Objectives Macromolecules

Identify what are the chemicals of life made from.

Identify why carbon can be the basis of so many
types of bio-molecules.

Restate 3 major functions of carbohydrates in cells.

Describe 2 functions of lipids.

Identify what determines the function of proteins.

Summarize the role of nucleic acids in a cell.
1st Macromolecule: Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are
molecules made of one or
more simple sugars
subunits.

A sugar contains carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen


in a ratio of 1:2:1.


It’s abbreviated CHO
It’s formula is C6H12O6
Glucose is a common
sugar found everywhere in
nature.
Carbohydrates: Structure
 Glucose
is a monosaccharide,
or “single sugar.”

So is fructose, dextrose, & ribose
 Two
sugars can be linked to
make a disaccharide.

Sucrose, & lactose
 Many
monosaccharide
subunits can be linked to
make a polysaccharide
(= “many sugars”)
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered simple
carbohydrates or simple sugars.
Polysaccharides are considered complex carbohydrates.



Carbohydrates: Functions
 Cells
use carbohydrates for sources of energy,
structural materials, and cellular identification.
 Carbohydrates
are a major source of energy for
many organisms, including humans.
 It is used specifically to make ATP.
Sugar
Used
to
make
ATP
Water is released in a
condensation reaction that
forms a disaccharide
Energy
Stored
Energy
Released
Water is split in a dehydration reaction
that forms 2 monosaccharides and
releases energy
Stored
Energy
Carbohydrates: Structural Support
 Chitin
and cellulose are complex carbohydrates
that provide (structural) support. Similar to the frame
of a house.
 Chitin is responsible for the hardness of shells of
arthropods (insects) and crustaceans (crabs &
such) and the cell walls of mushrooms.
 Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants.

This helps them stand straight up.
Carbohydrates: Identification
 In
a complex organism, cells recognize neighboring
cells by the short, branched chains of varying sugar
units on their outer surface.
Simple
Carbs
Lipids
 Lipids
are another class of biomolecules, which
includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
 The main purpose of fats is to store energy and can
actually do so more efficiently than carbohydrates.

Lipids consist of chains of
carbon atoms bonded to
each other and to hydrogen
atoms. This structure makes
lipids non-polar so they repel
water.



Is water polar or non-polar?
Lipids separate from water
and don’t dissolve in it.
Lipids will dissolve in other
lipids, however.

This gives the term “fat soluble”
Lipids: Functions
 Lipids
are non-polar & they can
help control water.
 It’s the main component of body
fat but the cell’s outer membrane
is made of phospholipids.
 The structure of cell membranes
depends on how phospholipids
interact with water.
 Waxes,
found on
the surfaces of
plants and
aquatic bird
feathers,
“waterproof” to
help prevent
evaporation of
water from the
cells of the
organism.
Li-pids in the Membrane
 Phospholipids


Phosphate head
Fatty acid tail
 Cholesterol
 Glycolipids
Phospholipids
 The
only reason why cells can form is because of
the properties of phospholipids.
 THEY ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.
Hydrophilic
heads “love”
water and
always point
to it.
Hydrophobic
tails “hate”
water and
always point
away from it.
Fatty acids

Fat subunits are fatty
acids, and are often
called as such
 Trans (cis) “transfat”
 Saturated


Unsaturated.


No bends or double
carbon bonds
Contains one or
more c=c bonds
Saturated fats are
dangerous because of
how close they can
stack together in your
blood vessels.

Because of the carbon-hydrogen
bonds, lipids are also called
hydrocarbons.


These are used for energy and
lubrication.
Gasoline and oil are hydrocarbons.
What you should know so far
 Structure
and function of carbohydrates
 Structure and function of lipids
 Monomer versus polymer
 Monomer of carbohydrates
 Monomer of lipids
 How to make a triglyceride
 How to make a disaccharide
 How to make a polysaccharide
 Condensation reaction
 Dehydration synthesis
 hydrolysis
Lipids in
Food
Quick TALK
 1.
How would you describe the structural
difference between carbohydrates and
fats?
 What are the two main functions of lipids?
 Why are saturated fats more dangerous
than unsaturated fats? Relate this to the
structure of the molecule.
Proteins
 Proteins
are chains of amino acids subunits.
 The amino acids twist and fold into certain shapes
that determine what the proteins do.
 There are thousands of proteins that perform many
types of functions.






