Project Definition
The goal of this term project is to evaluate the pump in a piped system using skills
acquired throughout FABE 2110. The pump is either determined efficient or inefficient. If the
pump is deemed inefficient then suggestions will be made to improve the entire system.
Drawing using SOLIDWORKS
See Attached Page.
1
Parts List
2
Part Number
Part Name
Qty
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
12
13
14
Holding Tank
Superior Stainless Inc. Butterfly Valves
Duralife Plus Pressure Gauge 0-15 psi
Duralife Plus Pressure Gauge 0-30 psi
Orange Research Inc. Pressure Gauge
ITT Barton Pressure Gauge
Clear Flexible Tubing
White Flexible Tubing
Wright Pump
Baldor 1 Hp Motor
Yamatake MagneW3000 Plus Flow Meter
Lenze SMVector AC Tech Frequency Inverter
Stober Drive Unit Reducer
Lovejoy
Large Diameter Pipes
Pipe 1
Pipe 2
Pipe 3
Pipe 4
Large Diameter Elbows
Large Diameter Tee
Small Diameter Pipes
Pipe 5
Pipe 6
Pipe 7
Pipe 8
Pipe 9
Pipe 10
Pipe 11
Pipe 12
Pipe 13
Small Diameter Elbows
Large Diameter to Small Diameter Reducer
Large Diameter Pipe Clamps
Small Diameter Pipe Clamps
Hex Nut Pipe Connectors
Plastic Gauge Connectors
Straight Metal Guage Connectors
Tee Metal Guage Connectors
Cleanout Butterfly Valve
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
4
1
11
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
1
23
5
16
6
2
3
1
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
3
4
Parts List with Dimensions
5
Excel sheet to calculate all friction losses in the system
Given
Viscosity (Pa*s)
3
Density (kg/m )
3
0.0011
0.0011
997.1
997.1
Volumetric Flow Rate (m /s)
=B5/B3
0.100290843
Mass flow rate (kg/s)
Diameter Large Pipes (m)
Diameter Small Pipes (m)
Kf Butterfly (swing) Valve
100
0.0348
0.022
2
100
0.0348
0.022
2
o
Kf elbow, 90
Kf angle valve
Sudden contraction
Sudden expansion (Exit loss)
Roughness (m)
Pump efficiency
Re (large diameter)
Re (small diameter)
Kf (large)
Kf (small)
Velocity (m/s) (large)
Velocity (m/s) (small)
0.75
2
0.55
1
0.00000065
0.75
0.75
2
0.55
1
0.00000065
0.75
=(B6*B4*B3)/B2
=(B5*B4*B3)/B2
3163.636364
9090909.091
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B6)+5.74/(B15^0.9)))^2)
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B7)+5.74/(B16^0.9)))^2)
0.010931212
0.002545828
=B4/((3.14259/4)*B6^2)
=B4/((3.14259/4)*B7^2)
105.4083616
263.7474013
Table 1:
Given information with equations and actual numbers
6
Large Pipes
Pipe 1
Length (m)
Kf
0.5207
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B6)+5.74/(B15^0.9)))^2)
Friction Loss (J/kg)
=4*F2*(E2/B$6)*(B$19/2)
Pipe 2
1.3335
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B6)+5.74/(B15^0.9)))^2)
=4*F3*(E3/B$6)*(B$19/2)
Pipe 3
Pipe 4
Large Misc.
Contraction
Exit
1.44145
1.8288
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B6)+5.74/(B15^0.9)))^2)
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B6)+5.74/(B15^0.9)))^2)
=4*F4*(E4/B$6)*(B$19/2)
=4*F5*(E5/B$6)*(B$19/2)
0.55
1
=F7*(B19/2)
=F8*(B19/2)
0.75
1
2
=4*F9*(B19/2)
=F10*(B19/2)
=F11*(B19/2)
0.1016
0.1524
0.1651
0.257175
0.3048
0.3302
0.37465
0.38735
1.8288
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B7)+5.74/(B16^0.9)))^2)
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B7)+5.74/(B16^0.9)))^2)
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B7)+5.74/(B16^0.9)))^2)
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B7)+5.74/(B16^0.9)))^2)
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B7)+5.74/(B16^0.9)))^2)
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B7)+5.74/(B16^0.9)))^2)
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B7)+5.74/(B16^0.9)))^2)
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B7)+5.74/(B16^0.9)))^2)
=1.325/(4*(LN(B13/(3.7*B7)+5.74/(B16^0.9)))^2)
=4*F13*(E13/B$7)*(B$20/2)
=4*F14*(E14/B$7)*(B$20/2)
=4*F15*(E15/B$7)*(B$20/2)
=4*F16*(E16/B$7)*(B$20/2)
=4*F17*(E17/B$7)*(B$20/2)
=4*F18*(E18/B$7)*(B$20/2)
=4*F19*(E19/B$7)*(B$20/2)
=4*F20*(E20/B$7)*(B$20/2)
=4*F21*(E21/B$7)*(B$20/2)
0.12065
0.75
=(B17+B18)/2
=14*F23*(B20/2)
=4*F24*(E24/((B6+B7)/2))*((B19+B20)/2)
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
=23*F26*(B19/2)
=5*F27*(B20/2)
=16*F28*((B19+B20)/2)
=3*F29*(B19/2)
Total Friction Loss (J/kg)
=SUM(G2:G29)
Elbows (4)
Tee (1)
Butterfly (swing) valve
Small Pipes
Pipe 5
Pipe 6 (3)
Pipe 7
Pipe 8
Pipe 9
Pipe 10
Pipe 11
Pipe 12
Pipe 13
Small Misc.
