Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department
Sustainable Breeding Schemes for
Dairy Cattle in Myanmar
Dr. Khin Maung Maung
Director
Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department
Introduction
Significance of the Dairy Cattle Production
– Tremendous potential for dairy cattle development
• Improvement of the dairy products consumption
– Replacement of the Dairy products importation
– Self sufficient for the dairy products in the country
– Improvement in
– Family income
– Food security
– Natural resource management
Structure of Market oriental dairy
farming system
– Small holder farming (1-20 cows)
– Feeding on agriculture residue and by
products
– Use of the cross breed dairy cattle
– Sale of the most of the milk for income
generation
– Artificial Insemination and natural bull
service
– Lack of breeding program
Objective
– To set up a sustainable breeding
scheme base on a young sire program
to provide breeding bulls for Artificial
Insemination (AI) and Natural Breeding
(NB)
– Determination of the Nucleus size
– Identification of factors affecting the
genetic response
Young sire program
– Evaluation of bulls on the basis of their
ancestor performance
• [Selection of the 100 super cows under 2000
recorded cows and breed them with superior bull
frozen semen]
– Features:
• Short generation interval (minimum 3 years)
• Low accuracies
– Relatively high genetic response per year
• Simple and least expensive breeding scheme
Study sites:
• Dairy plays a significant role
• Favorable access to livestock development service and
milk market.
– Yangon
[estimated 5000 dairy cattle, base on the fresh milk market, ]
– Nay Pyi Taw
[Dairy development zone, estimated 1000 dairy cattle
including small scale and intend to increase the dairy
population as quick as possible]
– Mandalay (Mandalay dis., Kyaukse dis.,Myingyan dis.)
[estimated 10000 dairy cattle, base on the condense milk
industry]
• Meiktila
[estimated 4000 dairy cattle, base on the condense milk
industry]
– Sagaing (Monywa)
[estimated 1000 dairy cattle, base on the condense milk
industry]
Methodology
• Determination of the number of replacement bulls
– Expected cow population in cross breeding scheme
(20,000)
– Expected AI breeding scheme 25% of total
– Expected NS breeding scheme 75% of total
– Semen production for a bull: 3000 dose/year
– Natural Breeding for a bull: 40 service /year
– Number of bull needed per year
• Bull needed for AI: 3 bull/year (for frozen semen)
• Bull needed for NB: 375 bull/year
– Useful life of bull
• For AI: 2 years/bull
• For NB: 3 years/bull
– AI technician needed
• If 200 AI / technician/year
– 25 technician needed
for 5000 dose AI
Replacement bull per year
AI: 2 bulls per year
NB: 126 bulls per year
• Determination of the number of bull
mother
Factor affecting the number of bull mother
required
Factors
Factors coefficient
Number of replacement bulls per year
2* / 126**
Sex ratio
1:1
Survival rate
75%
Conception rate (CR)
50%
Calving interval
1.5 years
Number of calving per cow
6
* AI , ** NB
Number of bull mothers required for the provision
of breeding bulls
Scenario
Number of bull
mother
Survival rate 75%, 5 calving for AI
8 (100)
Survival rate 75%, 5 calving for NB
1000 (1500)
Breeding bull provision
Purchasing of the breeding bulls from the
potential farms (under recording scheme)
– Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw, Mandalay, Meiktila,
Sagaing (Monywa)
• Sizable dairy cow population (2500)
• Prevalent genotypes: 75-100% exotic
• Management condition
– Zero grazing
– Feeding of improve rice straw, oil seed meal
(cotton seed cake, sunflower cake, sesame cake,
groundnut cake), locally available feed staff.
– Possible impacts on cows population
• Low grade cows (< 50% exotic genes)
– Shift to milk production mainly through additive gene
action
• Middle grade cows (50-75% exotic gene)
– Shift to milk production through additive gene action
under good management condition
– [Genotype X Environment interaction]
• High grade cows (>75% exotic gene)
– Maintain the high production under excellent
management condition.
(if poor management: production will be lesser than the
low grade cows)
– [Genotype X Environment interaction]
-
-
-
-
Target breeding scheme to high grade cows (>75%
exotic gene)
Parameters.....
Test bull (no)
Total breeding cows in the recording
scheme under AI breeding
numbers of cows for breeding with
proven bull
Numbers proven bull
Conception rate
Age of the puberty
Age of calving interval
Age at 1st calving
Survival rate calving to breeding
Survival rate breeding to breeding
sex ratio
Maximum calving
Maximum age of the cows
Maximum age of bull
6 no ( imported from Germany)
2000 numbers (various) age
100 cows (various age)
4 (from Germany)
50%
2 yr
1.5 yr
3 yr
75%
90%
1:1
6
12 years
7 year
Parameters....
