Engineering Education &
Entrepreneurship
By
DR T.H. CHOWDARY
Director: Center for Telecom Management and Studies
Fellow: Tata Consultancy Services
Chairman: Pragna Bharati (intellect India )
Former: Chairman & Managing Director
Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited &
Information Technology Advisor,
Government of Andhra Pradesh
T: +91(40) 6667-1191(O) 2784-3121®
F: +91 (40) 6667-1111
hanuman.chowdary@tcs.com
Talk @ Gudlavalleru Engineering College:
7th May 2012
Why we commemorate
Lives of great men all remind us we may make our lives sublime
and departing leave behind us foot prints on the sands of
time.
- Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth
The heights by great men reached and kept
Were not attained by sudden flight
But they, while their companions slept
Were toiling onwards through the neigh
-Anon
Empires of the future will be empires of the mind
-Winston Churchill
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What is Education (1)
• Education is a liberating force, enables the
individual to rise form mere materiality to
superior planes of intellectual and spiritual
consciousness .
• Education gives us accumulated lessons of
heritage to carry it forward to posterity .
• The past is our foundation, the present our
material, the future our aim and summit. Each
must have its due and natural place in a
national system of education.
– Sri Aurobindo
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What is Education (2)
We want that education by which
character is formed,
strength of mind is increased,
the intellect is expanded and by which
one can stand on one’s own feet.
Education is the manifestation of the perfection
already in man
- Swami Vivekananda
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What is Education (3)
•I firmly believe the efficacy of the education as a
panacea for our social evils
- Dr.B.R. Ambedkar
Education is the process of individual mind getting its full
possible development…. It is a long school which losts a
life time
-Dr Zakir Hussain
Vidyayaa Vindate Amritam
Aatmanaa Vindate Veeryam
-Deathlessness is attained by knowledge
Valour is attained by self (discipline)
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What is Education (4)
– Education should address the problems of national
development, particularly issues concerning selfreliance,
economic growth, employment and social and
national
integration.
– Education is visualised as an evolutionary force so that
each individual is enabled to evolve from purely
material consciousness towards superior planes of
intellectual and spiritual consciousness
-The Education Commission (1966)
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What is Education (5)
– Education aims at liberation - liberation from
bondage and ignorance, backwardness and
gravitational pulls of the lower human nature.
Education should be so designed as to become a
powerful carrier of the best of the heritage and it
should, therefore, aim at transmitting to the new
generations the lessons of the accumulated
experiences of the past for further progress in the
present and the future.
Source: “Higher Education in India – Vision and Action”
GOI’s paper for UNESCO Oct. 1998)
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Visionary Inventors & Engineers
* We will produce electricity
So cheap that only the rich
Can afford to burn candles
- Thomas Alva Edison
* “What a waste”
- Sir M.Visveswarayya
On seeing the water fall at Jog ( Karnataka);
waste of potential energy
“Swadeshi Cotton Mills” -& TISCO (1907)
– Jamshedji Tata
* Engineer Visionaries:
• KL Rao, AN Khosla, Kanwar Sain, Vikram Sarabhai, APJ Kalam
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Technology: Force of Light or Darkness
Many of the best engineers had a strong sense of the deeper philosophical
issues of right and wrong and of good and evil . Technology, in and of
itself , could be a force of light or darkness.
(From: “A Google Story” by David A. Vise and Mark Malseed -page 178)
If those who think to achieve,
Have a firm and focussed mind.
They will realize what they thought of,
And even as they have thought of.
- Thirukkural
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Higher education to be left to private
enterprise
“Higher education should be left to private enterprise and for meeting
national requirements whether in the various industrial, technical arts,
belles-letters or fine arts. The State Universities should be purely
examining bodies, self-supporting through the fees charged for
examinations. Universities will look after the whole of the field of
education and will prepare and approve courses of studies in the various
departments of education. No private school should be run without the
previous sanction of the respective Universities. University charters
should be given liberally to anybody of persons of proved worth and
integrity, it being always understood that the Universities will not cost the
State anything except that it will bear the cost of running a Central
Education Department . The foregoing scheme does not absolve the State
from running such seminaries as may be required for supplying State
needs.”
-Mahatma Gandhi, Harijan,
2 October
1937
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Professional Colleges by Companies
I would revolutionise college education and relate it to national necessities. There
would be degrees for mechanical and other engineers. They would be attached to
the different industries which should pay for the training of the graduates they
need. Thus, the Tatas would be expected to run a college for training engineers
under the supervision of the State; the (Textile) Mill Associations would run
among them a college for training graduates whom they need. Similarly for the
other industries that may be named. Commerce will have its college. There
remain arts, medicine and agriculture. Several private arts colleges are today
self-supporting. The State would, therefore, cease to run its own Medical colleges
would be attached to certified hospitals. As they re popular among monied men,
they may be expected, by voluntary contributions, to support medical colleges.