Elbows (14)
Reducer
Connectors
Large Pipe Clamps (23)
Small Pipe Clamps (5)
Hex Connectors (16)
Tee connectors (3)
Table 2: Pipes and misc- calculation equations for Friction Loss
7
Kf
0.010931212
Friction Loss (J/kg)
34.48114671
0.010931212
88.30537571
0.010931212
0.010931212
95.45390613
121.1045153
0.55
1
28.98729944
52.7041808
0.75
1
2
158.1125424
52.7041808
105.4083616
0.002545828
0.002545828
0.002545828
0.002545828
0.002545828
0.002545828
0.002545828
0.002545828
0.002545828
6.201807557
9.302711335
10.07793728
15.69832538
18.60542267
20.15587456
22.86916537
23.64439131
111.632536
0.75
0.00673852
1384.673857
21.13553043
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
48.48784633
26.37474013
118.1298441
6.324501696
Total Friction Loss (J/kg)
2580.576
Table 3: Values for Kf and Friction Loss
8
Plan to calculate pump work
Using the Mechanical Energy Balance (shown below), the pressure would be the only
component to cancel, because the two points are at atmospheric pressure. My group is able to
cancel these components because point 1 is right at the outlet of either pipe and pipe 2 is at the
liquid surface level in the tank.
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
+
+ 𝑔(𝑍2 − 𝑍1 ) + ∑ 𝐹 + 𝑊𝑠 = 0
𝜌
2𝛼
So, the final equation to find the Work would be…
𝑊𝑠 = − ∑ 𝐹 +
𝑉12 − 𝑉22
+ 𝑔(𝑍1 − 𝑍2 )
2𝛼
The efficiency of the pump would have to be calculated. This is done by graphing the rate
of water and the output of the pump. This will help our team find the pumps true power. The
valve would be open so water would be able to freely flow into the bucket without traveling up
the larger tube. To calculate total friction loss in the system, the curved tube would be omitted
from the calculation. This is so there would be no extra added into the system for the horizontal
outlet. The horizontal outlet will also be omitted for the arch outlet. This number would be
calculated using the friction loss excel sheet. Also, after the tests were finished, alpha is 0.5,
because the liquid is laminar.
The flow rate (Q) will be calculated using mass flow rate. The mass flow rate can be
found looking at the Yamatake 3000+ electromagnetic convertor. From there, the velocity could
be calculated for future use.
9
Experimental Procedure
Initializations:
1. Collect information needed in order to calculate density:
a. Mass 𝐻2 𝑂
b. Mass Solution
2. Adjust the lever for Horizontal Pipe Flow
3. Set flow rate to increments of eight from 0 to 40
Procedure:
The following steps marked by * are to be performed for each of the 5 settings
4. * Collect Pressure data
a. Read 3 pressure gauges (∆𝑃 in Small Pipe System, ∆𝑃 in Large Pipe System,
Pressure at post-pump location) in psi
5. * Collect data in order to verify flow rate
a. Mass of solution for a given volume
b. Time taken to reach the corresponding mass
6. Measure height of fluid in tub (h)
7. Adjust lever for Arched Pipe Flow
8. Repeat steps 3-8 with new flow direction
10
Data Table
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe
Flow Rate (gallons/min):
Setting #8
1.620
Setting #16
3.279
Setting #24
4.933
Setting #32
6.460
Setting #40
7.600
Time to fill bucket (s):
Mass of liquid in bucket (g):
Mass Flow Rate (g/s):
9.41
940.37
99.933
4.93
1077.43
218.546
2.25
767.21
340.982
2.72
1058.35
389.099
1.75
1058.38
604.789
∆P:Small Pipe System (psi):
∆P:Long Pipe System (psi):
P: After Pump (psi):
0.450
0.350
6.500
0.950
0.500
8.000
1.375
0.550
9.000
1.725
0.650
9.500
1.850
7.750
10.500
Extra Info:
Mass H20 (g):
Mass Liquid (g):
16.140
16.260
Outflow via Arched Pipe
Flow Rate (gallons/min):
Bottom tub-fluid (in): 8.710
Fluid surface-outlet (in):
6.640
Setting #8
1.536
Setting #16
3.151
Setting #24
4.806
Setting #32
6.250
Setting #40
7.040
Time to fill bucket (s):
Mass of liquid in bucket (g):
Mass Flow Rate (g/s):
8.18
843.77
103.150
3.85
871.31
226.314
3.93
1239.28
315.338
3.28
1240.15
378.095
2.81
1322
470.463
∆P:Small Pipe System (psi):
∆P:Long Pipe System (psi):
P: After Pump (psi):
0.700
0.400
8.000
1.250
0.550
11.000
1.700
0.700
12.000
0.925
0.775
12.500
2.125
0.800
13.000
Extra Info:
Mass H20 (g):
Mass Liquid (g):
16.140
16.260
Bottom tub-fluid (in): 7.800
Fluid surface-outlet (in):
11.000
Pump Performance Curves
See Attached Page.
