Watch in slide show mode to observe (modest) animation.
comments questions: dan.kahan@yale.edu
papers, etc: www.culturalcognition.net
www.culturalcognition.net
Climate Science Communication and the
Disentanglement Principle
Dan M. Kahan
Yale University
& many others
Research Supported by:
National Science Foundation, SES-0922714
Annenberg Center for Public Policy
Skoll Global Threats Fund
What can the science of science communication do for
climate communicators?
What can the science of science communication do for
climate communicators?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
What can the science of science communication do for
climate communicators?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change
doesn’t reflect what they know; it expresses who they are.
What can the science of science communication do for
climate communicators?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change
doesn’t reflect what they know; it expresses who they are.
What can the science of science communication do for
climate communicators?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change
doesn’t reflect what they know; it expresses who they are.
“Belief” in evolution
Science literacy: item response functions
“Which gas makes up most of the Earth's atmosphere?”
[Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen]
-2
-2.5
1st percentile
00
00
probability of correct answer
answer
correct
.1
.2
.6
.1 probability
.2 .3
.3 .4
.4 of.5
.5
.6 .7
.7 .8
.8 .9
.9
.1 .2
.2 .3
.3 .4
.4 .5
.5 .6
.6 .7
.7 .8
.8 .9
.9
.1
11
11
“Electrons are smaller than atoms.” (True/false)
-1 -1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
1 percentile
86th
Science literacy score
2
2.5
99th percentile
-2
-2.5
1st percentile
-1 -1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
1 percentile
86th
2
2.5
99th percentile
Science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N = 1999. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Predicted
probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic regression. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science
Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Science literacy: item response functions
answer
correct
.1
.2
.6
.1 probability
.2 .3
.3 .4
.4 of.5
.5
.6 .7
.7 .8
.8 .9
.9
.9
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
probability of correct answer
00
0
.1
-2
-2.5
1st percentile
“Which gas makes up most of the Earth's atmosphere?”
[Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen]
11
1
“Human beings, as we know them today, developed from
earlier species of animals.” (True/false)
-1 -1
14th percentile
00
50th percentile
1
86th1 percentile
Science literacy score
2
2.5
99th percentile
-2
-2.5
1st percentile
-1 -1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
1 percentile
86th
2
2.5
99th percentile
Science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’s 1011 & 1999. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Predicted
probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic regression. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science
Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Science literacy: item response functions
11
.5
.3 .4
.2
Above avg.
religiosity
-2
-2.5
1st percentile
00
0
.1
“Which gas makes up most of the Earth's atmosphere?”
[Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen]
answer
correct
.1
.2
.6
.1 probability
.2 .3
.3 .4
.4 of.5
.5
.6 .7
.7 .8
.8 .9
.9
Below avg.
religiosity
.6 .7
.8
probability of correct answer
.9
1
“Human beings, as we know them today, developed from
earlier species of animals.” (True/false)
-1 -1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
1 percentile
86th
Science literacy score
2
2.5
99th percentile
-2
-2.5
1st percentile
-1 -1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
1 percentile
86th
2
2.5
99th percentile
Science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’s 1011 & 1999. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Predicted
probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic regression. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science
Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Science literacy: item response functions
1
.5
.3 .4
.2
Above avg.
religiosity
-2
-2.5
1st percentile
Above avg.
Below avg.
religiosity
religiosity
Below avg.
Above avg.
religiosity
religiosity
0
0
.1
“Which gas makes up most of the Earth's atmosphere?”
[Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen]
answer
correct
.1 probability
.2 .3 .4 of.5
.6 .7
.8 .9
Below avg.
religiosity
.6 .7
.8
probability of correct answer
.9
1
“Human beings, as we know them today, developed from
earlier species of animals.” (True/false)
-1 -1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
1 percentile
86th
Science literacy score
2
2.5
99th percentile
-2
-2.5
1st percentile
-1 -1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
1 percentile
86th
2
99th 2.5
percentile
Science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’s 1011 & 1999. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Predicted
probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic regression. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science
Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Science literacy: item response functions
1
.5
.3 .4
.2
Above avg.
religiosity
-2
-2.5
1st percentile
Below avg.
religiosity
Above avg.
religiosity
0
0
.1
“Electrons are smaller than atoms.” (True/false)
answer
correct
.1 probability
.2 .3 .4 of.5
.6 .7
.8 .9
Below avg.
religiosity
.6 .7
.8
probability of correct answer
.9
1
“Human beings, as we know them today, developed from
earlier species of animals.” (True/false)
-1 -1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
1 percentile
86th
Science literacy score
2
2.5
99th percentile
-2
1st percentile
-1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
86th percentile
2
99th percentile
Science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’s 1011 & 1999. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Predicted
probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic regression. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science
Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Science literacy: item response functions
“Electrons are smaller than atoms.” (True/false)
.9
1
1
1
“According to the theory of evolution, human beings, as we
know them today, developed from earlier species of animals.”
(True/false)
.8
.9
Below avg.
religiosity
Above avg.
religiosity
.6 .7
.2
.1 .3
.2 .4
.3 .5
.4 .6
.5 .7
.6 .8
.7 .9
.8
probability of correct answer
Below avg.
religiosity
0
.1
0
.1
.2
.3 .4
.5
Above avg.
religiosity
0
-2
1st percentile
-2.5
-1
14th percentile
-1
0
50th percentile
1
86th percentile
1
Science literacy score
2
99th percentile
2.5
-2
1st percentile
-1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
86th percentile
2
99th percentile
Science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’s 1011 & 1999. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Predicted
probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic regression. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science
Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Teaching evolution to “nonbelievers”
“Belief” in global warming
“Belief” in global warming
0
.1
.2
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
global warming risk
.3
1
“Belief” in global warming
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
global warming risk
“Belief” in global warming
global warming risk
“Belief” in global warming
Science literacy: item response functions
1
“According to the theory of evolution, human beings, as we
know them today, developed from earlier species of
animals.” (True/false)
correct
.1 probability
.2 .3 .4 of.5
.6 answer
.7 .8 .9
Below avg.
religiosity
Above avg.
religiosity
-2-2
1st percentile
Below avg.
religiosity
Above avg.
religiosity
0
0
0
answer .9
of correct
probability
.1
.1 .2
.2 .3
.3 .4
.4 .5
.5 .6
.6 .7
.7 .8
.8 .9
1
1
“Human beings, as we know them today, developed from
earlier species of animals.” (True/false)
-1-1
14th percentile
00
50th percentile
11
86th percentile
Science literacy score
22
99th percentile
-2
1st percentile
-1
14th percentile
00
50th percentile
11
86th percentile
22
99th percentile
Science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N’s 1011 & 1999. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Predicted
probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic regression. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science
Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
“Climate science literacy” battery
Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press)
“Ordinary climate science intelligence” item response curves
“Climate scientists believe that the
increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide
associated with the burning of fossil
fuels will reduce photosynthesis by
plants.” [True or False]
1
of correct answer
probability
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
1.5
0
2
-2
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
1.5
2
-2
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
1.5
2
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
1.5
-2
2
0
.5
1
1.5
2
2
-1.5
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
1.5
2
1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
probability of correct answer
0
0
-.5
1.5
“Climate scientists believe that globally
averaged surface air temperatures were
higher for the first decade of the twentyfirst century (2000-2009) than for the
last decade of the twentieth century
(1990-1999) [True or false]
1
of correct answer
probability
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
-1
Ordinary climate science intellience
1
Ordinary climate science intellience
“Climate scientists believe that here will
be positive as well as negative effects
from human-caused global warming.”