Expected targeted population
AI technician (150 AI / tech/year)
Bull use for AI dose
Bull use for NB
Usage of AI
Expected usage for NB
Expected for AI for next 3 year
Minimum need of Bull for AI
Expected NB for next 3 year
Expected Bull need for NB
Drop out / year
st
Drop out from calf to 1 calving
Drop out from calving to next calving
20,000
34
1 : 3000
1 : 25
25% for year 3 to year 5 (35% for year 6 to year 8)
75% for year 3 to year 5 (35% for year 6 to year 8)
5000 / year
2 / year
15000 / year
375 / year
20%
25%
10%
Estimated cattle
for Breeding
20,000
25% AI
75% NB
Year 1
2000
100 super cows
(AI with
imported 6 test
bull semen)
(AI with
imported 4
proven bull
semen)
800 calving
400 ♂ - 400 ♀
80 calving
40♂ - 40♀ =>
100 super cows
Year 3
35 NB 75%
35 Bull --NB
20 ♂ -- 5♂ AI
80 calving
40♂ - 40♀ =>
100 super cows
Year 4
35 bull for NB
(75%)
70 Bulls --NB
Calving
20 ♂ -- 5♂ AI
80 calving
40♂ - 40♀ =>
Year 5
35 bull for NB
(75- 95%)
105 Bulls --NB
Calving
Progeny test
2 proven bulls
for frozen
semen
Calving
20 ♂  5♂ AI
Year 6
35 bull for NB
(75-95%)
140 Bulls --NB
Calving
Progeny test
2 proven bulls
for frozen
semen
Calving
Year 7
35 bull for NB
(75-95%)
175 Bulls --NB
Year 8
35 bull for NB
(95%)
210 Bulls
Year 2
Use of
Male for
Breeding
AI 5000
NB 15,000
Proven = 2
NB bull =375
(AI with
imported 4
proven bull
semen)
(AI with
imported 4
proven bull
semen)
Calving
Progeny test
2 proven bulls
for frozen
semen
Yearly
upgraded
Female
Year 1
2000 record
breed with (6)
Test bull
Year 2
(2000)
800 calving
(F1) 400 ♀
(50-75%)
Year 3
75%
720 calving
(F1) 360 ♀
(50-75%)
Year 4
75 – 85%
648 calving
(F1) 324 ♀
(50-75%)
300 calving
(F2) 150 ♀
>75%
Year 5
(75- 95%)
583 calving
(F1) 291 ♀
(50-75%)
270 calving
(F2) 135 ♀
>75%
Year 6
(75-95%)
524 calving
(F1) 262 ♀
(50-75%)
244 calving
(F2) 122 ♀
>75%
Year 7
(75-95%)
442 calving
(F1) 221 ♀
(50-75%)
222 calving
(F2) 111 ♀
>75%
Year 8
(75-95%)
Year 9
(75-95%)
(F1) 1858
(50-75%)
100 super
cows breed
with (4)
proven bull
80 calving
40♀ =>
100 super
cows breed
with (4)
proven bull
80 calving
40♀ =>
(F2) 518
>75%
100 super
cows breed
with (4)
proven bull
80 calving
40♀ =>
Establishment of the local open nucleus based on the cow
performance
– Identification of superior cows to breed bull calves
• First step: Establishment of the suitable recording scheme and organize the
potential farms
• Second step: Start the recording system by monitoring the LBVD staff
• Third step: Continuous recording scheme essentially based on owner
(farmer) control
– Selection intensities for different nucleus sizes
Nucleus size
Expected proportion of bulls
selected, %
Selection intensity
(i)
50
100
150
9-19
14-28
28-56
1.16-0.69
1.6-1.16
1.8-1.42
Breeding Scheme Optimization
Further strategies to improve genetic response
Strategies
Expected effects
Management improvement
-Higher survival rate
- Lower calving interval
i+
i+
-Systematic effects
-Pedigree information
-Recording frequency
r+
Optimal useful life of bulls
-Replacement rate
-Generation interval
i +, L –
i -, L +
Optimal useful life of bull
mothers
-Number of calving
-Generation interval
i+, Li-, L+
Recording quality
Selection intensity i* accuracy r* genetic SD
Genetic response =
generation interval (L)
Conclusion
• LBVD will control and supervise on the aspect of the genetic
improvement base line and technical support
– Extension of service activities to dairy production (health,
feeding, milk processing, breeding)
• Dairy association (potential farmers group) seem to be on
adequate starting point for genetic improvement program
• Establishment of the local breeding program should be
sustainable for long run
• Increasing the nucleus size allow for higher selection
intensities. The optimum size, however, depend also on
performance level and operation costs.