11
Calculations
i. Density
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝜌𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝜌𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
=
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
ρs
1000
kg
m3
=
16.26 g
16.14g
𝜌𝑠 = 1007.4
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
ii. Viscosity Data Analysis
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe
Viscosity (Pa s) 22mm Manual
Viscosity (Pa s) 34.8mm Manual
Viscosity (Pa s) 22mm Measured
Viscosity (Pa s) 34.8mm Measured
Setting #8
0.4313892
1.0017723
0.4392466
1.0200187
Setting #16
0.28011492
0.65048305
0.27201612
0.63167601
Setting #24
0.21812982
0.5065412
0.20715019
0.48104431
Setting #32
0.18492256
0.42942728
0.19106329
0.4436873
Setting #40
0.16740408
0.38874586
0.14583986
0.3386694
Setting #16
0.28702947
0.66654001
0.26625921
0.61830731
Setting #24
0.22164192
0.51469701
0.21730979
0.50463693
Setting #32
0.18870324
0.43820679
0.19444993
0.45155175
Setting #40
0.17543765
0.40740141
0.17008886
0.39498045
Table 1: Viscosity Data for Horizontal Pipe
Outflow via Arched Pipe
Viscosity (Pa s) 22mm Manual
Viscosity (Pa s) 34.8mm Manual
Viscosity (Pa s) 22mm Measured
Viscosity (Pa s) 34.8mm Measured
Setting #8
0.4456873
1.0349754
0.430805
1.0004157
Tables 2: Viscosity Data for Arched Pipe
The standard equation for used for finding apparent viscosity is 𝜂 = 𝐾𝛾 𝑛−1
The standard equation for natural logs of shear rate and shear stress is ln(𝜏) = ln(𝐾) + 𝑛ln(𝛾).
The equation from the graph of natural logs of shear stress and shear rate has a y-intercept at
1.9658 which is equal to ln(K). Therefore, 𝐾 = 𝑒 1.9658 = 7.14 𝑃𝑎 ∗ 𝑠 𝑛 . Based on the same
equation, n=0.3876. Therefore, apparent viscosity, 𝜂 = (7.14) ∗ 𝛾 (0.3876−1) . Shear rate under
each condition is then found using the equation 𝛾 =
8𝑣
𝑑
12
Viscosity (Apparent) - 𝜂
𝜂 = 𝐾𝛾 𝑛−1
ln(𝜏) = ln(𝐾) + 𝑛ln(𝛾)
𝑦 = .3876𝑥 + 1.9658
𝐾 = 𝑒 1.9658 = 7.14 𝑃𝑎 ∗ 𝑠 𝑛
𝑛 = 0.3876
𝛾=
𝛾=
8𝑣
𝑑
8 ∗ .439𝑚/𝑠
1
= 159.5
0.022𝑚
𝑠
𝜂 = (7.14) ∗ 159.5(0.3876−1) = .3195
Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate
160
140
Shear Stress (Pa)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Shear Rate (1/sec)
13
Figure 1.
Based off Figure 1, the 1.0% cellulose fluid is shear thinning.
Natural Log of Shear Stress vs. Natural Log of Shear Rate
6.00
Natural Log of Shear Stress
5.00
4.00
3.00
y = 0.3876x + 1.9658
R² = 0.9993
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
Natural Log of Shear Rate
Figure 2.
iii. Velocity Calculations
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe
Setting #8
Velocity (m/s) 22mm Manual
0.2688948
Velocity (m/s) 34.8mm Manual
0.1074618
Velocity (m/s) 22mm Measured
0.2610849
Velocity (m/s) 34.8mm Measured 0.1043406
Setting #16
0.54426299
0.21751063
0.57097199
0.22818468
Setting #24
0.81880125
0.3272278
0.89084961
0.35602138
Setting #32
1.0722595
0.42852049
1.01656012
0.40626065
Setting #40
1.26148176
0.50414175
1.58006967
0.63146302
Setting #24
0.79772123
0.31880332
0.82385266
0.32924655
Setting #32
1.03740276
0.41459025
0.98780913
0.39477053
Setting #40
1.16853047
0.46699446
1.22912993
0.49121258
Table 1: Velocities for Horizontal Pipe
Outflow via Arched Pipe
Setting #8
Velocity (m/s) 22mm Manual
0.2549521
Velocity (m/s) 34.8mm Manual
0.1018897
Velocity (m/s) 22mm Measured
0.2694905
Velocity (m/s) 34.8mm Measured 0.1076999
Setting #16
0.52301698
0.20901982
0.59126835
0.23629597
Table 2: Velocities for Arch Pipe
14
Sample Calculations:
𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 22𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 34.8 𝑚𝑚
1𝑚
22𝑚𝑚 ∗ 1000𝑚𝑚 =
.022𝑚
2
= .011𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎1 = 𝑝𝑖 ∗. 0112 = 3.801327 ∗ 10−4 𝑚^2
34.8𝑚𝑚 ∗
1𝑚
1000𝑚𝑚
=
.0348𝑚
2
=.0174 which is radius 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2 = 𝑝𝑖 ∗. 01742 = 9.511485 ∗ 10 − 4 𝑚2
.000102207𝑚3
𝑠𝑒𝑐
∗ (3.801327 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 )−1 =.2688948m/sec
