King Saud University
College of Engineering
Department of Industrial Engineering
REDESIGN OF SAUDI ARABIAN LICENSE PLATE
By
Ahmed Sultan Al Suhaibani
424-104499
Hesham Mohammed Al Suhaibani
425-103622
Amjad Abdullah Al Suhaibani
426-103829
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering
at the College of Engineering, King Saud University
Riyadh
1431 - 1432 H
(Second Semester)
We hereby approve the report entitled:
REDESGIGN OF SAUDI ARABIA LICENSE PLATE
Prepared by:
Ahmed Sultan Al Suhaibani
(424-104499)
Hesham Mohammed Al Suhaibani
(425-103622)
Amjad Abdullah Al Suhaibani
(426-103829)
COMMITTEE MEMBERS:
Advisor:
Dr. Ahmed Mohammed El-Sherbeeny
Signature _____________
Examiner:
Dr. Mohamed Zaki Ramadan
Signature _____________
Date: _____________
ii
tcaAtsbA
This project is inspired from the importance of license plates and its effect on tracing
bock car with owner for both crime and security control purposes we will show a historical
background of license plate in the world and in Saudi Arabia then we present on a recent
project done by Fahad Bin Salman (2008), who concluded that the current Saudi license
plates are actually harder to read and showed they require a longer time to read as
compared to the previous Saudi license plate design. This project is aimed redesigning the
Saudi license plate into one that is easier to read decreased time required for reading and
interpretation. This project also perform the suggest license plate by some experiments and
show the discussion of result then given the conclusions and recommendations.
iii
sscel oC fobAlbAa
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. IV
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... VII
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1
BACKGROUND........................................................................................................... 3
Historical Background: ............................................................................................. 3
Global-Historical: ................................................................................................. 3
Saudi Arabia- Historical: ...................................................................................... 4
Raw Materials: ......................................................................................................... 5
Size and Dimensions: .............................................................................................. 6
Global Dimensions............................................................................................... 6
Saudi Dimensions: ............................................................................................... 7
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION .................................. 8
Properties of the Current License Plate ................................................................... 8
Type of fonts: ....................................................................................................... 8
Font size: ............................................................................................................. 8
Font ratio: ............................................................................................................ 8
Colors: ................................................................................................................. 8
Capacity of License Plate: a Forecasting Study: ...................................................... 9
SOLUTION METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................11
Initial Design ...........................................................................................................11
Font types:..............................................................................................................14
English letters: ....................................................................................................14
Arabic letter: .......................................................................................................15
Colors of the Font and Background: .......................................................................16
Letter and Number Size: .........................................................................................17
Primary Language: .................................................................................................18
Width, Height, Stroke and Margins: ........................................................................18
Font: .......................................................................................................................19
Letters and Numbers Distribution: ..........................................................................21
Additional ideas: .....................................................................................................22
Suggested Layout of Design and Dimensions ........................................................22
Final dimensions: ................................................................................................22
Layout:................................................................................................................23
Design of the Suggested License Plate: .............................................................24
WORK PLAN..............................................................................................................25
REALISTIC CONSTRAINTS ......................................................................................27
Some main characteristics of the license plate in Saudi Arabia ..............................27
Translation from Arabic to English Letters: .............................................................28
Special additions: ...................................................................................................29
METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................30
1.Movement:
.......................................................................................30
iv
2.Distance:
..........................................................................................30
3.Illumination:
......................................................................................30
Experiment Elements .............................................................................................30
Plate ...................................................................................................................30
Experimenters ....................................................................................................31
Volunteers ..........................................................................................................31
Tools ..................................................................................................................32
RESULTS...................................................................................................................33
DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................36
One-Way ANOVA Test .......................................................................................44
For all data: ........................................................................................................45
For the correct data: ...........................................................................................53
CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................62
RECOMMENDATION:................................................................................................64
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................65
APPENDIX 1 ....................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
Interview with official in Traffic Department .............................................................. 1
Statistics of registered vehicles in the traffic department.......................................... 3
v
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Table 1:Number of Vehicles Registered During the Previous Ten Years
9
Table 2: Percentage Registered Cars by Type.
