CONCEPT AND MEANING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The word ‘motive’ is derived from Latin word that
means ‘to move’, ‘to energize’ or ‘to activate’.
the study of motivation gain a scientific status in
recent times and working jointly with physiologists the
psychologists consider and study motivation as the
conditions that arouse, sustain, and direct behavior.
Motivation is the core concept to describe and
understand behavior. It is primary source of learning.
Motivation explains ‘why’ of behavior because it is
responsible for both internal and external activity.
It excites, intensifies, directs, and continues the
behavior. It is the powerful tool to explain behavior.
It is considered as a physiological process with
tremendous social and psychological significance.
DEFINITIONS OF MOTIVATION
Motivation refers to a state of the organism in
which the bodily energy is mobilized and
selectively directed towards the parts of the
environment – Newcomb.
Motivation is the process of arousing, sustaining,
and regulating activity. Good.
Motivation refers to any inner condition of the
individual that initiates or directs behavior
toward a special goal. Coleman.
the arousal, direction, and persistence of
behavior. (Franken, 1994).
CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTIVATION
Form the above definitions of motivation the
characteristics of motivated behaviour can be given as
follow:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
an internal condition of the organism.
arouses initiates and continues an activity.
energised behaviour.
selective.
Purposeful and goal directed.
shows continuity until goal is achieved.
Motivated behavior is changeable
MOTIVATIONAL SEQUENCE/CYCLE
1.
Need: Deprivation of basic needs i.e., food, water, and sleep, etc.
develops tissue needs – a biochemical requirements of the body.
Need is a tension within an organism that tends to organize the
field of organism with respect to certain incentives or goals and to
incite activity towards their attainment. Need is the first condition
for goal directed behaviour.
1.
Drive: Need give rise to drive. Drive means energy to acts. The
activity persists until the need is satisfied. Drive is a physiological
state and an original source of energy for activation. Drive gives
rise to incentive.
1.
Incentive: Incentive is an object, a situation for activity which
excites, maintains, and directs behaviour. It is a reinforcer without
which motivation cannot be fulfilled. Motivated behavior is
directed toward an incentive. It is provides satisfaction. Food is
an incentive to hungry man.
1.
Goal: Consumptive behavior to reduce the drive and fulfill the
need is goal of need-driven behavior. Eating food and restoring
body balance is goal for the hungry people.
HOMEOSTASIS: INTERNAL BODY MAINTENANCE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Human body has the capacity to maintain a stable
internal environment, particularly with regard to
chemical composition.
The body always attempt to keep the condition of the
blood proportion of water, salt, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, acidity, sugar, protein, fats, and glandular
secretions in proper balance.
Body system of maintaining internal environment
stable is called Homeostasis.
Homeostasis refers to the restoration of this
physiological balance or equilibrium.
The maintenance and restorative function of the body
produces equilibrium in the internal environment of
the body thus avoiding the threat to life.
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
PRIMARY MOTIVATION
1. Related to body, vital physiological need, fulfillment is
indespensible and primary importance. Survival depends on
fulfillment of these needs.
2. Two types of primary motivations: individual survival and species
survival.
Without food, water, sleep and excretion the individual will not
survive. Similarly, without sex the individual might survive but the
species will not exist. Need is also important for the protection of life
and species.
3. If PNeeds not fulfilled, or frustrated, the equilibrium of the body and
mind will be disintegrated. Disquilibrium should be restored by
satisfying needs.
4. Procedures to satisfy are influenced by learning and socio-cultural
factors. For example, the desire to eat is innate, but what type of
food is to take, how to take, and when to take is determined by
learning, training, cultural background and social influence.
5. Some of the important primary needs are as follow: Hunger, Thirst,
Sex, Sleep, Elimination, Curiosity, Maternal need, Love, Anger,
Combat motive, Fear, etc.
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
SECONDARY MOTIVATION (social, learned or complex motivations)
1.
2.
3.
4.
These motives result mainly form man’s interaction
with his social environment. These include : power,
prestige Need for praise, recognition and status,
Mastery motive, Aggressive need, Self-submission,
Gregariousness, Imitation, Sympathy, Life goal, Level
of aspiration and need for achievement, Interest, etc.