iv. Mass Flow and Flow Rate Calculations
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe
Mass Flow(Kg/s)measured
Flow Rate (gallons/min):
Mass Flow (Kg/s):manual
Flow Rate (m^3/s):manual
Mass Flow (Kg/s)measured
Flow Rate (m^3/s):measured
Setting #8
0.09993305
1.620
0.102922361
0.000102207
0.09993305
9.92384E-05
Setting #16
0.218545639
3.279
0.208322482
0.000206874
0.218545639
0.000217026
Setting #24
0.340982222
4.933
0.313404941
0.000311226
0.340982222
0.000338612
Setting #32
0.389099265
6.460
0.410418796
0.000407566
0.389099265
0.000386395
Setting #40
0.604788571
7.600
0.482845642
0.000479489
0.604788571
0.000600584
Setting #24
0.305336336
0.000303214
0.315338422
0.000313146
Setting #32
0.397077008
0.000394317
0.378094512
0.000375466
Setting #40
0.447267542
0.000444158
0.470462633
0.000467192
Table 1: Rates for Horizontal Pipe
Table 2: Rates for Horizontal Pipe
Outflow via Arched Pipe
Mass Flow ( manual) (kg/s)
Flow rate ( manual) (m^3/s)
Mass Flow ( measured) (kg/s)
Flow rate ( measured) (m^3/s)
Setting #8
0.097585646
9.69073E-05
0.103150367
0.000102433
Setting #16
0.200190345
0.000198799
0.226314286
0.000224741
15
Sample Calculations:
𝐺𝑎𝑙 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 1007𝐾𝑔
1𝑚3
𝐾𝑔
1.620
∗
∗
∗
=
.102922361
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚3
264.17𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑠
1.620𝑔𝑎𝑙 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
1𝑚3
∗
∗
= .000102207𝑀3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚𝑖𝑛
60𝑠𝑒𝑐 264.17𝑔𝑎𝑙
99.933𝑔 1𝐾𝑔
. 09993305𝑘𝑔
∗
=
𝑠
1000𝑔
𝑠
99.933𝑔 1𝐾𝑔
1007𝑘𝑔 −1
3
∗
∗(
) = 9.9238 ∗ 10−5𝑀 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠
1000𝑔
𝑀3
v. All Frictional Losses in the System
Total Friction Loss-Measured
Via Horizontal Pipe (J/kg):
Via Arched Pipe (J/kg):
Total Friction Loss-Manual
Horizontal (J/kg):
Arched (J/kg):
Setting #8
41.227
51.016
Setting #16
55.175
68.913
Setting #24
68.296
80.429
Setting #32
73.475
88.424
Setting #40
98.196
100.358
Setting #8
41.619
50.080
Setting #16
54.055
65.405
Setting #24
65.352
79.153
Setting #32
75.796
90.852
Setting #40
83.853
97.329
Example is done for Arched Flow at Setting #40
1. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑘𝑔
𝑚
(𝜌 ∙ 𝑣𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∙ 𝐷𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 ) 1007.435 𝑚3 ∙ 1.22913 𝑠 ∙ .022 𝑚
=
=
= 160.1628
𝜇
. 170089 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚
(𝜌 ∙ 𝑣𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ∙ 𝐷𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒) 1007.435 𝑚3 ∙ .491213 𝑠 ∙ .0348 𝑚
=
=
= 43.60037
𝜇
. 39498 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
*both are laminar*
2. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒
16
𝐹𝑓(𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙) =
16
16
=
= .099898
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 16.1628
𝐹𝑓(𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒) =
16
16
=
= .366969
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 43.60037
3. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒, 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠
2
𝑣𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐷𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
2
2
. 1.22913𝑚
. 1016 𝑚
𝑠
= 4 ∙ .099898 ∙
∙
. 022𝑚
2
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 4 ∙ 𝐹𝑓(𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙) ∙
= 1.393974978
. 5207 𝑚
= 4 ∙ .366969 ∙
∙
. 0348 𝑚
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾𝑒𝑥 ∙
∙
𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 4 ∙ 𝐹𝑓(𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒) ∙
= 2.649763651
∆𝐿
∆𝐿
𝐷𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
∙
2
𝑣𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
2
. 491213𝑚 2
𝑠
2
𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑣2
𝐴1 2 𝑣 2
= (1 − ) (
) = .544496664 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
2∝
𝐴2
2 ∙ .5
𝑉2
𝐴2
𝑣2
𝐽
