
Binet’s test
but alters it to
sort, classify, and
test all American
school children
Intelligence
Quotient born in
1916
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Impact of the IQ
What
began as a way to identify
individual children with special needs
became a means for ordering groups
Said to test inherent/innate ability
Immigration policy took cues from
results
Progressive Education (review)
Replace
classical curriculum with a varied
curriculum based on kids’ interests
Learning should be based on activities not
rote memorization
Schools should help solve society’s
problems
Seeking social stability, employable skills,
and equal educational opportunity
Consequences for Course Taking
Subject
General Science
Physics
Algebra
General Math
Latin
US/English History
Home Economics
Industrial Arts
Physical Education
1900
--19
56.3
--50.6
38.2
-------
1949
20.8
5.4
26.8
13.1
7.8
22.8
24.2
26.6
69.4
Questions for Discussion
Should
we have a core curriculum?
What should it be?
What are the merits of a
differentiated curriculum?
How much differentiation is too
much?
Language Issues:
Does an American Have to
Speak English?
Ingles
Englisch
英語
Inglese
‫إنجليزي‬
1930s Court Cases
Salvatieera
(TX), 1930
v. Independent School District
Court
Oks separation on the basis of English
language handicaps
Alvarez
v. Lemon Grove School District
(CA), 1931
classifying Mexicans as
School board: separate
Indian
education best for
learning language and assimilation (and gender
fears)
San Diego court: school board can’t separate
ALL kids
 Mendez
1940s Court Cases
v.
Westminster (CA),
1947
 School
board says MA
kids happier in separate
classrooms/schools
 Federal District court
disagrees (they were
separated for wrong
reasons: race)
 Delgado
v. Bastrop
(TX), 1948
 Parents
continued
Salvatierra fight
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1970s Court Cases
Cisneros
1970
v. Corpus Christi District (TX),
Mexican
Americans classified as such (brown
not white)
Lau
v. Nichols, 1974
Question:
equal or equitable treatment
required by schools?
(critical mass necessary)
Made language a civil rights issue
Questions for Discussion
How
do we reconcile American-ness with
diversity? (umum and pluribus)
How do we reconcile ethnicity with
American-ness?
What do you make of the relationship
between language and citizenship?
Is it the school’s role to teach/help
maintain culture?
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Religion and Education
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Colonial/Revolutionary/Common
School Eras and Religion
Protestants
outnumbered other
immigrants
Jefferson’s Bill for Religious
Freedom
Demographic changes with increases
in Irish Catholic immigration
Religion in Textbooks
Catholicism
 Catholics need the
pope while Protestants
rely on bible as guide
 A danger to the state
 Sample texts
Judaism
 A religion or a race?
 Associated with greed
(contrast with
Franklin)
 College admissions
becomes HUGE issue
Court cases
State
1925
v. John Scopes (Monkey Trial) (TN),
Evolution
v. creationism
Science in the classroom
Inherit the Wind, 1960
Pierce
v. Society of Sisters (OR), 1925
Compulsory
education=public education
Anti-Catholic intentions
Questions for Discussion
 How
does religion fit in today’s public schools?
 What do you think of the use of school property
for religious purposes?
 How should science classes be handled
(evolution/creationism/ punctuated equilibrium)?
Education for Liberation
Paulo Freire
 Worked
with rural
poor adults
 Professor, government
employee, and
community worker
 Wanted to extend
literacy and
democracy
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Highlander Folk School,
Miles Horton
 Founded
as adult
education center; aim
was to build a
progressive labor
movement
 Changed focus in 1953
to Civil Rights
Movement and voting
rights
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Early Desegregation Decisions
Gaines
v. Canada (MO), 1938
Sipuel v. Board of Regents (OK),
1948
McLaurin v. Board of Regents (OK),
1950
Sweatt v. Painter (TX), 1950
The Brown Decision, 1954
Briggs
v. Elliott (SC), 1950
Belton v. Gebhart; Bulah v. Gebhart
(DE), 1951
Brown v. Board (KS), 1951
Davis v. Prince Edward County SB
(VA), 1951
Bowling v. Sharpe (DC), 1952
Brief Mississippi History
Black
statistics
White reaction to
Brown decision
(SNCC and sit-ins)
Summer 1964:
Freedom Summer
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Questions for Discussion
What
do you make of Freire and SNCC in
light of previous authors with regard to
the purpose of education?
Would working within the system or
outside the system be best?
Does this influence your opinion on who is
“qualified” to teach?
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Who Should Control Education Revisited:
The 1960s and 1970s
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What is Black Power
The
launching of a movement (1966)
Carmichael and Hamilton, Black
Power: The Politics of Liberation in
America
Black Access to Higher Ed
Civil
Rights Act of 1964
Higher Education Act of 1965
Campus-based affirmative action
Numbers in colleges
Curricular Changes
Black
Studies
Community control
Multicultural/Afro-centric Education
Questions for Discussion
How
much control should a
community have?
Hiring teachers?
Curriculum?
Educational policy?
What
is a ‘qualified’ teacher?
Contemporary Debates over
the Curriculum in a
Multicultural Society
Questions for Discussion
Where
do hyphenated Americans (a
la Sekhon) fit in today’s discussion?
When is it acceptable to use race as
an identifying characteristic and
when is it not?
Textbooks and Culture
Wars:
How Should We Teach
History?
Questions for Discussion
What
are the consequences of the way we
shape/interpret history?
Is there a certain age at which student
should be exposed to history as
interpretation?
How should we teach patriotism in schools?
And how should patriotism be defined?