IMPLEMENTING A SYSTEM THAT PREVENTS ROAD
ACCIDENTS HAPPENED WHILE THE DRIVER LOSTS
HIS CONTROL OVER THE VEHICLE DUE TO HEART
ATTACK
Authors-R.A.Bharath Akash, B.Divakar, D.Karthick,M.Mohan Dass
Abstract— The project is designed in such a way that the
system automatically slows down the speed of the vehicle and
parks the car aside.Here, PIC microcontroller is chosen as the
controlling unit. This is a flash type reprogrammable
microcontroller that can be programmed based on our objective.
The main reason of choosing PIC 16F877A is its built-in PWM
module.Heart beat sensor is used to monitor the heart rate of the
driver. The sensor used is of chest strap type. Hence it can be
fixed in the car seat belt. Though the driver starts the car with
proper key, car won’t get ignited until he wears the seat belt.
Once he wears the seat belt, car gets started and he can drive as
he wish (manual mode).The above method can be used only in the
vehicles but for the demo purpose we use a pulse sensor which is
attached to the finger of the person to measure the pulse.The
output of heart rate sensor or pulse sensor is given to PIC
microcontroller. Microcontroller continuously monitors the heart
rate. If the driver gets stuck with heart attack unexpectedly while
driving, his heart malfunctions and the heart beating rate
becomes abnormal. On sensing this change in heart rate,
microcontroller identifies the situation of heart attack for driver.
Sooner, it will change the car control to auto mode.Once the auto
mode is entered, the ultrasonic sensor checks for any vehicle
approaching our car. The output from ultrasonic sensor is given
to PIC microcontroller. If any vehicle is detected, PIC will trigger
the relay to turn ON the alarm till the vehicle gets stopped.
Meanwhile, the stopping indication light at the back of our
vehicle will automatically get turned ON by the microcontroller.
This helps preventing further road accidents. All the time, speed
sensor monitors the speed of the vehicle. In our project, it is
implemented with IR transmitter – receiver. In between IR TX
and IR RX, the wheel rotates. The wheel has a hole. So, the IR
RX receives the IR rays generated by IR TX, only when the hole
comes in between IR TX and IR RX. This signal is given to
microcontroller through comparator circuit. This means that
microcontroller gets a pulse for every single rotation of the wheel.
With this information, microcontroller calculates the speed of the
vehicle.The above method of speed control is used in the demo of
our project but for real time process the speed of the car can be
taken from the speedometer of the vehicle and for stopping
operation the vehicle’s ABS system will be utilized.In auto mode,
the vehicle is driven by the motors controlled by microcontroller.
The PIC microcontroller generates PWM pulses using PWM
module and these pulses are given to MOSFET driver circuit that
controls the speed of the motors fitted with wheel. Hence, based
on the duty cycle of the PWM pulses the speed of the vehicle can
be controlled. Once, the system changes to auto mode,
microcontroller generates PWM pulses corresponding to the
speed in which the vehicle moves currently. Further the speed of
the vehicle is slowed down by the microcontroller and finally it
gets stopped.
1)INTRODUCTION
This project is our own idea which arises due the
current society’s situation, because the habitat of this
generation have met a tremendous change in few
decades. Due to this the diet of the people have been
changed. These changes in diet is affecting the health of
the people. According to the statistics teenagers who are
dying due to heart attack have been doubled in two
decades. Just think when the heart attack happens to
people while driving a vehicle, when people met with the
heart attack they may lost their consciousness due to this
worse situation they will become the greatest thread to
the pedestrians who are in the pavements of the road.
The mortality rate in these accidents will be increased we
have lost our loved ones in these kind of incidents.
So we came with an idea to stop this kind of
death to the pedestrians and the driver who is suffered
with the heart attack. The whole idea of this project were
prepared our own. The information about the human’s
heart functioning where gathered from a well-practiced
cardiologist.