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾𝑐 ∙
= .55 (1 − ) (
) = .498836353
2 ∙∝
𝐴1 2 ∙ .5
𝑘𝑔
𝑉2
𝐽
𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾𝑓 ( ) = 2.266140577
2
𝑘𝑔
4. 𝑂𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ∑ 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 100.358216
𝐽
𝑘𝑔
vi. Pump Work
17
Arched Pipe Pump Work
Setting #8
Setting #16
Setting #24
Setting #32
Setting #40
Manual (J/kg)
Measured (J/kg)
-115.2292295
-116.1659983
-130.5874271
-134.1072311
-144.3930984
-145.6757942
-156.1627346
-153.7182307
-162.6850137
-165.7376695
Table 1: Pump work for arched pipe
Horizontal Pipe Pump Work
Setting #8
Setting #16
Setting #24
Setting #32
Setting #40
Manual (J/kg) Measured (J/kg)
-106.7686171
-106.3758196
-119.2406269
-120.3657987
-130.597439
-133.5610394
-141.1181162
-138.7782541
-149.2453235
-163.7328987
Table 2: Pump work for horizontal pipe
Sample Calculation
𝑄
Velocity 1: 𝑉1 = 𝐴 =
𝑚3
𝑠
𝜋 363.5375
(
𝑚)2
4
1000
9.607∗10−5
= 9.33 ∗ 10−4
𝑚
𝑠
Mechanical Energy Balance Equation:
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
+
+ 𝑔(𝑍2 − 𝑍1 ) + ∑ 𝐹 + 𝑊𝑠 = 0
𝜌
2𝛼
𝑊𝑠 = − ∑ 𝐹 +
= (−50.08
𝑉12 −𝑉22
2𝛼
+ 𝑔(𝑍1 − 𝑍2 ) [Alpha is 0.5: Laminar Flow]
𝐽
𝑚
) + [(9.33 ∗ 10−4 )2 − (101.88 ∗ 10−3 )2 ] + [9.81(0 − 11.0 𝑚)]
𝑘𝑔
𝑠
= −115.23
𝐽
𝑘𝑔
vii. Pump Power
18
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe
Water Horse Power (Hp) Manual
Water Horse Power (Hp) Measured
Setting
#8
0.005
0.005
Setting
#16
0.020
0.020
Setting
#24
0.050
0.060
Setting
#32
0.070
0.070
Setting
#40
0.105
0.120
Setting
#16
0.020
0.023
Setting
#24
0.050
0.05
Setting
#32
0.070
0.075
Setting
#40
0.100
0.105
Table 1: Horizontal Pipe Water Horse Power
Outflow via Arched Pipe
Water Horse Power (Hp) Manual
Water Horse Power (Hp) Measured
Setting
#8
0.005
0.005
Table 2: Arched Pipe Water Horse Power
Setting
#8
0.125
0.125
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe
Viscous Horse Power (Hp) Manual
Viscous Horse Power (Hp) Measured
Setting
#16
0.200
0.200
Setting
#24
0.250
0.270
Setting
#32
0.260
0.260
Setting
#40
0.261
0.280
Setting
#16
0.230
0.232
Setting
#24
0.240
0.24
Setting
#32
0.250
0.252
Setting
#40
0.251
0.253
Table 3: Horizontal Pipe Viscous Horse Power
Setting
#8
0.125
0.125
Outflow via Arched Pipe
Viscous Horse Power (Hp) Manual
Viscous Horse Power (Hp) Measured
Table 4: Arched Pipe Viscous Horse Power
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe
Brake Horse Power (W) Manual
Brake Horse Power (W) Measured
Setting
#8
96.9
93.2175
Setting
#16
164.1
149.16
Setting
#24
223.7
201.399
Setting
#32
246.1
193.952
Setting
#40
272.9
208.916
Setting
#16
186.4
190.2
Setting
#24
216.3
216.3
Setting
#32
238.6
243.8
Setting
#40
261.7
267.0
Table 5: Horizontal Pipe Brake Horse Power
Outflow via Arched Pipe
Brake Horse Power (W) Manual
Brake Horse Power (W) Measured
Setting
#8
96.9
96.9
Table 6: Arched Pipe Brake Horse Power
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe Setting #8 Setting #16 Setting #24 Setting #32 Setting #40
Pump Power (W) Manual
10.988878 24.8405033 40.9298827 57.9175273 72.0624541
Pump Power (W) Measured
10.63046 26.3054204
45.54194 53.9985166 99.0237859
Table 7: Horizontal Pipe Pump Power
Outflow via Arched Pipe
Pump Power (W) Manual
Setting #8 Setting #16 Setting #24 Setting #32 Setting #40
11.244719 26.142342 44.0884597 62.0086315 72.7637263
19
Pump Power (W) Measured
11.982565 30.3503822 45.9371751 58.1200194 77.9733805
Table 8: Arched Pipe Pump Power
Sample Calculation:
Pump Power
𝑃 = −𝑊𝑠 ∗ 𝑚
𝑃 = − (−116.1283
𝑗
𝑘𝑔
) ∗ 0.1029
= 11.95𝑊
𝑘𝑔
𝑠
Brake Power
𝑃 = (𝑊𝐻𝑃 + 𝑉𝐻𝑃) ∗
𝑃 = (0.005𝐻𝑝 + 0.125𝐻𝑝) ∗
745.7𝑊
𝐻𝑝
745.7𝑊
= 96.9𝑊
𝐻𝑝
viii. Pump Efficiency
20
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe
Efficiency (%) Manual
Efficiency (%) Measured
Setting
#8
11.34%
11.40%
Setting
#16
15.14%
17.64%
Setting
#24
18.30%
22.61%
Setting
#32
23.54%
27.84%
Setting
#40
26.40%
47.40%
Sample Calculation:
%=(Pump Power)/(Brake Power)
%=10.98W/11.24W*100%=11.34%
The table has a scale of Meter: Meter.