• Good management plays a crucial role for achieving
satisfactory genetic response through the increase of
selection intensity (higher survival rate, lower calving
interval).
• An efficient recording system mainly based on farmers’ own
recording is essential for the success of breeding program.
– Training, active participation, women role in dairy production.
Cattle Breeding Scheme (simplified)
AI Breeding6 breeding male
2000 breeding female
4 Proven breeding male (import)
Cattle
breeding
scheme in
Myanmar
100 Super breeding female
1 year
40 male offspring
40 female offspring
20 male offspring (AI centre)
40 female spring
1.5 year
Selection
5 male for Test bull
38 Female breeding
20 males for NB
15 males for NB
Small scale farm
2 female culling
Brief on Activities of Dairy
Cattle Improvement Project
(TCP/MYA/3201)
1.Project Structure
Jointly conducted by the Livestock Breeding
and Veterinary Department and FAO
• Executing Agency: Livestock Breeding and
Veterinary Department
• Supporting Agency: FAO
• Contribution:
US$ 358,000
• Period:
January 2008 to
December 2009
2.Objectives of the project
• Training of trainers in dairy cattle feeding
and management (TOT training and
demonstration)
• Establishment of a pilot performance
recording scheme with modern analytical
methods (identification of cows by milk
yield, milk composition, low cost feeding
trial)
• Assistance to rehabilitate the AI service
(Provision of equipments and importation
of frozen semen)
3.Expected outputs
Objective 1:
• Feeding and management
review
• Produce 10 trainers
• Ration formulation with
low cost and locally
available feedstuffs
• Develop training modules
for outreach training
Objective 2:
• Pilot recording scheme: 1000
cows in Yangon and 1000
cows in Mandalay
• Identify superior cows,
inseminate and produce next
generation bulls for AI service
• Develop feeding methods for
more milk production based
of performance recording
• Expension of performance
recording
• Develop most appropriate
levels of cross breeding
Objective 3:
• Functional
AI centre to
produce
quality
semen
• AI field
service reestablish
4.Workplan
• Phase 1. Diagnosis
and preparation
(months 3)
• Phase 2.
Implementation
(months 9)
• Phase 3.
Consolidation
(months 10)
• Phase 4.
Recommendation and
Follow-up (months 2)
• Total : 24 months
Expert missions
• Dr. Hans Wagnar (Lead Technical
Officer, FAO), 2-9-2008 to 12-92008
• Dr. Leo Dempfle (International
Genetic Expert ), 2-9-2008 to 28-92008
• Mr. Rene Sansoucy,( International
Consultant for Nutrition and Dairy
Cattle Feeding), 22-4-2008 to 11-52008, 13-1-2009 to 9-2-2009
Activities of Dr. Hans Wagnar
(Lead Technical Officer, FAO)
• Training of trainers for
10 project workers in
Yangon on performance
recording of
reporduction
• Recording procedure and
computer operation in
data analysis
• Visits to project farms in
Yangon to carry out
project activities
Activities of Dr. Leo Dempfle
(International Genetic Expert )
• Visits to project farms in
Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw,
Meiktila, Mandalay to carry
out project activities
• Training of trainers for 10
project workers in
Mandalay on performance
recording of reproduction
• Visit to conventional goat
farms in Mandalay Area
Activities of Mr. Rene Sansoucy
(International Dairy Feeding Expert)
• Practice the Nutritional
article and practice the
feeding
• Demonstration and
practical dairy cattle
feeding
• TOT Training for Dairy
Feeding
• Visit to the project farms,
discuss feeding practices
General Suggestion and
Recommendations
• Milk yield in project farms are low
(Average 6 kg/head /day)
• Open cows number is increased
• Feeding strategy needs to be corrected
• Farmers in Yangon only focus on milk
market not for improved breeding
• Mandalay is great potential for dairy
development
• Farmers in Meiktila are interested in
improved breeding but management is
poor
BRUCELLOSIS
•
One participant from our country, Union of
Myanmar
•
attended – The 1st and 2nd FAO-APHCA/OIE
Regional Workshop on Brucellosis diagnosis and
Control with an Emphasis on Br.melitensis held in
Chiangmai, during 20-23 Oct,2008 and Khon
Kaen, Thailand during 8-11 June,2009 respectively
•
Brought 2 vials of Rose Bengal (RB) Antigen
produced by DLD of Thailand due to the financial
support and collaboration of FAO-APHCA.
•
These antigen are very useful and effective for
Brucellosis survey
•
Able to use as a standard antigen in compare with
the RB antigen produced from our department
LBVD, Myanmar.
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Thank You For Your Kind Attention