INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION VOCABULARY
(CHAPTER 18)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Industrial Revolution
Entrepreneurs
Capitalism
Agricultural Revolution
Crop rotation
Seed drill
Domestic system
Spinning jenny
Steam engine
Cotton gin
Urbanization
Liberalism
Utilitarianism
Socialism
Means of production
Utopian socialism
Trade unions
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
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24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Strike
Transportation Revolution
Locomotive
Internal combustion engine
Corporations
Financiers
Monopoly
Trust
Separate spheres
Charles Darwin (and Darwinism)
Natural selection
Social Darwinism
Marxism
Proletariat
Romanticism
novel
Realism
impressionism
STARTER (NOVEMBER 16)
Roman numerals practice—Identify the number the
following Roman numerals represents. You must
write the Roman numeral and your answer.
1.
X
2.
V
3.
I
4.
IV
5.
XIV
6.
IX
7.
XXIIV

Group Grading
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(1700-1914)
Chapter 18
Vocabulary is due on test day.
Your test is planned for November 22.
INTRODUCTION
•
The Industrial Revolution occurred as a reaction to
changes in production.
–
•
•
It first occurred in Britain. Overtime, it spread throughout
Europe and then to North America.
Developments of the Industrial Revolution include
increased population, improved food production, new
demands for manufactured goods, and new
technologies.
We often break the Industrial Revolution into two
distinct parts:
First Industrial Revolution (1700s-mid 1800s)
– Second Industrial Revolution (last half of 1800s)
–
FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Essential Questions:
1.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
2.
What were some of the consequences of the
Agricultural Revolution?
3.
How did rising demand and new technology affect
the textile industry?
4.
What were the basic elements of the first Industrial
Revolution?
ORIGINS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Asset of water for protection, power, and transportation
– Canal networks were built in the late 1700s
Coal was in abundance
A stable political system developed after the Glorious
Revolution in 1688.
– Laws protected property rights
The large empire allowed access to many trade routes
and provided raw materials.
Capitalism: use of private money or goods to produce a
profit of more money or goods
Banking system allowed for savings for new investments
Growing demands for manufactured goods
Essential Question 1: Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
COMMERCIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE
•
•
In the early 1700s, Britain experienced a revolution in
agriculture due mainly to their American colonies.
– Crops from the Americas included potatoes and corn.
New farming methods included use of animal manure for
fertilizer and using crops to revitalize nutrients in the soil
(turnips and clover).
– Crop rotation: alternating the type of crop grown in an
area to preserve soil nutrients
– Jethro Tull’s invention of the seed drill planted seeds at
the right depth in regular rows.
Essential Question 2: What were some of the consequences
of the Agricultural Revolution?
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Cloth had been developed in the home since the Middle
Ages (this was called the domestic system).
 Higher demands for cloth around the turn of the 18th
century threatened to end the domestic system.
 Cotton plantations from the Americas increased the
need for quickly woven cloth. New inventions helped
meet the demand:

James Hargreaves developed the spinning jenny.
 Richard Arkwright developed the water frame.
 Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin. (The cotton gin increased the
demand for slaves in the southern US.)

Essential Question 3: How did rising demand and new technology affect
the textile industry?
Essential Question 4: What were the basic elements of the first Industrial
Revolution?
REVIEW AS TIME PERMITS
STARTER (NOVEMBER 17)
Read “Britain’s First Factories” on page 488 in your
textbook.
Answer the “Linking Geography and History”
questions no page 489.
Based on the map, answer the location question:
Where were most of Britain’s cotton textiles
produced?
CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Essential Questions
1. What were some of the social
consequences of industrialization?
2. What political theories emerged in
the industrial era and how did they
differ from another?
3. How did many workers respond to
industrialization?
SOCIAL
CHANGES
Steam-powered
machinery changed the way people worked.