21
ix. Comparison of Pressure Drop Values
Table 1: Large and small pipe system’s pressure drop using manual values
Pressure drops with MEASURED values
LARGE PIPE SYSTEM
(Long pipe, small diameter)
Measured (psi):
Horizontal:
Arched:
∆P:LargePipe System (psi):
∆P:Large Pipe System (psi):
Calculated (Pa):
Horizontal:
Arched:
Pressure Drop (Pa):
Pressure Drop (Pa):
Calculated(psi):
Horizontal:
Arched:
Pressure Drop(psi):
Pressure Drop(psi):
SMALL PIPE SYSTEM
∆P:Small Pipe System (psi):
∆P:Small Pipe System (psi):
Calculated (Pa):
Horizontal:
Arched:
Pressure Drop (Pa):
Pressure Drop (Pa):
Calculated (psi):
Horizontal:
Arched:
`
Setting #16
0.5
0.55
Setting #24
0.55
0.7
Setting #32
0.65
0.775
Setting #40
7.75
0.8
Setting #8 Setting #16 Setting #24 Setting #32 Setting #40
14025.63462 18433.84257 21595.55499 23975.11092 25533.94094
13739.14593 18151.52434 21378.33553 23669.96392 24787.55346
Setting #8 Setting #16 Setting #24 Setting #32 Setting #40
2.034245517 2.673601774 3.132169211 3.477294485 3.703383575
1.992693862 2.632654993 3.100664204 3.433036671 3.595129266
(Elbow section)
Measured (psi):
Horizontal:
Arched:
Setting #8
0.35
0.4
Pressure Drop (psi):
Pressure Drop (psi):
Measured (psi)
Setting #8
0.45
0.7
Setting #16
0.95
1.25
Setting #24
1.375
1.7
Setting #32
1.725
0.925
Setting #40
1.85
2.125
Setting 8
Setting 16
Setting 24
Setting 32
Setting 40
29465.49004 38726.39062 7246.009396 50367.65976 53642.49841
28863.62569 38133.28767 44912.27314 49726.59743 52074.46434
Setting 8
Setting 16
Setting 24
Setting 32
Setting 40
4.273606339 5.616785881 1.050944398 7.305208558 7.780183561
4.186313329 5.530763605 6.513971935 7.212230365 7.552759536
Setting #8
Setting #16
Setting #24
Setting #32 Setting #40
22
∆P:LargePipe System
Horizontal: (psi):
∆P:Large Pipe System
Arched: (psi):
Calculated (Pa)
0.350
0.500
0.550
0.650
7.750
0.400
0.550
0.700
0.775
0.800
Setting #8
Setting #16
Setting #24
22313.134
∆P:Large Pipe System
Horizontal: (Pa)
∆P:Large Pipe System
Arched: (Pa):
13866.313
18779.338
14037.670
19035.317
Calculated (psi)
Setting #8
∆P:Large Pipe System
Horizontal: (psi)
∆P:Large Pipe System
Arched: (psi):
Measured (psi)
∆P:Small Pipe System
Horizontal: (psi):
∆P:Small Pipe System
Arched: (psi):
Calculated (Pa)
∆P: Small Pipe System
Horizontal: (Pa)
∆P:Small Pipe System
Arched: (Pa):
Calculated (psi)
∆P:Small Pipe System
Horizontal: (psi)
∆P:Small Pipe System
Arched: (psi):
Setting #32 Setting #40
23484.492
27862.706
21647.097
23224.782
25278.104
Setting #16
Setting #24
Setting #32 Setting #40
2.011
2.724
3.236
3.406
4.041
2.036
2.761
3.140
3.368
3.666
Setting #8
Setting #16
Setting #24
0.450
0.950
1.375
1.725
1.850
0.700
1.250
1.700
0.925
2.125
Setting #8
Setting #16
Setting #24
29130.783
39452.218
7486.780
29490.774
39989.986
Setting #8
Setting #32 Setting #40
Setting #32 Setting #40
49336.951
58534.841
45476.896
48791.346
53105.027
Setting #16
Setting #24
Setting #32 Setting #40
4.225
5.722
1.086
7.156
8.490
4.277
5.800
6.596
7.077
7.702
Table 2: Large and Small pipe system’s pressure drop using measured values
23
Pressure Drop for Straight Pipe (small diameter)
Sample Calculation for Horizontal Setting #8
1. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑘𝑔
𝑚
(𝜌 ∙ 𝑣 ∙ 𝐷) 1007.435 𝑚3 ∙ .261084928 𝑠 ∙ .022 𝑚
𝑅𝑒 =
=
= 13.17386213
𝜇
. 439246569 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
2. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)
𝐹𝑓 =
16
16
=
= 1.214526146
𝑅𝑒 13.1738
3. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
∆𝐿 𝑉 2
𝑘𝑔 1.8288𝑚
∆𝑃 = 4 ∙ 𝐹𝑓 ∙ 𝜌 ∙
∙
= 4 ∙ 1.2145 ∙ 1007.435 3 ∙ (
)(
𝐷 2
𝑚
. 022 𝑚
. 261082 𝑚
𝑠
)
2
= 13866.31 𝑃𝑎
Pressure Drop for Elbows (small diameter)
1. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠
35 =
𝐿𝑒
𝐿𝑒
=
= 𝐿𝑒(4 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠) = 3.08 𝑚
𝐷 . 022 𝑚
2. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠
𝐿𝑒 + 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3.08 𝑚 + .762 𝑚 = 3.842 𝑚
3. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟(𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)
𝑘𝑔
𝑚
(𝜌 ∙ 𝑣 ∙ 𝐷) 1007.435 𝑚3 ∙ .261084928 𝑠 ∙ .022 𝑚
𝑅𝑒 =
=
= 13.17386213
𝜇
. 439246569 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
4. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟)
𝐹𝑓 =
16
16
=
= 1.214526146
𝑅𝑒 13.1738
24
5. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
. 261082 𝑚
∆𝐿 𝑉
𝑘𝑔 3.842𝑚
𝑠
∆𝑃 = 4 ∙ 𝐹𝑓 ∙ 𝜌 ∙
∙
= 4 ∙ 1.2145 ∙ 1007.435 3 ∙ (
)(
)
𝐷 2
𝑚
. 022 𝑚
2
2
= 29130.78294 𝑃𝑎
x. Evaluation of Magnetic Flow Meter Data
The magnetic flow meter data was slightly different when comparing the manual and
measured values. Once again, the measured values were calculated using the bucket, while the
manual values were read off of the machine. On average, there was less than a two percent error
between the values. The slight differences in the numbers could be caused by either human error
or machine malfunction. As shown in the Horizontal Pipe graph, the largest deviation occurred
during Setting #40; the measured value is quite higher than the manual flow rate. It is apparent
that some error occurred there. Besides that point, one can see that the measured and manual
values are almost identical. This proves that the magnetic flow meter did a sufficient job is
recording the flow rate.
25
Results Table
Mass Flow Rate
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe
(Kg/s) Manual
(m^3/s) Manual
(Kg/s) Measured
(m^3/s) Measured
Outflow via Arched Pipe
(Kg/s) Manual
(m^3/s) Manual
(Kg/s) Measured
(m^3/s) Measured
Setting #8
0.1029
0.0001
0.0999
0.0001
Setting #8
0.0976
0.0001
0.1032
0.0001
Setting #16
0.2083
0.0002
0.2185
0.0002
Setting #16
0.2002
0.0002
0.2263
0.0002
Setting #24
0.3134
0.0003
0.3410
0.0003
Setting #24
0.3053
0.0003
0.3153
0.0003
Setting #32
0.4104
0.0004
0.3891
0.0004
Setting #32
0.3971
0.0004
0.3781
0.0004
Setting #40
0.4828
0.0005
0.6048
0.0006
Setting #40
0.4473
0.0004
0.4705
0.0005
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe (m/s)
22mm Manual
34.8mm Manual
22mm Measured
34.8mm Measured
Outflow via Arched Pipe (m/s)
22mm Manual
34.8mm Manual
22mm Measured
34.8mm Measured
Setting #8
0.2689
0.1075
0.2611
0.1043
Setting #8
0.2550
0.1019
0.2695
0.1077
Setting #16
0.5443
0.2175
0.5710
0.2282
Setting #16
0.5230
0.2090
0.5913
0.2363
Setting #24
0.8188
0.3272
0.8908
0.3560
Setting #24
0.7977
0.3188
0.8239
0.3292
Setting #32
1.0723
0.4285
1.0166
0.4063
Setting #32
1.0374
0.4146
0.9878
0.3948
Setting #40
1.2615
0.5041
1.5801
0.6315
Setting #40
1.1685
0.4670
1.2291
0.4912
Via Horizontal Pipe (J/kg):
Via Arched Pipe (J/kg):
Setting #8
50.477
51.016
Setting #16
67.879
68.913
Setting #24
83.695
80.429
Setting #32
89.831
88.424
Setting #40
118.554
100.358
Pump Work
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe (J/kg)
Manual
Measured
Outflow via Arched Pipe (J/kg)
Manual
Measured
Setting #8
-106.769
-106.376
Setting #8
-115.229
-116.166
Setting #16
-119.241
-120.366
Setting #16
-130.587
-134.107
Setting #24
-130.597
-133.561
Setting #24
-144.393
-145.676
Setting #32
-141.118
-138.778
Setting #32
-156.163
-153.718
Setting #40
-149.245
-163.733
Setting #40
-162.685
-165.738
Pump Power
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe (W)
Manual
Measured
Outflow via Arched Pipe (W)
Manual
Measured
Setting #8
10.989
10.630
Setting #8
11.245
11.983
Setting #16
24.841
26.305
Setting #16
26.142
30.350
Setting #24
40.930
45.542
Setting #24
44.088
45.937
Setting #32
57.918
53.999
Setting #32
62.009
58.120
Setting #40
72.062
99.024
Setting #40
72.764
77.973
Pump Effiency
Outflow via Horizontal Pipe (%)
Manual
Measured
Outflow via Arched Pipe (%)
Manual
Measured
Setting #8
0.1134
0.1140
Setting #8
0.1160
0.1236
Setting #16
0.1514
0.1764
Setting #16
0.1402
0.1596
Setting #24
0.1830
0.2261
Setting #24
0.2039
0.2124
Setting #32
0.2354
0.2784
Setting #32
0.2599
0.2383
Setting #40
0.2640
0.4740
Setting #40
0.2780
0.2921
Velocity
Friction Loss
Significance of Results, Conclusion
26
Group 13 performed the experiment using a “high viscosity” solution. Through
experimentation and calculation, this information was verified. For the horizontal pipe, the
viscosity ranges from .14 Pa s to 1.02 Pa s. For the arched pipe, the viscosity ranges from .17 Pa
s to 1.03 Pa s. Ideally, this means that the velocity of the solution throughout the system will be
relatively low and the pump work is going to be higher than if a low viscosity fluid was used.