And agricultural colleges to be worthy of the name must be self-supporting. I
have a painful experience of some agricultural graduates. Their knowledge is
superficial. They lack practical experience. But if they had their apprenticeship on
farms which are self-sustained and answered the requirements of the country,
they would not have t gain experience after getting their degrees and at the
expense of their employers.
-Mahatma Gandhi, Harijan,
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2 October
1937
Engineering Colleges in India
Year
2006-’07
2007-’08
2008-’09
2009-’10
2010-’11
2011-’12
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Colleges
1,511
1,668
2,388
2,972
3,222
3,393
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Students
5,50,986
6,53,290
8,41,018
10,71,896
13,14,594
14,85,894
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Computer & IT Related Graduates
Year
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
Engrs
produced
4,01,000
4,60,000
5,20,000
Computer
related
35%
31%
30%
Even now computer related engineers are about 35% of total.
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Ten-Year Trend in Engineering and Technology Master’s Degrees in the
United States, China and India (Actual and Estimated Data)
70,000
60,000
Graduates
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 200495
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
Academic Year
USA (Engr/Techl)
China (Engr/Techl)
India(Engr/Techl)
India(MCA)
Source: The India Economy Review, 30 Sept 2007, Vol.4; www.iipm.thiktank.com
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Ten-Year Trend in Engineering and Technology PhD Degrees
in the United States, China and India
10,000.00
9,000.00
Graduates
8,000.00
7,000.00
6,000.00
5,000.00
4,000.00
3,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
199495
199596
199697
199798
199899
199900
200001
200102
200203
200304
200405
Academic Year
USA
China
India
Source: The India Economy Review, 30 Sept 2007, Vol.4; www.iipm.thiktank.com
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Quality of Education (1)
Number of Research Papers Published
India
China
South Korea
Israel
Brazil
25,000
No. of Papers
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1980
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Years
1990
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2000
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Quality of Education (2)
Number of PHD Degrees in Engineering
China
South Korea
Japan
Taiwan
4,000
No. of Degrees
3,000
2,000
1,000
500
0
1975
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Years
1975
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1999
Source: Business World, 30 Jan 2006
India
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Contribution to World’s Research
Papers
India
China
USA
3.7%
10.6%
27.7%
(Source: UNESCO SC Report 2010)
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Patents applied and granted in the period
2004 to 2008
Country
Japan
USA
China
Korea
Europe
UK
India
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Applied
391,002
456,321
289,838
170,632
146,150
59,819
36,812
(Source: Forbes India,
Nov5,2010)
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Granted
176,950
157,772
93,706
83,523
59,819
23,379
18,230
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Global Patents
USPTO*
Triadic+
India
China
USA
0.5
0.2
4.7
0.5
52.2
41.8
(Source: UNESCO SC Report 2010)
•United States Patents and Trademark Office
+ Triadic patents are a series of corresponding patents filed at the European Patent Office (EPO),
the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the Japan Patent Office (JPO), for
the same invention, by the same applicant or inventor.[1] Triadic patents form a special type of
patent family.