Working in factories instead of at home
 Men, women, and children
 Long hours (usually 6 days a week)
 Adjustments for seasons were no longer made (use of time clocks)
More food was available due to improved tools
 From 1801 to 1851, the population of Britain doubled.
 Urbanization
More jobs were available for the working class
 Many jobs were industrial
 Job stability increased for non-industrial workers (primarily domestic servants)
TERRIBLE CONDITIONS
 Tenement housing (slums)
 Sanitation issues





Answer ES 1: What were some of the social consequences of
industrialization?
NEW POLITICAL THEORIES

Many people reacted differently to
industrialization.

New ideas developed about how to structure society
and the state.
LIBERALISM, UTILITARIANISM, AND
SOCIALISM
 In
your seated section, you will form
concise bullet notes on one of the different
theories that emerged due to the
Industrial Revolution.
 Each group will create a poster to display
the information for their classmates.
Be clear in your information, but be concise.
 Identify key words/people
 Write legibly on the poster

 All
members must have their own notes
written on notebook paper IN THEIR
NOTE section.
GALLERY WALK OF THEORIES
Each group will rotate and read the notes for
each different theory.
 Students will be able to ask questions of “expert
groups” once the activity is complete.


Answer ES 2: What political theories emerged in
the industrial era and how did they differ from
another?
WORKER’S MOVEMENTS

Many workers began to seek membership in trade
unions (organizations of workers from all over the
country who collectively bargain).



Strikes were often used as a way to stop production.
Britain, France, and Germany had laws outlawing
workers’ associations in the early 1800s.
Answer ES 3: How did many workers respond to
industrialization?
STARTER (NOVEMBER 18)
Write a one, grammatically correct paragraph in
response to the following statement. Your
paragraph must prove comprehension through
the use of historical evidence and be free of
“fluff.” (Agree/Disagree)
“Life improved for workers who moved from rural
areas into industrial cities.”
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Essential Questions:
1.
How did the steam engine affect
transportation?
2.
What were the foundations and the
consequences of the second Industrial
Revolution?
3.
What were the results of new business
practices in the late 1800s?
4.
How did industrialization in France,
Germany, and Russia differ from
industrialization in Britain?
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION



Water Travel
 1807, Robert Fulton’s Clermont (steamboat) was successful on
the Hudson River (NY).
 By 1870, steamships were replacing sailing ships.
Land travel
 In the early 1800s, early steam-powered carriages emerged.
 Locomotives were developed in 1829 (by George Stephenson) to
pull trains at 30 mph.
 Railways were built across Europe and the US making trade
and travel much easier.
Answer ES 1: How did the steam engine affect transportation?
SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
In the second half of the 1800s
 The 1st Industrial Revolution was based upon…


The 2nd Industrial Revolution was based on
electricity, steel, and oil.
ELECTRICITY

Electric generators were developed in the 1830s
revolutionizing communication.




The telegraph was invented in 1837.
Samuel Morse (of the US) developed Morse code to
communicate over the telegraph.
Alexander Graham Bell (of the US) invented the telephone
in 1876.
Electric motors began to replace steam engines in the
1870s—electric motors were cleaner, smaller, and
cheaper.

Thomas Edison invented the light bulb in 1879.
STEEL

The Bessemer process (discovered by
Andrew Carnegie) made steel production
easier and cheaper.
The process purifying low quality iron ore
into steel.
 The cheap steel created a boom in the
railroad industry.
 Cities drastically changed with the
skyscraper (and later, the elevator).

PETROLEUM
 Oil
replaced coal in the 1870s.
 In 1876, Nikolaus August Otto (of
Germany) invented the internal
combustion engine which ran on
gasoline.
 In 1885, the Mercedes Benz was the first
car developed.
 The Orville Wright glider used in 1903
at Kitty Hawk was gas-powered.
 Answer
ES 2: What were the
foundations and the consequences of the
second Industrial Revolution?
THE GROWTH OF BIG BUSINESS

The new industries of the 1800s were expensive
to start and maintain.