Structure
Support
Movement
Communication
Transportation
And carrying out chemical reactions
Amino Acids
 Amino
acids are the
subunits, the building
blocks, of proteins.
 20 different ones are
bonded together in millions
of ways to create the
millions of proteins that
exist.
Amino Acids
 Amino
acids have three
distinct areas.



The amino group
The carboxyl group
The R group, which 20
different options
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
R group
Proteins,
A
protein is a molecule made up of
long chains of amino acids held
together by peptide bonds.
 Proteins are called polypeptides.
 Poly
= many
 Peptide
= amino acid subunits.
Proteins
in Food
Nucleic Acids: Function &
Subunits
 Nucleic
acids are the molecules that contain the
hereditary information (directions for making
traits) found in only living organisms.
 A nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide
subunits.
 A nucleotide is a molecule made up of three
parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.
 Nucleotides
of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA,
contain the sugar deoxyribose.
 Nucleotides of ribonucleic acid, or RNA, contain
the sugar ribose.
DNA vs RNA Structure
 DeoxyriboNucleic
= DNA

Acid
Has two oxygen
molecules on the sugar
Deoxyribonucleotide
 RiboNucleic

Acid = RNA
Is missing one of the
oxygen atom
Ribonucleotide
Nucleic Acids, continued
Hereditary Information
 DNA molecules act as “instructions” for the
processes of an organism’s life.
 DNA
consists of two strands of nucleotides that
spiral around each other.

Similar to a spiral staircase.
 DNA
strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.
 RNA also interacts with DNA to help decode the
information.
 Nucleic
acids store and transmit hereditary
information.
Nucleic Acids, ATP
Energy Carriers
 Some single nucleotides have
other important roles.
 Adenosine
triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy
currency of cells.

It’s is a nucleotide that has three phosphate groups.

Energy is released in the hydrolysis reaction that
breaks off the third phosphate group.
 Other
single nucleotides transfer electrons or
hydrogen atoms for other life processes.
Hydrolysis of ATP to produce
ENERGY
Questions?
I
have several for you & your group.
 Go
to your group tables. Pair up and get
a wipe board and a wipe board marker.
What structure is this?
 Water
Is water polar or non-polar?
 Polar
 How
do you know?
 If you split it in half the
electrons are not
shared equally.
 Why is this important?
 It allows water to
interact with other
polar substances,
including itself.
Is carbon dioxide polar or
non-polar?
 Non-polar
 How
do you know?
 If you split it in half the
electrons are shared
equally.
 Why is this important?
 This won’t interact with
water or other polar
molecules the same.
What type of bond is
illustrated between 2 water
molecules?
 Hydrogen
Bonds
 Why are these
important?
 They allow all other
properties of water to
exist.
What are the 4
macromolecules?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
What is this macromolecule?
 Sugar
or carbohydrates.
 Name 2 functions of
carbohydrates
 Energy, structures (like shells
and plant stalks),
identification.
 Where is it found in the
body?
 Stored in the liver, floating in
blood, on surface markers
of cells…
What is this macromolecule?
 Lipids
or fats.
 Name 1 function of fats.
 Energy storage.
 Where is it found in our
body?
 Fatty tissue and cell
walls.
What is this molecule?
 Amino
acid
 It is a subunit of what
macromolecule?
 Proteins
 Amino acids are held
together by what type
of bond?
 Proteins are found
where in the body?
 Muscles, enzymes,
What is this macromolecule?
 Nucleic
acid…
specifically a nucleotide
of DNA
 What is the building
block of nucleic acids?
 Nucleotides
 What do nucleic acids do?
 Store hereditary information… the directions for life.
 What is ATP
 The energy currency in cells.
Summary
 Large,
complex biomolecules are built from a few
smaller, simpler, repeating subunits arranged in
many but precise ways.
 Cells
use carbohydrates, simple sugars and
complex carbohydrates, for sources of energy,
structural materials, and cellular identification.
 The
main functions of lipids (triglycerides,
phospholipids, hormones) include storing energy
and controlling water movement
Summary, continued
 Proteins
are chains of amino acids that
serve functions of structure, motions
immunity, chemical reactions, energy,
and nutrient storage.
 Nucleic
acids (DNA & RNA) store and
transmit hereditary information as well as
are the source of universal energy (ATP).
Summary