[True or false]
.2
-1.5
.5
1
-1.5
Ordinary climate science intellience
.1
-2
0
of correct answer
probability
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
-2
Ordinary climate science intellience
“Climate scientists believe that
nuclear power generation
contributes to global warming”
[True or false]
-.5
0
of correct answer
probability
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
0
0
-1.5
-1
“Climate scientists believe that
human-caused global warming has
increased the number and severity
of hurricanes around the world in
recent decades.” [True or false]
1
1
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
-2
-1.5
Ordinary climate science intellience
“Climate scientists believe that if the
North Pole icecap melted as a result of
human-caused global warming, global
sea levels would rise.” [True or False]
“Climate scientists believe that
human-caused global warming will
result in flooding of many coastal
regions .” [True or False]
probability of correct answer
-1.5
Ordinary climate science intellience
Ordinary climate science intellience
-2
-1.5
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
1.5
Ordinary climate science intellience
2
0
-1.5
0
.1
-2
probability of correct answer
“Climate scientists believe that
human-caused global warming will
increase the risk of skin cancer in
human beings.” [True or False]
1
.9
probability of correct answer
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
0
probability of correct answer
1
“What gas do most scientists believe
causes temperatures in the
atmosphere to rise? Is it [hydrogen,
helium, carbon dioxide, radon]?”
-2
-1.5
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
1.5
Ordinary climate science intellience
Figures plot the predicted probability of correctly responding to the item conditional on score on OCSI scale. Black bars
2
Climate science literacy: item response functions
“Climate scientists believe that the increase of
atmospheric carbon dioxide associated with the burning
of fossil fuels will reduce photosynthesis by plants.” [True
or False]
0
0
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
probability of correct answer
.1 probability
.2 .3 .4 .5correct
.6 .7
.8 .9
.1 .2 .3 .4 of .5
.6 answer
.7 .8 .9
.9
1
1
1
“What gas do most scientists believe causes
temperatures in the atmosphere to rise? Is it [hydrogen,
helium, carbon dioxide, radon]?”
-2
1st percentile
-1
14th percentile
0
50th percentile
1
86th percentile
Climate science literacy score
2
99th percentile
-2-2
1st percentile
-1
14th -1
percentile
00
50th percentile
11
86th percentile
22
99th percentile
Climate science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N = 1,769. Predicted probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic
regression. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Political outlook predictor set at -1 SD & + 1 SD on “Left_right" scale for “liberal
democrat” and “conservative Republican,” respectively. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication
Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Climate science literacy: item response functions
“Climate scientists believe that the increase of
atmospheric carbon dioxide associated with the burning
of fossil fuels will reduce photosynthesis by plants.” [True
or False]
1
1
“What gas do most scientists believe causes
temperatures in the atmosphere to rise? Is it [hydrogen,
helium, carbon dioxide, radon]?”
Liberal
Democrat
0
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
Conservative
Republican
Conservative
Republican
correct
.1 probability
.2 .3 .4 of.5
.6 answer
.7 .8 .9
.7
.8
probability of correct answer
.9
Liberal
Democrat
-2
-1
-1.514th percentile
-.5 50th percentile
0
.5 86th percentile
1
1.599th percentile
22
1st percentile
Climate science literacy score
-2
1st percentile
-1
-1.514th percentile
-.5 50th percentile
0
.5 86th percentile
1
1.599th percentile
2
Climate science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N = 1,769. Predicted probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic
regression. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Political outlook predictor set at -1 SD & + 1 SD on “Left_right" scale for “liberal
democrat” and “conservative Republican,” respectively. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals. Source: Kahan, D. The Science Communication
Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press).
Climate science literacy & general science literacy
1
86th percentile
r = 0.32, p < 0.01
-1
0
50th percentile
14th percentile
1st percentile
-2
Climate science literacy
2
99th percentile
-2
1st percentile
-1
0
50th percentile
14th percentile
1
2
86th percentile
99th percentile
science comprehension
Science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N = 2,000. Nationally representative sample, April/May
2014 (YouGov). X-axis is continuous “Ordinary Science Intelligence” scale formed by IRT-weighted responses to NSF & Pew
science literacy, Numeracy, and Cognitive Reflection Test items (α=0.83). CIs reflect 095 level of confidence for estimated
population mean.
