World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance

World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance

Chapter 7

The Early Hebrews

The Big Idea

Originally desert nomads, the Hebrews established a great kingdom called Israel.

Main Ideas

• Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a new religion.

• Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders.

• Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their kingdom broke apart.

• Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions to their history.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 1: Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a new religion.

• Accounts of the Hebrews describe the Hebrews’ early history and the laws of

Judaism , the Hebrew religion.

• The Hebrew Bible traces the Hebrews back to Abraham, who was told by God to settle in Mesopotamia.

• After a famine struck Canaan, the Hebrews ended up in Egypt and lived well, causing the pharaoh concern.

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Chapter 7

The Exodus

• The pharaoh of Egypt made the Hebrews slaves to stop them from taking over Egypt.

• A leader named Moses demanded that the pharaoh free his people.

• He refused, and plagues occurred, frightening the pharaoh.

• His people were released, so they began their Exodus out of

Egypt.

• God then gave Moses the Ten

Commandments by which to live.

• They included worshipping only God and valuing human life.

• The Hebrews reached

Canaan and settled there in small communities, as the

Israelites.

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 2: Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders.

• The new threat to the Israelites came from the Philistines.

• The Israelites united under Saul, who became the first king of Israel.

• The Israelites wanted a single ruler who could lead them in battle.

• David became king after Saul. He won many wars.

• Solomon became king next, and expanded the kingdom and trade.

• He made allies with nearby kingdoms, including Egypt and Phoenicia. Trade with them made Israel very rich.

• With the riches that came from this, he built a temple to God in Jerusalem.

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 3: Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their kingdom broke apart.

• After Solomon’s death, revolts broke out over who should be king.

• This split Israel into two kingdoms, called Israel and Judah. The people of

Judah became known as the Jews.

• Both were conquered, and Judah fell to the Chaldeans.

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Chapter 7

Scattering and Conquest

• The Jews went through a period of enslavement called the Babylonian

Captivity.

• The Persians took over and allowed the

Jews to return to Jerusalem. Some did not return, however, and settled in other parts of the Persian Empire.

• Scholars call the scattering of the Jews outside Canaan the Diaspora.

• The Jews were conquered by the

Romans, but made many advances in teaching and building temples.

• Yohanan ben Zaccai was a teacher during this time who clarified some Jewish teachings to help people better understand the religion. He also built a school to teach about Judaism.

• Despite these advances, the Jews were not happy, and called on people to rebel.

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 4: Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions to their history.

• Hebrew society was governed by men. Women had few rights.

• They had to obey their fathers and husbands. They couldn’t choose their own husbands.

• A woman could not inherit property unless she had no brothers.

• Some of them, however, such as Queen Esther, the judge Deborah, and

Miriam (the sister of Moses) made great contributions to society.

• Some women, such as Ruth and Naomi, were seen as examples of how women should behave. Ruth was devoted to her mother-in-law.

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Chapter 7

Jewish Beliefs and Texts

The Big Idea

The central ideas and laws of Judaism are contained in sacred texts such as the Torah.

Main Ideas

• Beliefs in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor Jewish society.

• Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible, and the Commentaries.

• The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs.

• The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures.

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 1: Belief in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor Jewish society.

• Belief in one god

- Judaism is the world’s oldest and possibly the first monotheistic religion.

Monotheism is the belief in only one god.

• Belief in education

- Teaching children, mostly boys, has always been important to Jewish society.

• Belief in justice and righteousness

- Jews are expected to be kind and fair in dealing with other people, in a display of justice.

- They are also supposed to be righteous and do what is proper.

• Belief in obedience and law

- They obey moral and religious laws such as the Ten Commandments and

Mosaic law.

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 2: Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible, and the

Commentaries.

The Torah

• This is a collection of five books that make up the most sacred text in

Judaism.

• Nearly every synagogue has one.

The Hebrew Bible

• This is made up of the

Torah, the Proverbs, and the Book of Psalms.

• It is also made up of eight books that describe the messages of the prophets .

The Commentaries

• Because some laws are hard to understand, scholars wrote commentaries to explain them.

• They can be found in the Talmud.

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 3: The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs.

• The Dead Sea Scrolls were found in 1947.

• It is suspected that they were written between 100 BC and AD 50.

• The scrolls included prayers, commentaries, letters, and passages from the

Hebrew Bible.

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 4: The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures.

• Judaism helped shape the largest religion of Western society today,

Christianity, as well as Islam.

• Many people still look to the Ten Commandments as a guide and do not work on the weekends, to honor the Sabbath.

• People also give to charities, which is largely based on Jewish teachings.

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Chapter 7

Judaism over the Centuries

The Big Idea

Although they were forced out of Israel by the Romans, shared beliefs and customs helped Jews maintain their religion.

Main Ideas

• Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in Jewish culture.

• Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two cultural traditions formed.

• Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and religion.

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 1: Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in Jewish culture.

• The Zealots, a group of people who thought that Jews shouldn’t answer to anyone but God, refused to answer to the Romans and revolted.

• During the battles, the Second Temple was destroyed. The Romans finally won in AD 73.

• The Romans killed much of the Jewish population as punishment.

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Chapter 7

A Second Revolt

• Jews in Jerusalem revolted against the Romans in the 130s.

• After winning the second revolt, the Romans declared that any Jew caught in or near the city would be killed. This increased Jewish migration to the

Mediterranean region.

• Because the Jews no longer had a single temple in which to worship, local synagogues and rabbis became important in guiding their religious lives.

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 2: Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two cultural traditions formed.

• Jewish communities in various parts of the world developed different customs, including language and rituals.

• One of the two traditions, Ashkenazim, is made up of Jews who moved to

France, Germany, and eastern Europe.

• They developed their own language called Yiddish.

• Another group of descendants, called the Sephardim, lived in what is now

Spain and Portugal.

• They mixed with non-Jews, borrowing elements from their culture and producing a golden age of Jewish culture.

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Chapter 7

Main Idea 3: Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and religion.

Hanukkah

• This holiday honors the rededication of the

Second Temple.

• It is celebrated by lighting candles in a menorah.

• The eight days represent the amount of time the oil burned during the rededication.

Passover

• This is a time for Jews to remember the Exodus.

• They eat only flat bread and have a ritual meal called the seder.

High Holy Days

• The first two days, Rosh

Hashanah, celebrate the beginning of the Jewish new year.

• On Yom Kippur, the most holy day, they fast all day and ask God for forgiveness of their sins.

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Chapter 7

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