Warm Up (10/2)
 What role do plants play in the
environment?
 Sign on to a computer
AP Biology
Page # Unit
Description
41-42
2
Microscope Lab
43-44
2
Science Daily Article – Endosymbiosis Insight
45-46
2
Article Analysis
47-48
2
Gut Bacteria Article
49-50
2
Cyanide Murders Case Study
51-52
2
Answers to Case Study
53-54
2
Notes: Cellular Respiration
55-56
2
Respiration: Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle
57-58
2
Practice Essay Question – 2011 Q1
59-60
2
Respiration: e- transport chain (ETC)
61-62
2
Information: Formal Lab 2 (Diffusion &
Osmosis)
63-64
2
Practice: Water Potential
65-66
2
Practice: Cellular Respiration
2
Notes: Photosynthesis
67-68
AP Biology
Putnamscience.weebly.com
Complete virtual animations & write an
analysis to answer the following:
- Lab 1 best light for photosynthesis
- Lab 2 affects of CO2, light intensity &
Temperature on photosynthesis
Start Notes from Presentation
Photosynthesis:
Life from Light and Air
AP Biology
2007-2008
Warm Up (10/6/15)
 What is transpiration? What properties
of water allow for it?
 Get a leaf and paint the BACK with
clear nail polish. Set to the side to dry.
AP Biology
Page #
51-52
53-54
55-56
57-58
59-60
61-62
Unit
2
2
2
2
2
2
Description
Answers to Case Study
Notes: Cellular Respiration
Respiration: Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle
Practice Essay Question – 2011 Q1
Respiration: e- transport chain (ETC)
Information: Formal Lab 2 (Diffusion & Osmosis)
63-64
65-66
67-68
69-70
71-72
2
2
2
2
2
Practice: Water Potential
Practice: Cellular Respiration
Notes: Photosynthesis
AP Lab 6 - Respiration
AP Lab 6 Analysis and Response
AP Biology
Energy needs of life
 All life needs a constant input of energy

Heterotrophs (Animals)
 get their energy from “eating others”
consumers  eat food = other organisms = organic molecules
 make energy through respiration

Autotrophs (Plants)
 produce their own energy (from “self”)
producers
 convert energy of sunlight
 build organic molecules (CHO) from CO2
 make energy & synthesize sugars through
AP Biology
photosynthesis
How are they connected?
Heterotrophs
making energy & organic molecules from ingesting organic molecules
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
C6H12O6 +
6O2
 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
oxidation = exergonic
Autotrophs
making energy & organic molecules from light energy
Where’s
the ATP?
carbon + water + energy  glucose + oxygen
dioxide
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
AP Biology
reduction = endergonic
What does it mean to be a plant
 Need to…

collect light energy
ATP
 transform it into chemical energy

glucose

store light energy
 in a stable form to be moved around
the plant or stored
need to get building block atoms
CO
2
from the environment
 C,H,O,N,P,K,S,Mg

produce all organic molecules
needed for growth
H2O
N
K P
…
 carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
AP Biology
Plant structure
 Obtaining raw materials

sunlight
 leaves = solar collectors

CO2
 stomates = gas exchange
 Guard Cells – regulate
transpiration

H2O
 uptake from roots

nutrients
 N, P, K, S, Mg, Fe…
AP Biology
 uptake from roots
stomate
transpiration
AP gas
Biology exchange
Chloroplasts
leaves
cross section
of leaf
absorb
sunlight & CO2
CO2
chloroplasts
in plant cell
chloroplast
AP Biology
chloroplasts
contain
chlorophyll
make
energy & sugar
chloroplast
H+
Plant structure
ATP
+
+ H+ H H+
+
H
H
+ H+ H+ H+
+
H
H
thylakoid
 Chloroplasts


double membrane
stroma
outer membrane
inner membrane
 fluid-filled interior


thylakoid sacs
grana stacks
stroma
 Thylakoid membrane
contains



chlorophyll molecules
electron transport chain
ATP synthase
 H+ gradient built up within
AP Biology
thylakoid sac
thylakoid
granum
Photosynthesis
 Light reactions
light-dependent reactions
 energy conversion reactions

 convert solar energy to chemical energy
 ATP & NADPH
 Calvin cycle
It’s not the
Dark Reactions!
light-independent reactions
 sugar building reactions

 uses chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to
reduce CO2 & synthesize C6H12O6
AP Biology
thylakoid
chloroplast
+H+ H+ H+
+ + +
H+ H+H
+H+ H H H
H
Light reactions
 Electron Transport Chain
 like in cellular respiration
proteins in organelle membrane
 electron acceptors

 NADPH

proton (H+)
gradient across
inner membrane
 find the double membrane!