2) PLAN OF WORK
After acquiring the necessary information we started to
plan the work what we have to done to complete our
project in a great way. We planned to implement this
project in a vehicle. For implementing this project in a
vehicle we are in need of some equipment’s to be used in
the project for the increase the working quality. For that
we undergo so many researches on the equipment’s to be
used in this project. Before implementing this system in
a vehicle we have to build a working model which can
be further modified and can be implemented in a vehicle.
To build the a working model we can use the materials
like,
 Microcontroller (PIC 16F877A)
 Heart beat sensor(Pulse Oximeter)
 Parking sensor
 Buzzer
 Speed sensor(Tachometer)
 MOSFET driver circuit
 Motor
 LCD Display (For notification)
 GSM
3) PROPOSING A HYPOTHESIS
Before creating a working model we have to design
the operations what are all going to take place, what are
all the essential data to be known and at the top that we
have to design the operation flow and the data flow.
Based on that we plotted the block diagram of the total
working diagram which is drawn below,
ignited until he wears the seat belt. Once he wears the
seat belt, car gets started and he can drive as he wish
(manual mode).
The output of heart rate sensor is given to PIC
microcontroller. Microcontroller continuously monitors
the heart rate. If the driver gets stuck with heart attack
unexpectedly while driving, his heart malfunctions and
the heart beating rate becomes abnormal. On sensing this
change in heart rate, microcontroller identifies the
situation of heart attack for driver. Sooner, it will change
the car control to auto mode.
LCD
Relay driver
circuit
Heart Rate
monitor
MICROCONTROLLER
(PIC 16F877A)
Speed Sensor
Relay driver
circuit
Buzzer
Stop
indication
light
Comparator
MOSEFET
driver circuit
The above is the block diagram for the data flow in the
working model.
Here, PIC microcontroller is chosen as the
controlling unit. This is a flash type reprogrammable
microcontroller that can be programmed based on our
objective. The main reason of choosing PIC 16F877A is
its built-in PWM module.
Heart beat sensor is used to monitor the heart
rate of the driver. The sensor used is of chest strap type.
Hence it can be fixed in the car seat belt. Though the
driver starts the car with proper key, car won’t get
Motor
Once the auto mode is entered, the ultrasonic
sensor checks for any vehicle approaching our car. The
output from ultrasonic sensor is given to PIC
microcontroller. If any vehicle is detected, PIC will
trigger the relay to turn ON the buzzer till the vehicle
gets stopped. Meanwhile, the stopping indication light at
the back of our vehicle will automatically get turned ON
by the microcontroller. This helps preventing further
road accidents.
All the time, speed sensor monitors the speed of
the vehicle. In our project, it is implemented with IR
transmitter – receiver. In between IR TX and IR RX, the
wheel rotates. The wheel has a hole. So, the IR RX
receives the IR rays generated by IR TX, only when the
hole comes in between IR TX and IR RX. This signal is
given to microcontroller through comparator circuit. This
means that microcontroller gets a pulse for every single
rotation of the wheel. With this information,
microcontroller calculates the speed of the vehicle.
In auto mode, the vehicle is driven by the motors
controlled by microcontroller. The PIC microcontroller
generates PWM pulses using PWM module and these
pulses are given to MOSFET driver circuit that controls
the speed of the motors fitted with wheel. Hence, based
on the duty cycle of the PWM pulses the speed of the
vehicle can be controlled. Once, the system changes to
auto mode, microcontroller generates PWM pulses
corresponding to the speed in which the vehicle moves
currently. Further the speed of the vehicle is slowed
down by the microcontroller and finally it gets stopped.
I.
4) COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
PIC Microcontroller (16F8776A)
1) Peripheral Features:
•Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit
prescaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler,
Can be incremented during Sleep via external
Crystal/clock
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period
Register, prescaler and postscaler
• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI
(Master mode) and I2C™ (Master/Slave)
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous
Receiver
Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address
Detection
• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with
External RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin
only)
• Brown-out detection circuitry for
Brown-out Reset (BOR).
