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Psychosocial Development
In Early Childhood
Part 2
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Guideposts for Study
• 1. How do preschoolers play, and how
does play
• 2. What
main forms of discipline and
parenting styles do parents use,
and how do parenting practices
?
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Guideposts for Study
• 3. Why do young children help or hurt
others, and why do they develop fears?
• 4. How do young children get along with
(or without) siblings?
• 5. How do young children choose
playmates and friends, and why are some
children more popular than others?
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• Play is the work of young children
and
• Through play children stimulate the
•
, learn how to use their
muscles, coordinate
with
movement , gain mastery over their
bodies and
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• Types of Play:
– Active
play involves repetitive
muscular movements
–
play uses objects or
materials to make something
–
play, also called fantasy
play, dramatic play, or imaginative play,
rests on the symbolic function
–
with rules , such as
hopscotch
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Play: The Business of Early
Childhood
• The Social Dimension of Play:
– Parten found that as children get older,
their play tends to become
– Imaginative play, which shifts from
solitary pretending to dramatic play
involving other children , becomes more
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• Young children
follow unspoken
rules as they
organize their
dramatic play.
They practice
interpersonal and
language skills and
explore social roles
and conventions.
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Parten’s Categories of Social and NonSocial Play
•
•
•
•
•
behaviour- child appears to be interested in
activity related to playing
behaviour- child watches others at play and
engages them in speech but is definitely only observing
Play- child plays independently among others. They
are not playing with them only along side without
influencing them or interacting
Play: Child plays with other children discussing
borrowing and lending of toys. They are also choosing who
is in control of the play. All children involved are interested
in the group experience rather than just the play itself
play- Group play that is organized such as
formal games, drama etc. One or more of the group takes
charge and by a division of labour they assume roles and
support each others efforts.
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Play: The Business of Early
Childhood
• How Gender
Influences Play:
– Most boys like
rough-and-tumble
play in fairly large
groups; girls are
inclined to quieter
play with one
playmate
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True or false.. You decide !!
– Dramatic play--boys'
stories often involve
danger and discord
(such as mock battles);
girls' plots generally
focus on maintaining or
restoring orderly social
relationships (playing
house)
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How Culture
Influences Play
– The amount of time spent in play varies
around the world
– The frequency of specific forms of play
differs across cultures and is influenced
by the
adults set up
for children, a reflection of
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Parenting
• Forms of Discipline:
–
–
–
punishment—physical force
assertion—physical or verbal force
techniques—setting limits,
reasoning with child
–
—ignoring or
showing dislike for child
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Parenting
• Parenting Styles:
–
parents, (Baumrind), value control
and unquestioning obedience.
–
parents value self-expression and selfregulation.
–
parents value a child's individuality
but also stress social constraints.
– Neglectful, or
--to describe
parents who, focus on their own needs rather than
on those of the child (Maccoby & Martin).
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Parenting
• Promoting Altruism And Dealing With
Aggression And Fearfulness:
– Altruism=acting out of concern for another
person with no
.
– Prosocial behavior, voluntary activity
intended to
– The family is important as a
– Children act appropriately since they want
to earn praise and avoid disapproval.
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• In a society in which “good
Samaritans” are sometimes reviled
for “butting into other people’s
business” and sometimes attached by
the very persons they try to help, is
it wise to encourage children to offer
help to strangers?
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Parenting
• Causes of Aggression And Fearfulness:
–
–
–
–
–
aggression=used as an
instrument to reach a goal
aggression=action intended to
hurt another person
A
early relationship with the
mother is a factor
Harsh punishment, especially
Fears may come from personal experience
or from hearing about other people's
experiences
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Relationships With Other
Children
• Siblings—Or Their Absence:
– By competing with and comparing
themselves with other children, they can
gauge their physical, social, cognitive, and
linguistic competencies and gain a more
realistic sense of self (Bandura, 1994)
– Ties between brothers and sisters often
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Relationships With Other
Children
• Playmates And Friends:
– Through friendships and interactions with
casual playmates, young children learn how
– Well-liked preschoolers and
kindergartners, and those who are rated by
parents and teachers as
, generally cope well with anger.
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• Can you…
Explain how preschoolers choose
playmates
and friends, how they behave with
friends,
and how they benefit from friendships?
Discuss how relationships at home can
influence relationships with peers?