9
Table 3: Forcasting Private License Plate
10
Table 4: Colors of the Font and Background
16
Table 5: Comparison of Objective and Subjective Indications of Memorability (2)
21
Table 6: Dimensions
22
Table 7: Work Plan Table
25
Table 8: License Plate Adopted Arabic Letters and Corves Ponding English Letters
28
Table 9: License Plate and shape
29
Table 10: Table showing desgin used in the experiments 5 current and 5 suggested Plates.
31
Table 11: Volunteer Personal Details
33
Table 12: Volunteers Comments
34
Table 13: showing summary of response result Table
35
Table 14: Comparison between the Old and Suggested Plates
36
Table 15: Summary of statistic signifies indicator among the different mode correct response
and all data response.
61
vi
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Figure 1: Some of Old License Plates
3
Figure 2: First Series of Saudi License Plate
4
Figure 3: Socend Series of Saudi License Plate.
4
Figure 4: Third Saudi License Plate
5
Figure 5: 4th Saudi License Plate
5
Figure 6: 5th Series of Saudi License Plate.
5
Figure 7: Currently Series of Saudi License Plate.
5
Figure 8: European License Plate.
6
Figure 9: Australia license plate.
6
Figure 10: American License Plate.
7
Figure 11: Saudi Plate Normal Size.
7
Figure 12: Saudi Plate Long Size.
7
Figure 13: Saudi Motorcycle License Plate Size.
7
Figure 14: Current License Plate.
8
Figure 15 : Forcasting Private License Plates.
10
Figure 16: Display of Different Potential Fonts
14
Figure 17: Cont. Display of Different Potential Fonts
15
Figure 18: Arial Font
19
Figure 19: Roman Font
19
Figure 20: Verdana Font
20
Figure 21: Courier New Font
20
Figure 22: FE Font
20
Figure 23:Layout Finger
23
Figure 24: Simple License Plate Design.
24
Figure 25: Gantt chart of the project
26
Figure 26: Saudi Arabia License Plate Type.
27
Figure 27: KSA , Swords and Palm
27
Figure 28: The data form sheet
34
Figure 29: Comparison of experiments data response time between the old and suggested plates
in static mode
37
Figure 30: Comparison of data response time between the old and suggested plates in motion
mode
37
Figure 31: percentage of correct responses in static mode.
38
Figure 32: percentage of correct responses in motion mode.
38
vii
Figure 33: Comparison of correct experiments response data time between the old and
suggested plates in motion mode.
39
Figure 34: Comparison of correct experiments response data time between the old and
suggested plates in motion mode.
39
Figure 35: General comparison of static and motion model response time.
40
Figure 36: General comparison of near and far model response time.
40
Figure 37: General comparison of morning and night model response time.
41
Figure 38: General comparison of static and motion model response rate.
41
Figure 39: General comparison of near and far model response rate.
42
Figure 40: General comparison of morning and night model response rate.
42
Figure 41: General comparison of static and motion model correct response time.
43
Figure 42: General comparison of near and far model correct response time.
43
Figure 43: General comparison of morning and night model correct response time.
44
Figure 44: MINITAB plot data for 10 m-morning-static models.
45
Figure 45: MINITAB plot data for 20 m-morning-static models.
46
Figure 46: MINITAB plot data for 10 m-night-static models.
47
Figure 47: MINITAB plot data for 20 m-night-static models.
48
Figure 48: MINITAB plot data for 0 m-morning-motion models.
49
Figure 49: MINITAB plot data for 10 m-morning-motion models.
50
Figure 50: MINITAB plot data for 0 m-night-motion models.
51
Figure 51: MINITAB plot data for 10 m-night-motion models.
52
Figure 52: MINITAB plot data for correct 10 m-morning-ststic models.
53
Figure 53: MINITAB plot data for correct 20 m-morning-static models.
54
Figure 54: MINITAB plot data for correct 10 m-night-static models
55
Figure 55: MINITAB plot data for correct 20 m-night-static models
56
Figure 56: MINITAB plot data for correct 0 m-morning-motion models
57
Figure 57: MINITAB plot data for correct 10 m-morning-motion models
58
Figure 58: MINITAB plot data for correct 0 m-night-motion models
59
Figure 59: MINITAB plot data for correct 10 m-night-motion models
60
viii
nbAtoutbAeob
This project proceeds from the importance of license plates and their effect on tracing a
car to its owner in the fields of crime and security control. In this project the authors first
review a recent project done by Fahad Bin Salman (2008) who concluded that the current
Saudi license plates are actually harder to read and showed that they require a longer time
to read as compared to the previous Saudi license plate design. Therefore, authors in this
project try to redesign the new Saudi license plate to become easier to read and to decrease
the time needed for reading [1].