Cells are constructed with and contain
smaller, independent organic molecules
composed of carbon atoms bonded with
other elements, forming unique subunits.
There are 4 classes of organic molecules.
Each have unique properties and uses.
We create ourselves by in taking these
molecules in the foods we eat,
deconstructing them, then reassembling
them…metabolism
Health is achieved by acquiring the right
numbers of these.
The right numbers is determined by eating a
balanced diet.
For homework, you should have brought a
nutrition label for a food you eat commonly.
We’ll use these to determine how balanced
this macronutrient source is.
Name one thing you can eat
that contains each
macromolecule
 Carbohydrates

Sugar, plants,
 Lipids

Meat, dairy, butter, oils
 Proteins

Meat, dairy, beans,
 Nucleic

Acids
The building blocks are in anything that is or once
was living… gross.
Link to
Your Life…







Total amount
=
Everything you should eat should have a
good supply of the organic molecules of life.
Why do you think that is?
This is to ensure that we have enough of the
subunits to be healthy.
When we eat food, we break the molecules
down into their subunits and absorb them into
our blood stream…METABOLISM
Our cells then take these subunits and rebuild them into new organic molecules that
we need.
A healthy balance of all the building blocks
of cells is necessary for a healthy metabolism.
You determine the balance of the molecules
by calculating how much of each there are
in the foods you eat.
Grams per serving x the number of servings
Assignment
 You
received a worksheet with guiding
questions, analysis, & conclusions to
determine if the food source you chose is
“balanced”.
 Answer the questions on the worksheet,
complete the analysis, and make your
conclusions by Monday.
 Attach your label to your work. Otherwise,
copy the information from the given
labels and attach this to your work.
Practice
 Identify



How much per serving?
How many servings?
Total grams?
 Locate



the serving size information.


1 cup
7
406 (58g x 7)
Fat
How much per serving?
How much total?
What % is fat?
 Any

Questions?
 On to your Work.
 Due Tomorrow.



3g
3g x 7 = 21g
3g/58g x 100= 5%
Snickers
Subway
turkey sub
Where are the Nucleic Acids?
If the product was living or is still
living it has nucleic acids. If it
was living and cooked or
processed the nucleic acids
were destroyed.
Taco Supreme
Nutrition Label Analysis
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
(
/25pts…Due
)
The USDA suggests that we eat a certain proportion of the basic food groups. Find and cut
out a nutrition label from a food you eat often. Paste this nutrition label to a piece of paper
and answer these questions in the area around your label:
List: Serving size (grams), # of servings per container, total grams.
What is the organic molecule also known as fat?
What are the subunits for fat (what are they made of)?
Name 3 examples of foods that contains this organic molecule.
What % of your food is fat per package? [(Total fat grams/total grams) x 100]
What is the organic molecule also known as sugar?
What is the subunit for sugar?
Name 3 examples of foods that contain these organic molecules, 1 being high in starch.
What % of your food is sugar per package?
What is the organic molecule made of the subunits amino acids?
Name one organism that contains a high percentage of protein.
What % of your food is protein per package?
What is the organic molecule that contains hereditary information?
What are the subunits that compose this organic molecule?
Name 3 examples of foods that would contain this organic molecule.
Does your food contain any of this organic molecule? How do you know?
Analysis: Construct a circle graph of your food and label the percentage distribution of fat,
sugar, protein, and other ingredients.
Conclusion: Label your estimate on the percentage the myplate.gov plate suggests you
eat. Compare your circle graph with the myplate.gov plate. Do you think that the food you
chose is a good, balanced source of the organic molecules you need for a healthy life?
Why?
Bell Work Activity
Copy onto your ‘Bell work’ paper the following question. Answer it and
save it. If you don’t know an answer, get a book and find it or review
with a friend. Blanks will count against you and wrong answers don’t
help you.
 Friday
September 23, 2011
 Bell Work Due. Collect together & turn in.

Yes. Tear it out of your notebooks.
----------------------------------------------- Model labs are now due Monday.
 Agenda:



Nutrition Label Investigation.
Get out your labels.
If you have a request, come to my desk.