rock forming
minerals
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quartz
feldspar
amphibole
pyroxene
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mica
clay
calcite
gypsum
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distinguishing qualities
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color
luster
hardness
density
cleavage
crystalline system
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Formation name – rock mass
• Type of rock = limestone
• Rock mass quality =
Formation Name
– fractures
– hydrology
– etc
“Data Base” - Based on past
experience and registering
the quality of the rock
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Rock mass
Usages:
• tunneling
Good rock “Bra berg” • mining
• aggregate in concrete
•
aggregate
in
asphalt
For what???
• dimension stone
• foundation rock
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Geological classification
• Three main rock groups
– Igneous rocks (magmatiska)
– Sedimentary rocks (sedimentära)
– Metamorphic rocks (metamorfa)
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Igneous rocks (magmatiska)
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Sedimentary rocks
(sedimentära)
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Metamorphic rocks (metamorfa)
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Igneous Rocks
= hard rocks
• extrusive – lava
• intrusive or plutonic (50 km or more)
• serpentinites – altered igneous rocks
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Igneous
Rocks
• extrusive – lava
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Igneous Rocks
• intrusive or plutonic (50
km or more)
• joints common, sheet
joints
• high in-situ stress
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Igneous Rocks
• highly susceptible to
weathering
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Igneous
Rocks
• serpentinites – altered
igneous rocks
• broken and crushed
• seams of serpentine-rich
clay
• shear easily
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common igneous rocks
• intrusive
–
–
–
–
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granite
diorite
gabbros
diabase or dolerite
pegmatite
• extrusive
– basalt
– andesite
– rhyolite
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Sedimentary rocks
= Soft rocks
1. clastic
2. chemical
3. biochemical
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Sedimentary rocks
1. clastic
2. chemical
3. biochemical
• composed of pieces of
pre existing rocks and
minerals
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Sedimentary rocks
1. clastic
2. chemical
3. biochemical
• precipitate of a mass,
such as silica or
calcium carbonate
• wandering of a
substance in the rocks
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Sedimentary rocks
1. clastic
2. chemical
3. biochemical
• composed of
fragments of plants
and animals
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characteristics of sedimentary
rocks
• bedding and strata
– laterally continuous
– uniformly thick
– originally horizontal
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characteristics of sedimentary
rocks
• bedding and strata
– laterally continuous
– uniformly thick
– originally horizontal
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Diagenesis
sediment
transformed to a
sedimentary
rocks:
• compaction
• cementation
• low temperatures
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common sedimentary rocks
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claystone
mudstone
siltstone
sandstone
conglomerate
limestone
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“Rock” according to an engineer is
irreversibly cemented and hard
– but several sedimentary rocks can loose all
resemblance of a rock when soaked in water
– these act as engineering“soils”
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Metamorphic Rocks – “changed
rocks”
• metamorphism – minerals and structures of
rocks are transformed
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metamorphic textures – highly
directional
• foliation
• schistosity
• recrystallized
– isotropic
– anisotropic
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metamorphic textures – highly
directional
• foliation
• schistosity
• recrystallized
– isotropic
– anisotropic
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metamorphic textures – highly
directional
• foliation
• schistosity
• recrystallized
– isotropic
– anisotropic
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Common metamorphic rock
types:
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slate
schist
gneiss
marble
quartzite
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Common metamorphic rock
types:
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slate
schist
gneiss
marble
quartzite
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Common metamorphic rock
types:
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slate
schist
gneiss
marble
quartzite
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Common metamorphic rock
types:
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slate
schist
gneiss
marble
quartzite
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Common metamorphic rock
types:
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•
slate
schist
gneiss
marble
quartzite
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