ATP synthase
enzyme
AP Biology
ATP
+H+ H+ H+
H+ H+H
+ + + +
H+H H H H
ETC of Respiration
Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food molecules
into chemical energy of ATP

use electron carrier NADH
generates H2O
AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts transform light energy
into chemical energy of ATP

generates O2
AP Biology
use electron carrier NADPH
The ATP that “Jack” built
photosynthesis
sunlight
respiration
breakdown of C6H12O6
H+
H+
 moves the electrons
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
 runs the pump
 pumps the protons
 builds the gradient
 drives the flow of protons
ADP + Pi
through ATP synthase
 bonds Pi to ADP
ATP
 generates the ATP
AP Biology
… that evolution built
H+
Pigments of photosynthesis
How does this
molecular structure
fit its function?
 Chlorophylls & other pigments


embedded in thylakoid membrane
arranged in a “photosystem”
 collection of molecules
AP Biology

structure-function relationship
A Look at Light
 The spectrum of color
V
AP Biology
I
B
G
Y
O
R
Light: absorption spectra
 Photosynthesis gets energy by absorbing
wavelengths of light

chlorophyll a
 absorbs best in red & blue wavelengths & least in green

accessory pigments with different structures
absorb light of different wavelengths
 chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls
Why are
plants green?
AP Biology
Chromatography
Photosystems of photosynthesis
 2 photosystems in thylakoid membrane
collections of chlorophyll molecules
 act as light-gathering molecules
 Photosystem II
reaction

 chlorophyll a
center
 P680 = absorbs 680nm
wavelength red light

Photosystem I
 chlorophyll b
 P700 = absorbs 700nm
wavelength red light
AP Biology
antenna
pigments
chlorophyll a
ETC of Photosynthesis
Photosystem II
chlorophyll b
Photosystem I
AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis
electron carrier
6
e
e
5
sun
AP Biology
Photosystem II
P680
chlorophyll a
Photosystem I
P700
chlorophyll b
$$ in the bank…
reducing power!
ETC of Photosynthesis
sun
sun
+
+
+ H
H
+
+
H+ H +
H H
H+H+ H+ H
+
H
to Calvin Cycle
O
split H2O
ATP
AP Biology
Experimental evidence
 Where did the O2 come from?

radioactive tracer = O18
Experiment 1
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
Experiment 2
6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
Proved O2 came from H2O not CO2 = plants split H2O!
AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis
 ETC uses light energy to produce

ATP & NADPH
 go to Calvin cycle
 PS II absorbs light



AP Biology
excited electron passes from chlorophyll to
“primary electron acceptor”
need to replace electron in chlorophyll
enzyme extracts electrons from H2O &
supplies them to chlorophyll
 splits H2O
 O combines with another O to form O2
 O2 released to atmosphere
 and we breathe easier!
Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
 Light reactions elevate
electrons in
2 steps (PS II & PS I)

PS II generates
energy as ATP

PS I generates
reducing power as NADPH
ATP
AP Biology
Cyclic photophosphorylation
 If PS I can’t pass electron
to NADP…it cycles back
to PS II & makes more
ATP, but no NADPH
coordinates light
reactions to Calvin cycle
 Calvin cycle uses more
ATP than NADPH


18 ATP +
NADPH
AP12
Biology
 1 C6H12O6
ATP
Photosynthesis summary
Where did the energy come from?
Where did the electrons come from?
Where did the H2O come from?
Where did the O2 come from?
Where did the O2 go?
Where did the H+ come from?
Where did the ATP come from?
What will the ATP be used for?
Where did the NADPH come from?
What will the NADPH be used for?
AP Biology
…stay tuned for the Calvin cycle
Warm Up (10-8-15)
 What properties affect diffusion and
osmosis?
AP Biology
Page # Unit
57-58
2
59-60
2
61-62
2
63-64
65-66
67-68
68a&b
69-70
71-72
2
2
2
2
2
2
Description
Practice Essay Question – 2011 Q1
Respiration: e- transport chain (ETC)
Information: Formal Lab 2 (Diffusion &
Osmosis)
Practice: Water Potential
Practice: Cellular Respiration
Notes: Photosynthesis – Light Reactions
Notes: Photosynthesis –Calvin Cycle
AP Lab 6 - Respiration
AP Lab 6 Analysis and Response
Notebook Check Monday: Pgs. 67 
AP Biology
How is that helpful?
 Want to make C6H12O6
synthesis
 How? From what?
What raw materials are available?