The velocities in both the horizontal system and arched system were in fact low; the velocities
for each of the systems range from around .1 m/s to 1.2 m/s. Since the arched pipe system has an
extra set of pipes that add vertical components, it makes sense that the pump work for the arched
system is higher than for the horizontal system. The pump work for the horizontal pipe system
ranged from 106 J/kg to 149 J/kg and the pump work for the arched pipe system ranged from 115
J/kg to 162 J/kg. Similarly, the pump work for the arched system is expected to be higher than
the pump work for the horizontal system since there is an extra vertical component. For the
horizontal system, the power ranged from 10.99 W -72.06 W. For the arched system, the power
ranged from 11.24 W-72.76 W. In addition to higher pump work and more power used, the
arched system leads to a higher frictional loss than the horizontal pipe system. The efficiency of
the pump was relatively low. The lowest efficiency that the pump obtained was 11% whereas
the highest efficiency that the pump reached was 47.4%. Since the pump is capable of flow rates
twice the magnitude than what was used in the experiment, it is assumed that using a higher flow
rate would result in a higher efficiency. In order to reach a higher, better efficiency, there are two
options: use a smaller pump with the given pipe system or remodel the pipe system so it can
handle the higher flow rates that the pump can provide.
By looking at the results, a few trends can be observed. First of all, the results show that
as the flow rate increases, the viscosity goes down. Another trend that is observed in the results
is that as pressure increases, the viscosity decreases. A last important trend is as the viscosity
goes up, the shear rate goes down. These trends confirm that the solution is shear thinning and a
pseudo plastic.
During the course of the experiment, there were a few opportunities for error to be
committed. The first source of error was human error. Calculating the measured flow rate could
have been inaccurate since students were responsible for stopping the timer at the same time as
withdrawing the bucket from the flow of the solution. Since it is very difficult to do this
absolutely simultaneously, the measured flow rate will not exactly match up with the manual
reading. During calculations, this would result in two different sets of results. A second source of
human error was committed during the density calculation. Since the exact temperature in the lab
was not taken on the day of the experiments, it was assumed that the room was 32 degrees
Fahrenheit. This may have led to a solution density that was too high or too low when compared
to the actual density of the solution. Another type of error was experimental error. The pressure
gauges in the system may not have read accurately since the solution was flowing slowly and
inconsistently. This caused discrepancies in the comparison of measured pressure drops versus
calculated pressure drops.
27
In order to improve this experiment and its results, more trials should be performed until
consistent results are reached. This would allow errors to be fixed and final calculations to be
more consistent. In addition to running more trials, running at a higher flow rate (although not
possible given the set-up of the system) would provide more data. Operating at a higher flow rate
would provide more data points used for calculations as well as lower inconsistencies in flow.
With a more consistent flow, pressure gauges could read more accurate pressure drops. In
addition, pressure in the long, large diameter pipe was not read during the experiment. Therefore,
calculations for pressure drop over this pipe were not performed. If more trials were performed,
this reading would be taken.
Recommendations
28
The lowest setting for the pump flow rate, setting #8, operates at efficiency around 11%. The
highest setting for the pump flow rate, setting # 40, operates at efficiency around 29%-47%.
Based on the efficiency graphs, an upward efficiency trend is expected for increased flow rate.
Even at the pump’s maximum setting the flow rate was not even half of the pump’s peak
capacity. Expected pump efficiency curves increase in efficiency to a peak and then decrease.
Based on the team’s efficiency curves, the pump never operates at a flow rate high enough to
complete the efficiency curve because the pipe system could not handle a flow rate any higher
than the flow rate from setting #40. Therefore, the results show that the existing pump is not
satisfactory because the system is unable to handle operation at the pump’s peak efficiency. A
smaller pump is recommended. The current pump in the system is a Wright 0180-TRA20
centrifugal pump with a maximum capacity of 20 GPM. Considering that the pump never
operates above 10 GPM, the pump model 0150-TRA20 is recommended. The 0150-TRA20
operates at a peak capacity of 11 GPM which is closer to the normal operating conditions. This is
satisfactory for the system and would likely operate at a higher efficiency than the current pump.
29