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Definition of Terms
 POLYGRAPH – is an instrument for the recording of
changes in blood pressure; pulse rate, respiration and
skin resistance as indication of emotional disturbances
especially of lying when questioned.
 The word was derived from the word POLY means
“many” and GRAPHS means “writing chart”.
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 POLYGRAPHY – it is the scientific method of
detecting deception, using a polygraph machine.
 FEAR – is emotional response to specific danger that
appears to beyond a persons defensive power.
 STIMULUS – is a force or motion reaching the
organism and excites the receptors.
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 REACTION – it is an action in mental attitude evokes
by external influence.
 DECEPTION – is an act of deceiving or misleading
usually accompanied by lying.
 DETECTION – It is an act of discovery of existence,
presence of fact or something hidden or obscure.
 LYING – the uttering or conveying of falsehood or
creating a false or misleading information with the
intention of affecting wrongfully the acts and opinion
of other.
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 RESPONSE – is any activity or inhibition of the
previous activity of an organism resulting from
stimulation.
 SPECIFIC RESPONSE – is any deviation from the
normal tracing of the subject.
 NORMAL TRACING – is a tracing on the chart
wherein the subject answered in the irrelevant
question.
 POLYGRAPH EXAMINER – is one who conducts and
administer the test.
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 CHART OR POLYGRAMS – refers to the composite
records of pneumograph, Galvanograph and
cardiosphygmograph tracings recorded from series of
questions.
 Subject – refers to the person being examined.
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Early Methods of detecting
deception
 Trial by Combat
 Trial by Ordeal
 Trial by Iron Hot Ordeal
 Ordeal by Balance
 Ordeal of Rice Chewing
 Donkey’s Tail Ordeal
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What is Polygraph?
The polygraph is used to test or question
individuals for the purpose of detecting deception or
verifying truth of statements through a visual,
permanent and simultaneous recording of a person’s
cardiovascular and respiratory pattern as a minimum
instrumentation requirement.
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A polygraph(commonly referred to as a
liedetector) is an instrument that measures and
records several physiological responses such as:
blood pressure, pulse, respiration and skin
Conductivity while the subject is asked and answers
a series of questions, on the basis that false answers
will produced instinctive measurements. The
polygraph measures physiological changes caused by
the sympathetic nervous system during questioning.
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Within the U.S. federal
government, a polygraph
examination is also referred to as
a PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL
DETECTION OF DECEPTION
(PDD) examination. Several other
technologies are also used in the
field of lie detection, but the
polygraph is the most famous.
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History of Polygraph
The idea that lying produces physical side-effects
has long been claimed. In West Africa persons
suspected of a crime were made to pass a bird's egg to
one another. If a person broke the egg, then he or she
was considered guilty, based on the idea that their
nervousness was to blame. In ancient China the
suspect held a handful of rice in his or her mouth
during a prosecutor's speech. Since salivation was
believed to cease at times of emotional anxiety, the
person was considered guilty if by the end of that
speech the rice was dry.
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1895
Cesare Lombroso, an Italian scientist,
employed the first scientific instrument to
detect deception –
HYDROSPHYMOGRAPH, measured
changes in pulse and blood pressure when
suspects were questioned about their
involvement of a specific offense.
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1914
VITTORIO BENUSSI successfully detected
deception with a PNEUMOGRAPH – an instrument
that graphically measures an examinee’s inhalation
and exhalation. Benussi thus demonstrated that
changes in breathing patterns accompany deception.
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1917
Further research by WILLIAM MARSTON in 1917
dealt with the SPHYGMOMANOMETER, which was
used to obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure
readings during the course of an examination.
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1920
A device recording both blood-pressure
and galvanic skin response was invented in
1920 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of
California and first applied in law enforcement
work by the Berkeley Police Department under
its nationally renowned police chief August
Vollmer
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Further work on this device was done by
Leonarde Keeler.[2] The first time the term
"polygraph" was used was in 1906 by James
MacKenzie in his invention the "ink
polygraph," which was used for medical
reasons.
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The Four Major Components
 PNEUMOGRAPH
 CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH COMPONENT
 GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
 KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT
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Today, polygraph examiners use
two types of instrumentation:
analog
computerized
In the United States, most examiners
now use computerized instrumentation.
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An analog polygraph instrument
Most analog polygraphs are being replaced by digital devices.
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Methods of Deception Detection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Devices which record the psycho-physiological
response.
Use of drugs that try to inhibit the inhibitor
Hypnotism
By observation
Scientific Interrogation
Confession
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Use of Drugs that “Inhibit the
Inhibitor”
 Administration of the TRUTH SERUM
 Narcoanalysis/Narcosysthesis
 Intoxication with Alcohol
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 He forgets his alibi which he may have built up to cover
his guilt. He may give details of his acts or may even
implicate others.
