Chapter 27:
Empire & Expansion
New Manifest Destiny
• What Is It?
–Extend American control &
influence overseas
–Imperialistic– subjugation of
“lesser” people
–Spread American values
–Demonstrate capacity for Empire
The mid1800s through
the early
1900s was an
“Age of
Imperialism.”
•Imperialism = a
policy of extending
a country's power
and influence over
a foreign nation
through diplomacy,
economy, or
military force
• Which countries are
represented in the
cartoon?
• What is the meaning?
• How does this support
the concept of 19th
century imperialism?
New Manifest Destiny
• Motives:
– Safety valve closed– Turner Thesis
• Natural resources
• New markets/foreign trade
– Distraction from domestic problems
– Europe’s example
– Social Darwinism– Fiske
– White Man’s Burden– Rudyard Kipling
– Spread Christianity– Josiah Strong
– Alfred Thayer Mahan– need for sea power
New Manifest Destiny
• Japan and trade
• Itching for War?
– Venezuelan Border Dispute
• Grover Cleveland & Richard Olney
• Monroe Doctrine
– Chilean conflict over Valparaiso
– Italians killed in New Orleans
New Manifest Destiny
• Acquisition of Territory
– Samoa: Germany, Great Britain, and U.S.
– Hawaii
• Way station
• Missionary efforts
• Pearl Harbor– 1887
• Queen Liliuokalani– 1891
• Sugar plantations
– American Planter Revolt– 1893
– Tariffs
New Manifest Destiny
• Acquisition of Territory
–China:
•1899– Open Door Note
(Secretary of State John Hay)
•Boxer Rebellion-1900
Spanish-American War-- 1898
• Causes:
– Cuban Revolt against Spain (18941895)
• General “Butcher” Weyler
– Concentration camps
• Sympathetic to Cuban masses
– Yellow Press– Pulitzer & Hearst
– Dupuy de Lome Letter (Feb 1898)
– Maine (Feb 1898)
1. Who is the Woman?
2. What message is conveyed?
3. How might this cartoon be associated with the Yellow
Press?
4. How might this cartoon be associated with imperialism?
USS Maine
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
On February 15, 1898, the Maine exploded,
killing 266 Americans.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Yellow Press demanded war. Headlines
screamed, “Remember the Maine!”
A naval board of inquiry blamed a mine for the
explosion, but people at the time blamed Spain.
In response, Spain
agreed to American
demands, including
an end to the
reconcentration camps.
Despite Spanish
concessions,
President McKinley
sought permission
to use force.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In April 1898, following a heated debate,
Congress agreed to McKinley’s request.
Critics charged
that the real goal
was an American
takeover of Cuba.
As a result, the Teller
Amendment was added,
stipulating that the
United States would not
annex Cuba.
The U.S. Navy was sent to blockade Cuban ports.
President McKinley called for 100,000 volunteers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In response to the American actions, Spain
declared war on the United States. The war
began with U.S. victories in the Philippines.
Commodore George Dewey
surprised and easily defeated a
Spanish fleet at Manila Bay.
Rather than surrender to the
Filipino independence fighters
led by Emilio Aguinaldo,
Spanish troops surrendered to
U.S. forces.
Spanish-American War-- 1898
• Events:
– Declaration of War: April
25, 1898 (war hysteria)
– Cuba:
• Challenges of U.S. military
forces
– Racial conflicts
– Disease
– Poorly equipped & prepared
• Attack on Santiago
– Rough Riders (Wood &
Roosevelt)
• Spanish fleet destroyed
Spanish-American War-- 1898
• Events:
– Puerto Rico and Guam
• American army seized territory–
no opposition
• Strip Spain of its colonies
Spanish-American War Results-1898
• Results:
–Puerto Rico:
•Annexed– part of armistice
–Guam
–Purchased Philippines for $20
Million
Spanish-American War-- 1898
• Results:
–Cuba
•Teller Amendment (1898)
•Platt Amendment (1901)
•Built infrastructure
•Guantanamo
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
While Secretary of State John Hay called it a
“splendid little war,” debate soon arose over
the Philippines and U.S. imperialism.
• Critics like William
Jennings Bryan and
Mark Twain attacked
imperialism as against
American principles.
• President McKinley argued
that the United States had
a responsibility to “uplift
and civilize” the Filipino
people. However, the
United States brutally
suppressed a Filipino
rebellion.
Spanish-American War-- 1898
• Results: Philippines:
• Led to Anti-Imperialist League
• Outbreak of war
–Guerilla tactics & savagery
–Emilio Aguinaldo
• William H. Taft– 1st civilian governor
–Political autonomy as much as
possible
Analyze the extent to
which the SpanishAmerican War was a
turning point in
American foreign
policy.
• A man a plan a canal Panama
Theodore Roosevelt
• Speak softly and carry a big stick
• Panama Canal:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
Mahan’s text
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)
Nicaragua vs. Panama
Panamanian Revolt
Panama Canal completion-- 1914
Theodore Roosevelt
• Roosevelt Corollary
– Preventive Intervention
– Colossus of the North/Bad Neighbor
Policy/ Policeman of the Caribbean
• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
–
–
–
–
–
Treaty of Portsmouth
Nobel Peace Prize
Gentleman’s Agreement w/ Japan
Great White Fleet
Root-Takahira Agreement
How is New Manifest
Destiny different
from/similar to
Manifest Destiny of the
pre-Civil War Era?
William H. Taft
• Trust Busting:
– Standard Oil
• Dollar Diplomacy
• Roosevelt vs. Taft 1912
– Progressive Party:
“Bull Moose” party