These motives are not innate so people can survive
physically without them but it will almost impossible to
live socially.
Importance and value of secondary motives vary in
different societies.
Social needs are important aspects to provide some
insight of the people and community. These motives
are persisting characteristics of a person because
they are learned. The strength of these motives differs
individual to individual and culture to culture.
INSTINCT THEORY OF MOTIVATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
An instinct is an universal, unlearned, fixed patterns of behavior,
species-specific behavior. It is genetically encoded behavior patterns
People and animals are born with preprogrammed sets of behaviors
essential to their survival.
Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory led psychologists to assumed that
human beings are motivated by instincts and classified all types of
behaviours as instincts.
It is an evolutionary perspective/evolutionary psychology
Instinct provide energy that channels behavior in appropriate directions
(sex is response to an instinct for reproduction; exploratory behavior
motivated by instinct to examine one's territory).
William McDougall (1908)I identified 18 instincts. Sociologists claim
exactly 5759 instincts (Bernard, 1924).
Complex human behavior as result of learning cannot be explained
through instinct.
Instinct theory (e.g., Freud's instinctual drives of sex and aggression
motivate behavior – suicide) is still exist in some theories. E.g.,
evolutionary psychologists regard many behaviors are produced by
genetic makeup and plays important role in directing behavior.
Instinct theory only describes behavior, does not explain
It cannot provide explanation for learned behavior
DRIVE ‘PUSH’ THEORY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
inner ‘drive’ that determine behaviour - Robert Woodworth in
1918.
Drive was defined in a biological term as energy released from
an organism’s store. It was conceived as fuel of action. It is an
internal state created by physiological need.
Clark Hull in 1943 developed drive-reduction theory and related
it with homeostasis because he assumed that an organism is
driven to maintain homeostasis or a balance among the
systems and processes of the body.
Main idea: when a physiological system is unbalanced,
homeostasis is imbalanced, this creates a phychological “drive,”
which prompts us to take action that will restore balance (and
reduce the drive).
The theory is based on the concept of homeostasis
Drive activates the response of goal-directed behavior.
An organism behave to reduce drives/arousal
PULL ‘INCENTIVE’ THEORY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cognitive perspective and an Incentive approach
Bolles in 1975 introduced this view of motivation which is
different than drive theory. It was found while experimenting
with the rats that many times the goal (incentive) itself
motivates the behaviour.
Incentive approach is a theory that explains motivation in
terms of external stimuli.
Behavior is not always motivated by internal need or arousal
(i.e., hunger or thirst).
Delicious food (external stimulus/incentive or anticipated
reward) make us eating it. Stimuli pull the person to act.
Incentives (external stimuli) direct and energize behavior.
External stimuli largely accounts for person's behavior.
This theory does not provide a complete explanation. Even
without incentive organism seeks to fulfill needs.
behavior is motivated by the goal the organism seeks to
attain
MASLOW’S THEORY
Abraham Maslow (1954) presents a hierarchy
of needs model which can be divided into
basic (or deficiency) needs (e.g. physiological,
safety, love, and esteem) and growth needs
(cognitive, aesthetics and self-actualization).
• Basic needs must be satisfied to progress
on to meet higher level growth
needs. Once these needs have been
reasonably satisfied, one may be able to
reach the highest level called selfactualization.
• Every person is capable and has the
desire to move up the hierarchy toward a
level of self-actualization. Unfortunately,
progress is often disrupted by failure to
meet lower level needs.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN NEEDS ARE NOT
FULFILLED?
• Aggression is defined as an action with the
intent to harm, and can be physical and nonphysical (Baron, & Richardson, 1994). There are
many areas where aggression manifests in our
society today, such as domestic violence, abuse,
school bullying, road-rage, and war.
• Magnitude of Frustration is the intensity of
blocking goal directed behavior. According to
Dollard’s Frustration-Aggression Theory, how
intense the situation, for it may become the
antecedent to an aggressive act (1994).
• Deprivation, injustice, ignore, discrepancy,
may frustrate the group.
• The source of frustration can be either
overt (outward or physical) or covert
(inward or mental-socio-psychological).
• Mass frustration, delusion and outburst
can occur.
• Minority group, “other different” can be
targetted.
• Search for scapegoat.