 The drug acts as depressant in the nervous system.
Clinical evidence indicates the various segments of the
brain particularly the cortex.
 Statements taken from the subjects while under the
influence of truth serum are evolutionary obtained
hence they are not admissible as evidence.
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HYPNOSIS
 It is the alteration of consciousness and
concentration in which the subject
manifests a heightened of suggestibility
while awareness is maintained.
 Not all persons are susceptible to hypnotic
induction. Subjects who are compulsivedepressive type, strong-willed like lawyers,
accountants,
physicians
and
other
professionals
are
usually
nonhypnotizable.
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REASONS: (why it is not admissible in
court)
 It lacks the general
scientific
acceptance of the reliability of hypnosis
per se in ascertaining the truth from
falsity.
 The fear that the Trier of fact will give
uncritical and absolute reliability to a
scientific device without consideration
of its flaw in ascertaining veracity.
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 The possibility that the hypnotized subject will
deliberately fabricate.
 The prospect that the state of heightened
suggestibility in which the hypnotized subject is
suspected will produce distortion of the fact rather
than the truth.
 The state of the mind, skill and professionalism of the
examiner are too subjective to permit admissibility of
the expert testimony.
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Physiological & Psychological Symptoms of
GUILT
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SWEATING- sweating accompanied with a flushed face
indicate anger, embarrassment or extreme nervousness.
Sweating with a palled face may indicate shock of fear.
Sweating hands indicate tension.
COLOR CHANGE – if the face is flushed, it may indicate
anger, embarrassment or shame. A pale face is a more common
sign of guilt.
DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH – nervous tension causes reflex
inhibition of salivary secretion and consequently dryness of
the mouth. This causes continuous swallowing and licking of
the lips.
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 Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple - on account of
the dryness of the throat aside from the mouth, the
subject will swallow saliva from the mouth and this
causes the frequent upward and downward movement
of the Adam’s apple.
 Fidgeting – subject is constantly moving about in the
chair, pulling his ears, rubbing his face, picking and
tweaking the nose, crossing or uncrossing the legs,
rubbing the hair, eyes, eyebrows, biting or snapping of
fingernails. These are indicators of nervous tension.
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 Peculiar Feeling Inside – there is a sensation of
lightness of the head and the subject is confused.
This is the result of his troubled conscience.
 Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion –
usually a guilty subject frequently utters such
expression. “I swear to God I am telling the truth”
or “ I hope my mother drops dead if I am lying”, “I
swear to Go”…etc. Such expressions are make to
make forceful and convincing his assertion of
innocence.
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 Spotless past record - “Religious man” – the subject
may assert that it is not possible for him to do
“anything like that” inasmuch as he is a religious man
and that he has a spotless record.
 Inability to look at the investigator “straight in the eye”
– the subject does not like to look at the investigator
for fear that his guilt may seen in his eyes. He will
rather look at the floor or ceiling.
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One lies by omission by omitting
an important fact, deliberately
leaving another person with a
misconception. Lying by omission
includes failures to correct preexisting misconceptions.
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Lie-to-children
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White Lie
 A white lie would cause no discord if it were uncovered
and offers some benefit to the liar, the hearer, or both.
 White lies are often used to avoid offense, such as
telling someone that you think that their new outfit
looks good when you actually think that it is a horrible
excuse for an outfit.
 The lie is told to avoid the harmful implications and
realistic implications of the truth.
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 A noble lie is one that would normally cause discord it
if were uncovered, but that offers some benefit to the
liar and perhaps assist in an orderly society and thus
potentially gives some benefit to others also.
 It is often told to maintain law, order and safety.
 A noble lie usually has the effect of helping an elite
maintain power.
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 An emergency lie is a strategic lie told when the truth
may not be told because, for example, harm to a third
party would come of it.
 Example: a neighbor might lie to an engaged husband
about the whereabouts of his unfaithful wife, because
said husband might reasonably be expected to inflict
physical injury to his husband.
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 It is the act of lying or making verifiably false
statements on an material matter under oath or
affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn
statements in writing.
 Perjury is a crime because the witness has sworn to tell
the truth and, for the credibility of the court, witness
testimony must be relied on an being truthful.
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MISLEADING
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 A polite term for lying, though some might
consider it to refer to being merely
misleading.
 It is merely considered to be a euphemism
for lying.
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EXAGGERATION
 An exaggeration occurs when the most
fundamental aspect of a statement is true,
but the degree to which it is true is not
correct.
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JOCOSE LIE
 Are lies that are meant in jest and are usually
understood as such by all present parties.
 Sarcasm can be an example.
 Storytelling traditions that are present in some places,
where the humor comes form the storyteller’s
insistence that he or she is telling that absolute truth
despite all evidence to the contrary.
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 Advertisements
often
contain
statements that are not credible, such
as “we are always happy to give a
refund.”