@ The Trilateral Patent Offices, or simply the Trilateral Offices, are the European Patent
Office (EPO), the Japan Patent Office (JPO) and the United States Patent and Trademark Office
(USPTO). In 1983, these patent offices set up a programme of co-operation in an effort to
"improve efficiency of the global patent system".[
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Patents
• In Y 2010, China filed for 400,000 patents; 75%
were by Chinese companies; 25% by foreign
companies working in China
• The total number of filings in India is yet to
exceed 50,000 a year; only 19% are by Indian
companies; foreign companies in India filed 81%
• India’s patent office has 250 patents examiners;
China has 4,500; it would increase them to 9000
by 2015; by then India will have 1000 patent
examiners
(Source: Page 106, Tata Review, Dec 2011)
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Scientific Publication
India
2002
2008
18,911
36,261
China
38,206
1,04,968
(Source : UNESCO Science Report 2010)
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Scientific Researchers in the World
India Share – 2.2%
Researchers / 1000,000 Population
India
China
USA
Japan
137
1070
4663
5573
(Source: Every Mans Science: June-July 2011)
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Percentage(%) of GDP
Civilian R&D Expenditure
(2000-2005)
Source: The book, Start-up Nation- The Story of Israel’s Economic Miracle by Dan Senor and Saul Singer
Source: UNDO (United Nations Development
Programme)
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$ US
Venture Capital Investments per Capita
Source: The book, Start-up Nation- The Story of Israel’s Economic Miracle by Dan Senor and Saul Singer
(Source:
Dow Jones, Venture Source: Thomson Reuters;
U.S. Central
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2012 Intelligence Agency, World Fact Book, 2007, 2008
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R&D Spending as % of GDP
Country
India
Israel
Sweden
Finland
Us
Denmark
China
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%
0.9
4.86
3.75
3.56
2.82
2.72
1.4
(Source: Mint, 23-03-2012)
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Engineering Colleges in A.P
The Licence, Permit, Quota, Binge
Year
Colleges
Seats
Colleges
added
1951
1988
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
4
38
106
178
217
225
236
30,716
46,540
62,290
65,710
78,720
72
39
08
11
25
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Engineering Colleges in A.P
The Licence, Permit, Quota, Binge
Year
Colleges
Seats
2006
2007
2008
261
291
329
92,600
98,828
1,25,587
Colleges
added
30
38
211*
2009*
2010
2011
540
657
701
1,75,767
2,25,995
2,56,726
117
44
09
2012
710
3,05,846
Source: Andhra Jyothy: 02-03-2012
* Elections; sale of engineering college permissions
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A.P: Seats Unfilled in Engineering
Year
Number
2006-07
10,501
2007-’08
13,646
2008-’09
17,577
2009-’10
48,795
2010-’11
74,972
2011-’12
1,20,000
(Source: Eenadu 3/12/2011)
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A.P Admission Capacity 2011-12
Course
Engineering
Engg.PG
Pharmacy
Engg. PG
MBA
MCA
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Admission capacity
3,04,080
24,160
29,520
8,825
86,905
46,795
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Engineering Colleges in Tamilnadu
(fig. as of 2011-12)
Colleges
525
Sanctioned strength
Number of students
admitted
Government quota seats
22,6034
1,61,154
No of seats filled
Additional seats
sanctioned
1,48,000
1,42,000
28,000
In April 2012, 143 Engineering Colleges applied for
closure; of them 56 are from A.P.
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A.P Certifies more Engineers than
USA qualifies
Population
Admission
qualification
A.P
USA
86mln
35% in Inter & 25%
in EAMCET
313 mln
Highest markets in +2;
maths, Physics, Gen.
knowledge &
Communication ability
60,000
Certified/qualified 1,20,000
Grads
No. employable
25%
Pursuing M.Tech
Pursuing Ph.D
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12,000(10%)
600 (0.5%)
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(99/100)%
30,000 (50%)
6,000 (10%)
32
A.P: Engineer Density
• Position in 2011-12 in
A.P Engineering colleges = 710
• 1 college for 1,20,000 people
• Seats= 3,05,846
• 1 seat for = 254 people
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A.P: Fee Reimbursement
• App. Rs. 3000 cr/ year
• Degraded, un-motivated young flocking to engineering
colleges
• Misapplication of tax revenues in the name of
Saamajika Nyaayam
• Alternative
• Scholarships to the meritorious poor
• Interest-free loans with moratorium for repayment
• Improve Secondary and Inter education
• Vocational Schools
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Consequences of Fee
Reimbursement in A.P
•
•
•
•
Non serious persons joining
80% getting certificate by spendings Rs. 500/(LKG in Pvtd. Schools )
Agitation for condoning absence (,75%
attendance) & demands for easy questions &
liberal valuation for social justice )
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A.P:Alternatives to Fee
Reimbursement
• Merit Scholarships
• Interest –free loans, payable from the 4th year after
graduation
• “Conditions Apply” degree certificates to such
beneficiaries
• These concessions only for one child in the family
• “Free” seat students required to serve state/country
for 3 years like docs.
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A.P: EAMSET – A farce
• EAMCET
(UKG pupil can qualify)
• Direction to Tech.varsities to set non-exacting question papers
and “liberal” valuation to meter out social justice” to SC, ST,
BC, Minority…
• Unemployables taking to M.Tech & becoming teacher
• “Colleges” invested in to get fee reimbursement income from
government.