Climate science literacy & general science literacy
< avg Left_Right
> avg Left_Right
1
86th percentile
r = 0.32, p < 0.01
-1
0
50th percentile
14th percentile
1st percentile
-2
Climate science literacy
2
99th percentile
-2
1st percentile
-1
0
50th percentile
14th percentile
1
2
86th percentile
99th percentile
science comprehension
Science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N = 2,000. Nationally representative sample, April/May
2014 (YouGov). X-axis is continuous “Ordinary Science Intelligence” scale formed by IRT-weighted responses to NSF & Pew
science literacy, Numeracy, and Cognitive Reflection Test items (α=0.83). CIs reflect 095 level of confidence for estimated
population mean.
Positions on global warming
9
8
Pct. Agree
Pct. Agree
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Human caused
Naturally caused
No warming
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May
2014 (YouGov). X-axis is continuous “Ordinary Science Intelligence” scale formed by IRT-weighted responses to NSF & Pew
science literacy, Numeracy, and Cognitive Reflection Test items (α=0.83). CIs reflect 095 level of confidence for estimated
population mean.
9
Climate science literacy & positions on global warming
8
7
9
6
8
No. correct
5
7
6
4
59
3
48
2
37
26
1
15
0
04
3
Human caused
Naturally caused
No warming
2
1
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N = 1957. Nationally representative sample, April/May
2014 (YouGov). X-axis is continuous “Ordinary Science Intelligence” scale formed by IRT-weighted responses to NSF & Pew
0
science literacy, Numeracy,
and Cognitive Reflection Test items (α=0.83). CIs reflect 095 level of confidence for estimated
population mean.
Climate science literacy: item response functions
“Climate scientists believe that the increase of
atmospheric carbon dioxide associated with the burning
of fossil fuels will reduce photosynthesis by plants.” [True
or False]
.7
.6
1
Liberal
Democrat
0
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
Conservative
Republican
Conservative
Republican
correct
.1 probability
.2 .3 .4 of.5
.6 answer
.7 .8 .9
Liberal
Democrat
.8
probability of correct answer
.9
1
“What gas do most scientists believe causes
temperatures in the atmosphere to rise? Is it [hydrogen,
helium, carbon dioxide, radon]?”
-2
-1.514th percentile
-1
-.5 50th percentile
00
.5 86th percentile
11
1.5 99th percentile
22
1st percentile
Climate science literacy score
-2
1st percentile
-1
-1.514th percentile
-.5 50th percentile
0
.5 86th percentile
1
1.599th percentile
2
Climate science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N = 1,769. Predicted probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic
regression. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Political outlook predictor set at -1 SD & + 1 SD on “Left_right" scale for “liberal
democrat” and “conservative Republican,” respectively. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals.
Climate science literacy: item response functions
.7
1
Conservative
Republican
Liberal
Democrat
Conservative
Republican
0
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
There is “solid evidence” of global warming due to “human activity
such as burning fossil fuels” [agree, disagree]
correct
.1 probability
.2 .3 .4 of.5
.6 answer
.7 .8 .9
Liberal
Democrat
.8
probability of correct answer
.9
1
“What gas do most scientists believe causes
temperatures in the atmosphere to rise? Is it [hydrogen,
helium, carbon dioxide, radon]?”
-2
-1.514th percentile
-1
-.5 50th percentile
00
.5 86th percentile
11
1.5 99th percentile
22
1st percentile
-2
-1
0
.5 86th percentile
1
1.599th percentile
2
1st percentile -1.514th percentile-.5 50th percentile
Climate science literacy score
Climate science literacy score
Annenberg Center for Public Policy & Cultural Cognition Project. N = 1,769. Predicted probabilities derived via Monte Carlo Simulation based on logistic
regression. Nationally representative sample, April/May 2014 (YouGov). Political outlook predictor set at -1 SD & + 1 SD on “Left_right" scale for “liberal
democrat” and “conservative Republican,” respectively. Colored bars reflect 0.95 confidence intervals.
Teaching evolution to “nonbelievers”
Teaching evolution to “nonbelievers”
“97% consesnsus” social marketing campaign
Disentanglement principle:
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Disentanglement principle:
Soute
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
“How much risk do you believe global warming poses to human health,
safety, or prosperity?”
