Final Exam Review
Semester 2
TEST COVERS the following units:
1)World War I
2)Russian Revolution
3)Age of Anxiety
4)World War II
5)China & India
6)Cold War
4 Causes of World War I
M.A.I.N.
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
The
Powder Keg
Explodes
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Bosnia
– June 12th, 1914
• He was assassinated by a Serbian
• Austria-Hungary uses this to punish
Serbia
Western Front
• The Schlieffen Plan worked well at first:
– swept through Belgium
• STALEMATE occurred on Western Front
• Russia attacks on Eastern Front
Eastern Front Warfare
Russia’s difficult
fight
• Russia army was LARGE but poorly equipped
– Shortage of food, guns and ammunition
• Kept Germany busy by accepting huge casualties
• 1916 reduces war effort & 1917 exits war
– Face Civil War at home
• Vladimir Lenin Signs Peace Treaty with Germany 1918
– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: greatly reduces size of Russia
Zimmerman
Telegram
• What: German telegram
promising support to Mexico
in a War against the U.S.
• Woodrow Wilson declares
war on Germany [April 2nd
1917]
President Woodrow Wilson
War on the Western Front
The Final Battle
• Germany places all effort into the Western Front
• A SECOND Battle of the Marne River occurs
• 2-million fresh American Troops help overpower German
soldiers
• Allies steadily march into Germany
– Armistice signed on November 11th, 1918:
The Central Powers Crumble
Austria-Hungary
Internal Revolution
Empire Ends
Ottoman Empire
Surrender
Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm II
steps down
Germany declared
Republic
Russian Revolution
Lenin builds an Empire
1917-1924
Russian Revolution
Road to
Revolution
Russo-Japanese War (1904)
Nicholas II (Rules 1894-1917)
Poor Performance
Bloody Sunday (1905)
World War I (1914)
Duma Established 1906
Unprepared
Dissolves Duma
Russia During World War I
• Morale very low
– Soldiers deserting the Army
• Economy is very weak
– High prices, shortages, etc…
• Bolsheviks demanding change at home
• Nicholas II headquarters at front in WWI
Bolsheviks
• Russian Marxist group that wanted reform
• Leader: Vladimir Lenin
• Fled Russia in early 1900’s to
avoid arrest
TIMELINE
Lenin takes power in 1917
Signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
Russia falls into Civil War 1918-20
15 million people die!
(war, famine, disease)
Economy destroyed!
Communism: Theory vs
Reality
Karl Marx
Wrote Communist Manifesto [1848]
Predicted the collapse of capitalism
Stalin Wrap-Up
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rules until his death in 1953
USSR becomes much stronger military
Majority of Russians live in poverty
Totalitarian Government which rules by fear
Fights with USA in World War II
After WWII, USSR becomes enemy of USA
– Cold war starts 1945-1990
Age of Anxiety
1919-1939
Early 20th Century: The world experiments
with NEW ways to govern society.
Totalitarianism
Nazism
Fascism
Communism
Socialism
Democracy &
Capitalism
ISM’s of the 20th Century
End of World War I leads to the rise of Totalitarian Ideologies
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Socialism
Totalitarianism
Fascism
Nazism
Communism
Around the World
Results of Great Depression
• European countries were just beginning to
recover from World War I
• The U.S. economy hurt the GLOBAL economy.
• Japanese Economy begins to suffer
• Helps Hitler assume power in Germany
Hitler’s Dance
• 1935-- Rearmament begins in Germany
• 1936-- Moves into the Rhineland
• 1938 -- Seize Austria & demands Sudetenland
• 1938-- Munich Conference
Hitler & Stalin’s
Nonaggression
Pact
• 1939 10-year pact signed
• Secretly agree to divide Poland
– other countries promised to Stalin
• Hitler was assured there would be no attack
from the east. (USSR)
Appeasement
World War II
1939-1945
World War II
Battle of
Britain
Poland
Invasion
Pearl
Harbor
Battle of
Stalingrad
&
Operation
Torch
D-Day
<------------------------------------------------->
1939
1940
France
Falls
1941
Invasion
Soviet
Union
1942
1943
Battle of
Midway
1944
1945
Germany
Surrenders
3-Theatres of War:
European, African & Pacific
Two Front War
• U.S. & Great Britain concentrate on
Southern Europe & Northern Africa
• Soviet Union fight on its “own” against
Germany on eastern front
• U.S. will continue fight against Japan
Hitler’s Plan
• Step 1: Immigration: tried to “export” Jews
to other countries
– Britain 80,000 U.S. 100,000 France 25,000
– Latin America 40,000
• Step 2: Ghettos: Hitler turned to isolation as
immigration proved limited
• Step 3: Final Solution- moved Jews to
concentration camps and began mass killings
The Final Numbers
• 6,000,000 Jewish deaths
»
•
•
•
•
•
Poland
Soviet Union
Hungary
Romania
Germany
Original Population
3,300,000
2,850,000
650,000
600,000
240,000
Killed
3,000,000
1,252,000
450,000
300,000
200,000
Can we Learn From History?
Goal:
Long lasting Peace
To do list:
Countries need new Borders
New Governments
New League of Nations
Countries need to be rebuilt
Trials for “War Crimes” for Nazi Leaders
Communist Triumph in
China
Civil War leads to Communism
1920-1950
China Summary
• Chinese society was based on tradition
• Western influence was forced and came late to
China
• Opium War of 1839 changes China
• China fall into civil war 1900-1950 as Qing
dynasty collapses
1946-49 Civil War
1950-1958 Mao’s Communism
1958-61 “The Great Leap”
Mao loses power
1966-76 Cultural Revolution
Communist China Summary
• Economic failure
• Few advances in technology & industry
• Today, China is finally starting to “catch up”
with industrialized countries
• China is using Capitalism to get their
economy to grow today
Mohandas Gandhi
Indian Independence
Before Gandhi: India
Summary
• A history of being ruled by “outsiders”
• Strong religious tension between dominant
Hindu population and Muslims
• Did not truly push for independence until after
World War I
• Amritsar Massacre was the turning point in
independence movement
Gandhi’s Influence
• 1920 Indian National Congress endorses
civil disobedience (non-violence) as means
to achieve independence
• 1924 Gandhi assume the Presidency of the
Indian National Congress
• Gandhi never OFFICIALLY held political
office!
Mahatma in India
•
•
•
•
•
•
1919
1922
1930
1932
1947
1948
Protested Rowlett Acts
Ended campaign after riots
Led salt march
Fasted to protest caste system
Fasted to end violence
Assassinated by Hindu extremist
The Cold War Expands
1946-1949
IRON CURTAIN
American Foreign Policy
Containment
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
1) Containment and Brinkmanship
2) Détente
3) Renewed Arms Race
4) Collapse of Soviet Union
1945-69
1970’s
1980’s
1990
Conflicts of Cold War
1945-46:
Iron Curtain
1948:
Berlin Airlift
1949:
Soviets test Nuclear Bomb
1950-53:
Korean War
1960-73:
Vietnam War
1959:
Cuban Communist Revolution
1960:
U-2 Incident
1961:
Berlin Wall Built
1962:
Cuban Missile Crisis
Some Factors in the collapse of
Soviet Union
• Overall, very poor economy
• Flawed economic system (communism)
• Could not compete with USA in the Arms Race
• Invasion of Afghanistan caused financial hardship
• Rebellions in Iron Curtain Countries & Soviet
Republics
• Falling oil prices in 1980’s drastically lowered
income