2) Analog Features:
• 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital
Converter (A/D)
• Brown-out Reset (BOR)
• Analog Comparator module with:
- Two analog comparators
- Programmable on-chip voltage reference
(VREF) module
II.
- Programmable input multiplexing from
device
inputs and internal voltage reference
- Comparator outputs are externally accessible
3) Special Microcontroller Features:
• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash
Program memory typical
• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM
Memory typical
• Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
• Self-reprogrammable under software control
• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™)
Via two pins
• Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial
Programming
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own onchip RC
Oscillator for reliable operation
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving Sleep mode
• Selectable oscillator options
• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins
4) CMOS Technology:
• Low-power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM
Technology
• Fully static design
• Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)
• Commercial and Industrial temperature
ranges
• Low-power consumption.
Heart Rate Monitor ( Pulse Oximeter)
Pulse oximetry is the
non-invasive
measurement of the oxygen saturation
(SpO2).Oxygen saturation is defined as the
measurement of the amount of oxygen
dissolved in blood, based on the detection of
Hemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin.
Two different light wavelengths are used to
measure the actual difference in the absorption
spectra of HbO2 and Hb.
The bloodstream is affected by the
concentration of HbO2 and Hb, and their
absorption coefficients are measured using
two wavelengths 660 nm (red light spectra)
and 940 nm (infrared light spectra).The circuit
diagram
is
given
below,
III.
Parking Sensor.
To stop the vehicle without any accidents we are
in need of a system to stop the vehicle with high
precision to safety for that we can use IR sensor
as parking sensors.
Parking sensor circuit mainly consists of two
sections, one is transmitter section and the other
is receiver section. The transmitter section
uses NE555 timer IC for driving the IR
transmitter. The transmitter frequency is set to
be 120Hz.
The IR pulses transmitted by the IR transmitter
are reflected back because of the obstacle and
received by the IR receiver. The circuit diagram
of the parking sensor is given below,
IV.
Buzzer.
It is just a device to produce an intimation to the
people surround the vehicle. When driver suffers
heart attack the micro controller will trigger this
operation to intimate the situation. The circuit
diagram of the buzzer circuit is shown below,
V.
Speed sensor (Tachometer).
The unit of the measurement is usually
revolutions per minute or RPM. The traditional
method of measuring RPM of a rotating shaft
was based on velocity feedback.
The contact with the rotating shaft is avoided
with an optical sensing mechanism that uses an
infrared (IR) light emitting diode and a photo
detecting diode.
The IR LED transmits an infrared light towards
the rotating disc and the photo detecting diode
receives the reflected light beam.
This special arrangement of sensors is placed at
about an inch away and facing towards the
rotating disc.
If the surface of the disc is rough and dark, the
reflected IR light will be negligible. A tiny piece
of white paper glued to the rotating disc is just
enough to reflect the incident IR light when it
passes in front of the sensor, which happens
once per rotation.
The circuit diagram for the speed sensor
(tachometer) is given below,
VI.
MOSFET Driver Circuit.
Unlike the bipolar transistor, which is current driven,
Power MOSFETs, with their insulated gates, are
Voltage driven. A basic knowledge of the principles
of driving the gates of these devices will allow the
designer to speed up or slow down the switching
speeds according to the requirements of the
application.
It is often helpful to consider the gate as a simple
capacitor when discussing drive circuits.Although
insulated gate devices are widely used
and well understood, it remains interesting to
reconsider the gate operating as a simple capacitor.
A useful feature of insulated gate switches is their
ability to soften switching waveforms easily. IGBTs
used in this way, as EMI reduction / turn-off
controllable switches, are a very attractive alternative
to TRIACs in lamp dimming circuits.
Additionally, the ability of insulated gate switches to
be driven with a small amount of energy has lowered
the power level at which half bridge topologies can
effectively be used. This trend of the last decade is
highlighted demonstrated by the advent of integrated
high side driver circuits. For this reason, equipment
designers will no longer hesitate to drive high side
floating Power MOSFETs and IGBTs, even in the
100W power range.