• 35% in Inter & 25% in EAMCET qualify admission
• Why EAMCET when seats are more than applicants
• In 2011 30,000 who qualified in EAMCET failed in Inter
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Factors Debasing Eng.Education
• Ill intentioned persons getting licence/permits
approvals by manipulation
• Misapplication of Social justice
• “Minority” colleges
• Fee Reimbursement
• Poultrified Intermediate education thro ‘corporate”
colleges
• Coaching shops/classes
(Hyderabad, Kotah, Patna)
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• Rural location in the false expectation that
they promote development of the area
• Most importantly corruption in
NOC/Sanctioning /approvals’ bodies &
Sources of income for MLA/MPs thro’
benamis.
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How to Improve the
Quality of Education; Learning & Inquiry
• Compulsory to stay in the Hostel ( gives time to
read, play, learn communication & socialising, full
benefit of library).
• Societies: Maths, Physics, Materials & branches of
engineering-students to present papers, “Articles I
read”, visiting professionals talks”, study aspect of
industry, business, communications,
poverty/housing; work-opportunities, local crafts,
water resources/needs, bank& finance facilities in his
village/area, what are wanting – paper to be
presented as vacation exercise
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How to Improve Employability (1)
• Study businesses/industries, projects
pertaining to his branch of engineering.
• Read company reports ( public Ltd. Cos
publish quality results)
• 2nd Degree/Diploma in Management; Finance;
Banking; HR; PR; History; Literature;
Environment’ Energy; e-governance’
transportation, Urbanisation; Housing,
International Trade, utilise Distance Education
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How to improve Employability (2)
• Open Varsity facilities (Study Vellor Institute of
technology, ICFAI Tech…)
• Internships with Cos in IT; construction,
automobile, energy , gas, telecoms , Infra
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Scientist & Engineer
• Discovery : Scientists unravel the law of nature
• Invention & Application; Engineers use
scientific knowledge to invent and apply
• Nature’s Resources utilised for social good &
personal fulfillment
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Categories of Persons
• Entitlement – No work, no duty, all free
• Employment: Content to live
• Entrepreneurship – Desire to create
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Entrepreneurship
• 1st aim to be entrepreneur,
secondary, as an employee
• Study lives & work of entrepreneurs – Jamshedji Tata; Birla,
Ambani; Ford; Iacocca; Alferd Sloan ( GM) Andrew Carnegie
Siemens, Krupp. Sir M. Visweswarayya, Bills gates, Steve Jobs
(Google…, George Soros..) , Pais of Manipal, Narayana Murthy,
Gopinath ( Dn. Airways, Simply Fly)
• Start-up nation (Israel)
• Korea, Japan, China, Singapore ( Lee Kwon Yuvans…)
• Maruti Motors by------Bhargava
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Social entrepreneurship in Services
•
•
•
•
•
•
Child care…Old Age Homes
Public Meetings to Campaigns
As incomes rise Leisure& recreation services
New Townships and transportation
Food & Cafataria services
Imagination is the limit
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Great Opportunities in
• Corporate farming in India & Africa
• Ores should not be exported but smeted and value added
products here.
• Solar & Wind Energy Farms/ Plants
• Defence equipments 70% contracted products to be India
made –policy
• India- bleeding imports
• Rs. 50,000 cr/y of telecom
• Rs. 60,000 cr/y defence
• China: world’s largest manufacturing & expecting country
with . $ 3 trillion foreign exchange reserves (India# 300 bln)
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Shipping dry-docks, ship breaking
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Upgrade Eng. Education
M.Tech & Ph.D Programs
• Become Institutions of excellence – M.tech &
Ph.D programs
• Contract research
• Professor exchange programs Vision for
growth & excellence
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Professional Bodies for Correction
• Inspect & Evaluate & grade colleges (supplement
NAC)
• Public Report & Advisories
• Essential role of colleges
• Educate & inspire or provide jobs ( placements)
• Stimulate production of intellectual property ( thro’
P.G programs, R&D…)
• Incubate entrepreneurs & mentor the innovators
• National Innovation Network
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World of nuclear giants and ethical infants
We have too many men of science, too few men of
God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and
rejected the Sermon on the Mount. The world has
achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without
conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and
ethical infants. We know more about war than
about peace; more about killing than we know about
living - General Omar S. Bradley. Chief of Staff USA
at Boston on 10.11.48
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KEEP ON LEARNING ACQUIRE NEW INTERESTS:
More than ever, an education that emphasizes general problem-solving skills
will be important.
In a changing world, education is the best preparation for being able to adopt.
As the economy shifts, people and societies who are appropriately educated
will tend to do best.
The premium that society pays for skills is going to climb.
So my advice is to get a good formal education and then keep on learning.
Acquire new interests and skills throughout your life.
-Bill Gates; The Road Ahead
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Dhanyawad:
Thank You
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