Physical Computing
Introduction to ELECTRONICS
“Transducer”
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Introduction to Digital World
Digitus (latin) = Finger
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Electronics
deals with the controlled
flow of electrons
 The ability to control electron flow is usually applied
to information handling or device control.
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Electricity
phenomena resulting from the
Presence and flow of electric charge
 deals with the generation, distribution, control and
application of electrical power
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Electric potential
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Electric current
a flow of electric charge
unit for rate of flow of electric
charge is the ampere.
conductive metal
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Electric ~ Trafic
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Electric Components
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Wires
carry
electricity and
telecommunications signals
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Switch (anahtar)
electrical component
that can break an electrical circuit
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Resistors (direnç)
produces a voltage across its terminals
that is proportional to
the electric current
V = IR
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Potentiometer
?
three-terminal resistor with
a sliding contact that forms
an adjustable voltage divider
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Diode (diyot)
allow an electric current in one
direction and to block the current
in the opposite direction
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Light Emiting Diode
(LED)
electronic light source
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size
and faster switching
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Circuit
a closed path or paths formed
by the interconnection of
electronic components through
which an electric current can flow
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Breadboard
Resistor Value
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Transducers
 A transducer is a device that converts one type
of energy to another.
 Transducers may be categorized by
application: Sensor, actuator, or combination.
INST. Kerem Odabaşı - YTU - Interactive Telecomunication Design Dept.
Sensors
 A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity
and converts it into a signal which can be read by an
observer or by an instrument.
•Acoustic, sound, vibration
•Automotive, transportation
•Chemical
•Electric current, electric potential
•magnetic, radio
•Environment, weather, humidity
•Flow, fluid velocity
•Radiation, subatomic particles
•Navigation instruments
•Position, angle, displacement
•distance, speed, acceleration
•Optical, light, imaging
•Pressure
•Force, density, level
•Thermal, heat, temperature
•Proximity, presence
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Acoustic, sound, vibration
Geophone
Hydrophone
Lace Sensor a guitar pickup
Microphone
Seismometer
Accelerometer
Automotive, transportation
Air-fuel ratio meter
Crank sensor
Curb feeler, used to warn driver of curbs
Defect detector, used on railroads to detect axle and signal problems in passing trains
MAP sensor
Parking sensors, used to alert the driver of unseen obstacles during parking manoeuvres
Radar gun, used to detect the speed of other objects
Speedometer, used measure the instantaneous speed of a land vehicle
Speed sensor, used to detect the speed of an object
Throttle position sensor, used to monitor the position of the throttle in an internal combustion engine
Variable reluctance sensor, used to measure position and speed of moving metal components
Water sensor or water-in-fuel sensor, used to indicate the presence of water in fuel
Wheel speed sensor, used for reading the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotatio
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Optical, light, imaging
Charge-coupled device
Colorimeter
Contact image sensor
Electro-optical sensor
Flame detector
Infra-red sensor
LED as light sensor
Nichols radiometer
Fiber optic sensors
Photodetector
Photodiode
Photomultiplier tubes
Phototransistor
Photoelectric sensor
Photoionization detector
Photomultiplier
Photoresistor
Photoswitch
Phototube
Proximity sensor
Scintillometer
Shack-Hartmann
Wavefront sensor
Position, angle, displacement
Distance, speed, acceleration
Accelerometer
Capacitive displacement sensor
Free fall sensor
Inclinometer
Laser rangefinder
Linear encoder
Linear variable differential transformer
Liquid capacitive inclinometers
Odometer
Piezoelectric accelerometer
Position sensor
Rotary encoder
Rotary variable differential transformer
Selsyn
Sudden Motion Sensor
Tilt sensor
Tachometer
Ultrasonic thickness gauge
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What Can Be Sensed?
 Light
 Presence, color, intensity, content, direction
 Sound
 Presence, frequency, intensity, content , direction
 Heat
 Temperature, wavelength, magnitude, direction
 Chemicals
 Presence, concentration, identity, etc.
 Object Proximity
 Presence/absence, distance, bearing, color, etc.
 Physical orientation/attitude/position
 Magnitude, pitch, roll, yaw, coordinates, etc.
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Button-Switchs
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Potentiometers
Slide Potentiometer
SoftPot Membrane
Potentiometer
Rotary Potentiometer
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Light
Photocell
Color light sensor
CMOS Camera
IR Camera
IR Photo Transistor
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Infra Red
Infrared Emitters and Detectors
Photo Interrupter
Infrared Proximity Sensor
Description: Infrared proximity sensor made
by Sharp. Part # GP2Y0A21YK has an
analog output that varies from 3.1V at 10cm
to 0.4V at 80cm. The sensor has a Japanese
Solderless Terminal (JST) Connector. We
recommend purchasing the related pigtail
below or soldering wires directly to the back
of the module.