The circuit diagram for the MOSFET driver circuit is
given below,
VII.
Motor.
Motor is used here instead
of vehicle to create a
working model in a very
simple way. Which is used
to show the variation in the
speed of the stopping
procedure.by using the
tachometer with it we can
find its RPM in a very easy
way.
VIII.
LCD.
LCD (Liquid
Display) screen
Crystal
is an
electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module
and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits. These modules are preferred over seven
segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons
being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have
no limitation of displaying special &even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so
on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line
and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is
displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two
registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions
given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to
LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing
its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display
etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on
the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to
be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about
internal structure of a LCD.
The LCD is used to display the current heart rate and the
speed of the motor.
IX.
GSM.
GSM is known as Global system for mobile. We have
used GSM module to intimate the contact numbers
which we have stored in it. This will acts as an
intimating part the operation this will be triggered by the
micro controller.
5) SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM.
To find out the working ability of the working model
before making it, we can simulation software’s to find
out the stability of the design we have used several
software’s like Eagle, Lab view, PSpecies.
By conducting the experiments we decided to decrease
the time of recording the pulse from the heart by the
pulse sensor, so for that we changed the PIC program’s
time of requirement to compare the set value of pulse.
Due to the change of time settings in the PIC we have to
set the
pulse
rate in
accord
ance
with
the
time.
So we
set 30
sec
time
and
pulse rate of 30 to 50.
In the message sending technique the number of
members is decreased to one because while conducting
the demo we can’t send message to the police and other
emergency services frequently to which we have to
intimate the information.
Instead of using the PWM technique directly in the
vehicle’s motor which we are using in our project, we
planned to fit a motor to show the controlling process of
the speed by using the comparator circuit. We added an
external source to control the speed of the motor. To
monitor the speed of the motor we used an IR sensor.
While sudden stopping of the vehicle in a free-way
may cause an accident to avoid it we use an IR sensor to
monitor the vehicle which are coming from the back. If it
detect a vehicle the speed will decreased in slow manner.
The above are thinks that had to be done in the
working model to improve the stability and it is very
easy to see the output of the working model which is
useful to improve the output of the model and while
implementing it can be very useful.
with the current pulse it will trigger to operations like
stopping and indication operations.
In the stopping operation the microcontroller will
activate two different networks namely Brakes and
Parking Sensor. If the parking sensor detects any
obstacle within a safe distance then the speed of the
vehicle will not be came down to zero instead of that the
speed will brought down in a slower manner if there is
no object then the speed can be brought down in quick
way in which the passengers doesn’t get affect.
In the indication process the microcontroller starts two
operations namely GSM and Indication light to show the
condition of the driver to the others. At first the
microcontroller use the GSM module which is placed in
the working model to send the message to the stored
number. In default the module is loaded with two
numbers namely Police and Emergency services and we
give extra space to store the number of the relatives or
the number wants to be stored by the driver. And for
indication light we have just used a LED to indicate the
status of the driver. While implementing we can utilize
the rear lamps for that purpose. Above are the overall
working of the working model (project).
The schematic diagram of the working model is given
above.
6) WORKING
The pulse oximeter detects the pulse of the driver then it
is feed in to the microcontroller and it can also be
displayed at the display screen (LCD). The image of that
is given below,
7) CONCLUSION
In this paper we have suggested a working model to
prevent the loss lives due to heart attacks happened
during the period of driving. If we implement this in the
automobiles we can decrease the mortality rate in road
accidents which is happened due to this reason.
Further work in include more sensors like side panel
sensors in the door sides we can control the steering also
by sensing the objects around the car. If we use GPS as
an supporting system with this model we can monitor the
self-driving status which is happened after the heart
attack event. By using the GPS module we can also find
the place of the vehicle in a very easy way.
8) REFERENCES
In the above picture you can see that the current heart
rate and the time is shown for notification purpose. If the
pulse which is programmed in the PIC doesn’t satisfy
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