7
A polluted science communication environment . . .
7
100%
5
67
Extremely high
risk
6
United States as a whole (summer 2013)
56
< avg. Left_right
75%
7
3
Between moderate
and high
45
4
High
2
23
Low
1
Between low
and moderate
12
6
34
Moderate
50%
25%
“How muchone
risk. do
An unpolluted
. . you
Very low
11
None at all
0
01
3
6
3
9
9
4
5
12
12
6
15
7
15
8
18
9
18
21
21
7
7
5
5
Moderate
6
0
Between low
and moderate
3
6
Low
9
12
15
3
3
0
7
Between moderate
and high
4
4
1
5
5
4
4
33
r = 0.07, p < 0.01
00
Low
6
6
6
Extremely high
risk
r = - 0.65, p < 0.01
22
Between low
and moderate
2
18
21
< avg. Left_right
no risk
at all
Liberal
Democrat
Left_right
11
Conservative
Republican
1.6
1.61.6
Very Conservative
Strong Republican
Extremely
high risk
1
1
00
Moderate
Independent
4
-1
-1
3
-1.6
Very low
None at all
0
0
5
> avg. Left_right
Very liberal
Strong Democrat
10
Extremely
high risk
Science Comprehension
high risk “How much risk do you believe medical x-rays poses to human
believe globalhealth,
warming
to human health, safety,
safety, poses
or prosperity?”
High
Moderate
1
2
2
6
6
0
Extremely
No
warming
2
7
7
High
3
Southeast Florida (Fall 2013)
or prosperity?”
Between moderate
and high
0
0
3
health, safety, or prosperity?”
4
no risk
Human caused
Naturally caused
noat risk
all
“How much risk do you at
believe
fluoridated
water
poses to human
all
0
5
None at all
0%
Extremely high
risk
> avg. Left_right
4 SE Fla. Counties
Very low
00
33
66
99
12
12
15
15
Science Comprehension
18
18
21
21
11
4 SE Fla. Counties
“Landuse planners should identify assess and
revise existing laws to assure that they reflect the
risks posed by rising sea level and extreme
weather.”
“Local and state officials should be involved in
identifying steps that local communities can
take to reduce the risk posed by rising sea
levels.”
pct. agree
pct. agree
> avg. Left_right
78% agree
Kahan, D. The Science Communication Measurement Problem, Adv. in Pol. Psych. (in press)
Disentanglement principle:
Soute
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Southeast Florida science communication
Not “us vs. them”
just us—using what we know
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Southeast Florida science communication
Not “us vs. them”
just us—using what we know
What can the science of science communication do for
climate communicators?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change
doesn’t reflect what they know; it expresses who they are.
What can the science of science communication do for
climate communicators?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change
doesn’t reflect what they know; it expresses who they are.
So you tell me!
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Evolution: Classroom
Climate: Local govt
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
What can the science of science communication do for
climate communicators?
Everything I know about climate science communication:
What ordinary members of the public “believe” about climate change
doesn’t reflect what they know; it expresses who they are.
So you tell me!
Great! I’ll measure!!
Disentanglement principle:
“Don’t make reasoning, free people choose between
knowing what’s known & being who they are!”
Dan M. Kahan
Yale Law School
Donald Braman
George Washington University
John Gastil
University of Washington
Geoffrey Cohen
Stanford University
Paul Slovic
University of Oregon
Ellen Peters
Ohio State University
Hank Jenkins-Smith
University of Oklahoma
David Hoffman
Temple Law School
Gregory Mandel
Temple Law School
Maggie Wittlin
Cultural Cognition Project Lab
Lisa Larrimore-Ouelette
Cultural Cognition Project Lab
Danieli Evans
Cultural Cognition Project Lab
June Carbone
Univ. Missouri-Kansas City
Michael Jones
Safra Ethics Center, Harv. Univ.
Naomi Cahn
George Washington University
Jeffrey Rachlinksi
Cornell Law School
John Byrnes
Cultural Cognition Project Lab
John Monahan
University of Virginia
www. culturalcognition.net
“I am you!”