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 It is alleged that some belief systems may find lying to
be justified.
 Example: Religious lies
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Augustine’s Taxonomy of Lies
 Lies in religious teaching.
 Lies that harm others and help no one.
 Lies that harm others and help someone.
 Lies told for the pleasure of lying
 Lies told “please others in smooth discourse”.
 Lies that harm no one and that help someone.
 Lies that harm no one and that save someone’s life.
 Lies that harm no one and that save someone’s
purity.
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Lying in the Bible
 The Hebrew midwives lied to the king of Egypt rather
than carry out his order to kill all male Hebrew babies;
the midwives did this because they “feared God” .
(Exodus 1:15-20)
 Rahab lied to the king of Jericho about hiding the
Hebrew spies (Joshua 2:4-5) and was not killed with
those were disobedient because of her faith (Hebrews
11:13)
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 Delilah repeatedly accused Samson of lying to her as
she interrogated him about the source of his strength.
 Abaraham instructs his wife, Sara, to lie to the
Egyptians and say that she is his sister (Gen 12:10),
which leads to the Lord punishing the Egyptians (Gen
12:17-19).
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The Polygraph Instrument
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The polygraph instrument usually measures
four to six physiological reactions recorded by three
different medical instruments that are combined in
one machine. Older polygraph machines were
equipped with long strips of paper that moved slowly
beneath pens that recorded the various physiological
responses. Newer equipment uses transducers to
convert the information to digital signals that can be
stored on computers and analyzed using sophisticated
mathematical algorithms.
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CARDIO-SPHYGMOGRAPH
 Blood pressure and heart rate are measured
by the cardio-sphygmograph component of
the polygraph, which consists of a blood
pressure cuff that is wrapped around the
subject's arm.
 During the questioning the cuff remains
inflated.
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The movement of blood through
the subject's veins generates a
sound that is transmitted through
the air in the cuff to a bellows that
amplifies
the
sound.
The
magnitude of the sound relates to
the blood pressure and the
frequency of the changes in the
sound relates to the heart rate.
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PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
 The pneumograph component of the
polygraph records the subject's respiratory
rate. One tube is placed around the
subject's chest and a second is placed
around his or her abdomen. These tubes
are filled with air. When the subject
breaths, changes in the air pressure in the
tubes are recorded on the polygraph.
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GALVANOGRAPH
 The galvanograph section records the
amount of perspiration produced.
 It consists of electrical sensors called
galvanometers that are attached to the
subject's fingertips. The skin of the
fingertips contains a high density of
sweat glands, making them a good
location to measure perspiration.
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As the amount of sweat touching
the galvanometers increases, the
resistance of the electrical current
measured decreases and these changes
are recorded by the polygraph.
Most forensic psychophysiologists
(FPs)
consider
the
cardiosphygomgraph
and
the
pneumograph
components
more
informative than the galvanograph.
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KYMOGRAPH
 Kymograph component is a motor
that pulls or drives the chart paper
under
the
recording
pen
simultaneously at the rate of 6 or 12
inches per minute.
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The Examination Room
 It must be private and free from all outside noise and






detracting influences.
Adequately lighted and well ventilated
Devoid of pictures, paintings, decors or other ornaments.
Preferably sound-proof
Without any furniture other than a polygraph desk.
Subjects chair with arm rest and an examiner’s stool.
With one-way mirror and remote sound system for
monitoring the test proceedings to an authorized
audience.
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The Polygraph Examiner
 TECHNICALLY,
he must have a
complete knowledge of the instrument
and its capabilities and limitations.
 MORALLY – maintain a high personal
integrity and increasing personal
proficiency through constant study and
research.
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 He constantly bears in mind his primary
obligation to his subjects is to afford them
all possible safeguards against error and
must not accept any subjects whose
physical or mental health or state makes
him unfit.
 He is an impartial seeker of truth.
 Never allow his personal feelings,
sympathies, or prejudice influence the
results of the examination.
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Types of Questions in a Polygraph Test
1. Control Question - preliminary information
question
2. Irrelevant Question 3. Relevant Question
- In a polygraph test, the types of questions
alternates, the test is passed if the physiological
responses during the probable lie control questions
are larger than those during the relevant
question.
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3 Phases Of A Polygraph
Examination
1. Pre-Test Phase - the examiner discusses with the
subject the test issue, review the test questions
that will be ask during the test and assess the
subjects emotional and physiological suitability to
undergo the polygraph test.
2. Testing Phase - subjects physiological responses
are recorded as the subject answers a set of
questions reviewed earlier.
3. Post Test Phase - examiner reviews test data
obtained and interprets the polygraph chart.
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* A polygraph test normally lasts between one and a
half hours to two and a half hours.
* Polygraph test result in the philippines is not
admissible in evidence as proof of the guilt of an
accused.
* Polygraph test is voluntary.