CO2
NADPH
carbon fixation
reduces CO2
NADP
C6H12O6
AP Biology
NADP
From CO2  C6H12O6
 CO2 has very little chemical energy

fully oxidized
 C6H12O6 contains a lot of chemical energy

highly reduced
 Synthesis = endergonic process

put in a lot of energy
 Reduction of CO2  C6H12O6 proceeds in
many small uphill steps
each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
 using energy stored in ATP & NADPH

AP Biology
From Light reactions to Calvin cycle
 Calvin cycle

chloroplast stroma
 Need products of light reactions to
drive synthesis reactions
stroma
ATP
 NADPH

ATP
thylakoid
AP Biology
C
C
Calvin cycle
C C C C C
1C
C C C C C
3. Regeneration
C C C C C
of RuBP
RuBP
starch,
sucrose,
cellulose
& more
ribulose bisphosphate
3 ATP
H H H
|
| |
C–C–C
AP Biology
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CO2
1. Carbon fixation
C C C C C C
RuBisCo
ribulose
bisphosphate
carboxylase
3 ADP
used
to make
glucose
C=C=C
5C
C
C C C C C C
6C
C C C C C C
5C
glyceraldehyde-3-P
G3P
C C C
PGA
phosphoglycerate
3C
6 NADP
C
C
C
C
C
C
6 ATP
2. Reduction
6 NADPH
3C
C
C
C
C
C
C
3C
6 ADP
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
|
H
|
H
|
Remember
G3P?
glycolysis
glucose
C-C-C-C-C-C
2 ATP
2 ADP
fructose-1,6bP
P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAP
P-C-C-C
G3P
glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
C-C-C-P
2 NAD+
2
4 ADP
AP Biology
Photosynthesis
pyruvate
C-C-C
4 ATP
To G3P and Beyond!
 Glyceraldehyde-3-P
To G3P
and beyond!
end product of Calvin cycle
 energy rich 3 carbon sugar
 “C3 photosynthesis”

 G3P is an important intermediate
 G3P   glucose   carbohydrates
  lipids   phospholipids, fats, waxes
  amino acids   proteins
  nucleic acids   DNA, RNA
AP Biology
RuBisCo
 Enzyme which fixes carbon from air
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
 the most important enzyme in the world!

 it makes life out of air!

definitely the most abundant enzyme
I’m green
with envy!
AP Biology
It’s not easy
being green!
Accounting
 The accounting is complicated

3 turns of Calvin cycle = 1 G3P

3 CO2  1 G3P (3C)

6 turns of Calvin cycle = 1 C6H12O6 (6C)

6 CO2  1 C6H12O6 (6C)

18 ATP + 12 NADPH  1 C6H12O6

AP Biology
any ATP left over from light reactions
will be used elsewhere by the cell
Photosynthesis summary
 Light reactions
produced ATP
 produced NADPH
 consumed H2O
 produced O2 as byproduct

 Calvin cycle
consumed CO2
 produced G3P (sugar)
 regenerated ADP
 regenerated NADP

AP Biology
ADP
NADP
Light Reactions
light  ATP + NADPH + O
2
energy
H 2O +
H2O
sunlight
Energy Building
Reactions
NADPH
ATP
AP Biology
O2
 produces ATP
 produces NADPH
 releases O2 as a
waste product
Calvin Cycle
CO2 + ATP + NADPH  C6H12O6 + ADP + NADP
CO2
ADP
NADP
Sugar
Building
Reactions
NADPH
ATP
AP Biology
sugars
 builds sugars
 uses ATP &
NADPH
 recycles ADP
& NADP
 back to make
more ATP &
NADPH
Putting it all together
light
CO2 + H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + O2
H2O
CO2
sunlight
ADP
Energy NADP
Building
Reactions
Sugar
Building
Reactions
NADPH
ATP
AP Biology
O2
sugars
Plants make both:
 energy
 ATP & NADPH
 sugars
even though
this equation
is a bit of a lie…
it makes a
better story
Energy cycle
sun
Photosynthesis
light
CO2 + H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + O2
plants
CO2
glucose
H2O
animals, plants
ATP
C6H12O6 + O2  energy + CO2 + H2O
Cellular Respiration
AP Biology
The Great Circle
of Life,Mufasa!
ATP
O2
Supporting a biosphere
 On global scale,
photosynthesis is the
most important process
for the continuation of life on Earth

each year photosynthesis…
 captures 121 billion tons of CO2
 synthesizes 160 billion tons of carbohydrate

AP Biology
heterotrophs are dependent on plants as
food source for fuel & raw materials
The poetic perspective…
 All the solid material of every plant
was built by sunlight out of thin air
 All the solid material of every animal
was built from plant material
air
AP Biology
sun
Then all the plants, cats,
dogs, elephants & people …
are really particles of air woven
together by strands of sunlight!
To Do:
 Osmosis Lab-Pre Lab
Write Up:
Title, Purpose,
Background, Materials,
Hypothesis, Procedure
 Make sure you are
specific and control
non-tested variables

 Work on Cell Unit Study
Guide - Everyone has to
do 8 Words
AP Biology
Sucrose
Concentrations
Molarity (M)
0.0M
0.2M
0.3M
0.4M
0.6M
0.8M
1.0M