Description: This sensor is
composed of an infrared emitter on
one upright and a shielded infrared
detector on the other. By emitting a
beam of infrared light from one
upright to the other, the sensor can
detect when an object passes
between the uprights, breaking the
beam. Used for many applications
including optical limit switches,
pellet dispensing, general object
detection, etc. Gap width = 10mm
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Proximity
ePIR
Ultrasonic Range Finder
Features:
•42kHz Ultrasonic sensor
•Operates from 2.5-5.5V
•Low 2mA supply current
•20Hz reading rate
•RS232 Serial Output - 9600bps
•Analog Output - 10mV/inch
•PWM Output - 147uS/inch
•Small, light weight module
PIR Motion Sensor
Red wire is power (5 to 12V). Brown wire is
GND. Black wire is open collector Alarm.This
unit works great from 5 to 12V (datasheet
shows 12V). You can also install a jumper
wire past the 5V regulator on board to make
this unit work at 3.3V. Sensor uses
1.6mA@3.3V.
Features:
•fully functional motion detection
•based motion detection algorithms
•2.7-3.6VDC operating voltage
•Typical current draw: 8.9mA
•Wide 5 x 5m, 60 degree detection pattern
•Simple hardware or advanced serial
•Adjustable sensitivity, delay and
•ambient light threshold
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Magnetic
3-Axis Magnetometer
Hall Effect Sensor
Description: The US1881 is an integrated Hall
effect latched sensor. That's nice but what does it
do? Holding a magnet near the sensor will cause
the output pin to toggle. This makes for a robust
presence sensor. A reed sensor also works
nicely, but can be limited by the glass
encapsulation and size. A hall effect sensor is
much smaller, but can handle less current than a
reed switch.
Compass Module
Features:
•Simple I2C interface
•2.7 to 5.2V supply range
•1 to 20Hz selectable update rate
•True drop-in solution
•0.5 degree heading resolution
•1 degree repeatability
•Supply current : 1mA @ 3V
Description: PNI Corp's 3-axis
magnetometer. Ready for the big time?
Low noise, large resolution magnetic field
sensing all packed into a user-friendly DIP
module at your disposal. Stable over a
wide temperature range, the MicroMag3 is
a must have for orientation sensing and
navigation.
Features:
•500uA @ 3.3V DC
•Field measurement range +/-1100uT
•Resolution as low as 0.015uT
•SPI interface - no additional circuitry
needed
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Temperature
Thermistor 10K
Infrared Thermometer
Digital Temperature Sensor
Description: This is a breakout board for
the incredibly small TMP102 digital
temperature sensor. The TMP102 is a
digital sensor (I2C a.k.a. TWI), has a
resolution of 0.0625°C, and is accurate
up to 0.5°C. The sensor requires very
low-current, and is loaded with features.
Description: Melexis' MLX90614ESFBAA is an infrared thermometer
designed for non-contact temperature
sensing. An internal 17-bit ADC and a
powerful DSP contribute to the
MLX90614's high accuracy and
resolution. It has a huge number of
applications including body temperature
measurment and movement detection.
Description: 10K thermistor with a
negative temperature
coefficient. Good choice for tempsensing aplications.
INST. Kerem Odabaşı - YTU - Interactive Telecomunication Design Dept.
Weather
Weather Meters
Barometric Pressure Sensor
Humidity Sensor
Description: This is a breakout board for
Honeywell's HIH-4030 humidity sensor. The
HIH-4030 measures relative humidity (%RH)
and delivers it as an analog output voltage. You
can connect the output of the sensor directly to
an ADC on a microcontroller; and, thanks to the
sensor's near linear voltage output, the data is
very easy to process.
Description: The SCP1000-D01 is a great
IC - now you can play with it! This is a
simple breakout board bringing the SPI
interface pins to a 0.1" header. Please
note, we now stock the latest ASIC rev C
(IC label 'D01').
The SCP1000 is the very first absolute
pressure sensor on the market to use
MEMS technology to grant 17-bit
resolution. Under ideal conditions, this
sensor can detect the pressure difference
within a 9cm column of air.
Description: This is a simple
weather station that includes an
anemometer, wind vane, and rain
gauge. Includes mounting hardware
and RJ11 connections to the
sensors.
The anemometer uses a reed switch,
so simple frequency detection can be
used to measure wind speed. The
wind vane uses a potentiometer to
detect wind direction. The rain gauge
acts as a switch that closes at
measured increments. Please see
the datasheet for more information.
INST. Kerem Odabaşı - YTU - Interactive Telecomunication Design Dept.
Biometrics
Polar Heart Rate Module
Alcohol Gas Sensor
Description: This alcohol sensor is suitable
for detecting alcohol concentration on your
breath, just like your common breathalyzer. It
has a high sensitivity and fast response time.
Sensor provides an analog resistive output
based on alcohol concentration. The drive
circuit is very simple, all it needs is one
resistor. A simple interface could be a 0-3.3V
ADC.
Fingerprint Scanner
Description: The Nitgen RS232 serial
fingerprint scanner is a powerful ADSPBF531 Blackfin based system. This scanner
is capable of gathering and storing unique
finger prints. Simply hold your finger on the
optical scanner, query the device over
serial, and you will be issued a unique ID.
Use that ID within your embedded system to
determine access levels, time clocks, door
locks, etc.
Description: This is a OEM module for
the Polar Heart Rate system. This
device works with any Polar heart rate
strap to pickup the electromagnetic
pulse and output a 1ms pulse indicating
a heart beat has occurred. Embed
a heart ratereading into your next
project!
INST. Kerem Odabaşı - YTU - Interactive Telecomunication Design Dept.