* The accuracy of polygraph test is about 90%
provided the examiner is competent and the
polygraph machine is in good working condition.
* Polygraph is an investigative tool.
* The principle behind a lie detection test is that when
the subject hears a questions which he or she
intends to lie, the brain interprets and triggers
automatic and uncontrollable physiological changes
captured by the polygraph.
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Who Uses The Polygraph
1. Law Enforcement Agencies
2. Legal Community
3. Private Sector
Kinds of Errors in a Polygraph Test
1. False Positive - occurs when a truthful examinee
is reported as being deceptive.
2. False Negative - when a deceptive examinee is
reported as truthful.
Causes of Polygraph Errors
1. Failure of examiner to properly prepare the
examinee for the examination.
2. Misreading of the physiological data on the
polygraph charts.
3. Defective polygraph machine.
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Signs of Lies and Deceptions
1. Stammering;
2. Swearing to or before God that he did not commit the
crime;
3. Pointing his guilt to somebody else;
4. Subject refuses to answer questions thru alibis and
excuses;
5. He is all the time absent-minded;
6. He is always requesting for repetition of questions;
7. He often asks counter-questions and counter-queries;
8. He often asks permissions to go to comfort-rooms,
etc.
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
is instructed to sit down
properly;

listens carefully to all the
questions asked;

answers all the questions
truthfully;

must answer all the
questions definitely with
either “YES” or “NO”
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7-12 yrs old
13-19 yrs old
20-25 yrs old
Fantastic subject
Age of limitation
and Idolatry
Idealistic and be
principled
26-60 yrs old
Materialism. Maturity &
Responsibility
61-death
Memories are fading;
Irritability and Senility
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1. Emotion as CONSCIOUS
EXPERIENCES
2. Emotion as MOTIVES
3. Emotion as RESPONSES
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1. Emotion as CONSCIOUS
EXPERIENCES
 Happy; Elation; Delight; Affection; Joy; Laughter;
 Annoyance; Worry; Jealousy; Frustration; Shame;
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2. Emotion as MOTIVES


Emotional Motive as Facilitating Behavior
Emotional Motive as Interfering Behavior
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3. Emotion as RESPONSES
 External Responses
 Internal Responses
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
 Thinks –is responsible for your memory,
intelligence, your thoughts
 Controls your autonomic functions – heart
rate, breathing, homeostasis
 Controls your immune system – protects you
from viruses
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
 Receives information – within a fraction
of a second, too minuscule to measure
 Acts on the external universe – allows
you to cry, walk, play a musical
instrument
 Utilizes language – one of your most
advanced functions
 Possesses emotions – creates your
affective universe
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Left Hemisphere
 Verbal competence
 Speaking, reading,
thinking &
reasoning
 Processes info in
sequence
 One piece of data at
a time
 logical
Right Hemisphere
• Nonverbal areas
• Comprehension,
spatial relationships,
drawing, music,
emotion
• Processes info. As a
whole
• intuitive
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
 Important for the
• Important for the
expression of negative
emotion
• Damage to the R.H. may
make people euphoric.
expression of positive
emotion
 Damage to the L.H.
leads to loss of the
capacity of joy.
 Activation in the L.H.
leads to tendencies to
approach other people.
• Activation in the R.H.
leads to tendencies to
withdraw from people.
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Responsible for
the
distribution of the
blood
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Responsible for the taking of air
into the lungs and
also expelling carbon dioxide
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External covering of the body consisting
essentially of
Epidermis, Dermis, and the Hypodermis
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The Historical
Development of
the Polygraph
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1895 - first attempt to use a scientific instrument
stressing its importance to Lie-Detection
CESARE LOMBROSO - an Italian Criminologist and
Physicist, who published experiments regarding
the presence and absence of blood pressure
and pulse rate changes on suspects whose
guilt or innocence he sought to be determined.
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CESARE LOMBROSO
FIRST PERSON TO USE
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS FOR
THE PURPOSE OF DETECTING
LIES.
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1914-VITTORIO BENUSSI
Published his researches on respiration
changes as indicators of lying and deception
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William Moulton Marston
In 1915, he made researches
on sphygmomanometer's usefulness in
detecting lies and deceptions
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Improvised and conformingly utilized the
techniques Of Benussi
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In 1921, he assembled an instrument capable of recording
simultaneous physiological changes of blood-pressure,
pulse-rates, and respiration
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Devised an additional instrument , which consisted of
galvanometer
for recording what is known as the GSR, to Larson.
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Contributed a new device for recording unobserved
muscular
activities of the arms, thighs and feet.
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Devised the Ink
Polygraph
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Reference:
PROFESSIONAL ACADEMY OF THE PHILIPPINES
(Criminology File Academy)
&
CAMILLUS LAUREL ALLEGO, SR.
NBI Region 7
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