Corporations developed in which large numbers of
people owned shares of the company and shared the
profits.
Financiers often bought companies as
investments in order to gain profits. (Example:
JP Morgan bought out Carnegie Steel and
created the US Steel Corporation in 1901.)
Competition in business was harsh—taking out the
opponent was the goal to control production and sale of
a good or service.
 Vertical integration: buying all companies who
contribute to the final product (suppliers)
 Horizontal integration: buying out competitors or
smaller companies
 Monopoly: sole control of the production and the sale
of a product or service in order to dominate a
particular market
 Trusts: combinations of similar businesses under the
direction of a single group



Answer ES 3: What were the results of new business practices in the
late 1800s?
Answer ES 4: How did industrialization in France, Germany, and Russia
differ from industrialization in Britain?
STARTER (NOVEMBER 21)


Turn in signed progress reports to the correct
tray for your class.
Create a T-chart titled Causes and Effects of the
Industrial Revolution.
CHANGES IN WESTERN CULTURE
AND SOCIETY
Essential Questions
1.
How did the wealth provided by the
Industrial Revolution affect the middle
class?
2.
What new advances were made in
science, and how did these developments
affect social sciences?
3.
What were romanticism and realism, and
in what ways were they reactions to the
industrial era?
SEPARATE SPHERES

With industry, work was separated from the
home.
Men were public figures in business and government
 Women ran the household


Queen Victoria of Britain became the example of
how women should behave in the middle class—
devoted to her husband and was a dedicated wife.
ES 1: How did the wealth provided by the
Industrial Revolution affect the middle class?
NEW SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL IDEAS

Darwinism
Developed by Charles Darwin (an
English thinker of the 1800s)
 Published On the Origins of Species
by Means of Natural Selection
 Natural selection is the theory that
life forms evolved over time in a
constant struggle for survival—the
stronger would survive.


Physical Sciences advanced in fields such as
medicine, physics, and chemistry.
Gregor Mendel discovered laws of heredity.
 The use of chloroform as an anesthetic for surgery
developed.
 Laws of magnetism and electricity were developed


Social Sciences
New fields of study were introduced including
sociology, psychology, economics, anthropology, and
archaeology.
 Scientific research (such as heredity) often helped
justify negative prejudice (such as racism and
sexism).

Many used anthropology in attempts to prove that some
races were inferior—it failed.
 Eugenics—an attempt to improve genes through breeding


Social Darwinism: applied Darwinism to humans—
the wealthy were more fit than the poor
ES 2: What new advances were made
in science, and how did these
developments affect social
sciences?

Marxism: Developed by Karl Marx,
this political theory applied scientific
research to government creating
“scientific socialism”
 The Communist Manifesto
published by Marx and Friedrich
Engels
 Argued that industrial capitalism
created a proletariat (working
class) who were exploited by
capitalists
 Overtime, Marx felt that the
proletariat would rise against
the capitalists through
revolution establishing a
communist government
(government owns all means of
production and there is no
private property).
INDEPENDENT READING: PAGE 505
“MOVEMENTS IN LITERATURE AND ART”
Create concise bullet notes directly in your class
notes.
ES 3: What were romanticism and realism, and in
what ways were they reactions to the industrial
era?
Review games as time permits =]
STARTER (NOVEMBER 22)




Gather and organize your work packet. You will have a maximum
of 3 minutes after the bell to turn in all assignments to prevent
point deductions.
Your packet MUST be in this order:
 Vocabulary
 Notes (with essential question answers included and any notes
assigned in small groups/independent)
 Writing Starter from 11/18 (agree/disagree “Life improved…”)
 T-chart Starter 11/21 (causes and effects)
If you are missing any components, you should write a note and
staple it to the front of your packet explaining why. Failure to do
so will result in not being able to make up the missing component.
BE SURE YOUR NAME IS ON THE FRONT AND PLACE YOUR
PACKET IN THE TRAY FOR YOUR CLASS PERIOD.