This project addresses the issues of both crime and traffic control since an easier to read
license will help reporting a certain plate more precisely. This chapter offers a brief
introduction to project aims and assumptions. The second chapter covers a background
about license plates globally and in Saudi Arabia then covers the history of Saudi license
plates from the start up until now, the raw materials it has been made from, and then it also
different types of license plates in the Saudi Arabian system.
Chapter three will focuses on initial designs attempted by the authors. This is done
without consideration regarding how many numbers and letters are in the plate and how
many characters to be put in the plate and how it's distributed.
Chapter four focuses on data collection including what characters that needs to be
included in the design according to the traffic department in Saudi Arabia. It covers special
characters, colors, shapes of license plates, and fonts. Chapter four also covers other
special characters needed to identify the car and its owner clearly without the need to stop
the vehicle. It also includes the procedure of how to translate the characters from Arabic,
the first language in Saudi into English, the second language and vice versa.
The analysis and design parameters used in this project are included in Chapter five; it
includes the factors that can be altered to improve the license plate in terms of font, type of
writing, language, and dimensions.
A layout of the design and dimensions of the suggested design is shown in Chapter six
along with a forecasting study of the applicability of the new design on Saudi traffic. It
also determines whether the Saudi traffic is based on the growth rate and capacity of the
new design.
1
The project team mode five plates suggested and five plate current to do the
experiment. The experiment types and details of the current and suggested plate is shown
in Chapter seven with the step of each experiment and the tools that need it to do the
experiments. The result of these experiments is shown in Chapter eight with the volunteers'
codes and details.
Then the project team do some analysis for the result to comparison between the two
plate by calculate the mean and stander deviation for each in Chapter nine. And find the Pvalue for the experiments.
The conclusions and recommendations for the project team are shown in Chapter ten
and eleven.
2
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In this chapter we cover the historical background, raw material and dimensions.
Historical Background:
Historical background we explain for the world first thin will focus in Saudi Arabia.
Global-Historical:
In 1892, the number of motorized vehicles, Automobiles, horses, and pedestrians was
increase, dramatically public safety was a grave issue, and law enforcement officials
needed a device to help them keep records regarding vehicle owners and their actions.
In 1903 license plates came into existence, when it became apparent that motor
vehicles were sure to replace horse-drawn carriages and that a system of registering and
taxing them and their drivers was needed. Massachusetts was one of the first states to issue
licenses for drivers and registration plates for vehicles. Figure1 is showing some of them.
Figure 1: Some of Old License Plates
From 1890 to 1910 the world witnessed a transition from horse to automobiles. France
was the first to introduce a license plate, in 1890, followed by Germany in 1893. The
Netherlands was the first countries to introduce a national licenses plate, called a "Driving
Permit", in 1898.
The first licenses were plates with a number, starting at 1. By August 8, 1899 the
counter was at 168. When the Netherlands chose a different way to number the plates on
January 15, 1906 the last issued plate was 2001.
In the U.S., where each state issues plates, New York State has required plates since
1901. At first, plates were not government issued in most jurisdictions and motorists were
obliged to make their own. Massachusetts and West Virginia were the first states to issue
plates, in 1903[2].
3
Saudi Arabia- Historical:
In 1938 the first oil well was discovered in Saudi Arabia, However, because of World
War II in 1939 the Saudi government delayed the development programs and research on
the oil industry until 1946, From 1946 to 1950, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia witnessed a
revolution in the oil industry, which raised the country's economy, and in this period traffic
in Saudi Arabia was on the rise, which led to the development of the licensing plate to
register the necessary information regarding automobiles owners.
The first license plate in Saudi Arabia appeared in 1950-1962, where they differed from
one region to another as shown in figure 2.
Figure 2: First Series of Saudi License Plate
In 1962, the design was been changed to increase the numbers while maintaining the
region issuing. Show in figure 3.
Figure 3: Socend Series of Saudi License Plate.
In 1972, license plates were consolidated in the entire country with different types of
use (privet, bus, taxi and truck) as showing in figure 4.
4
Figure 4: Third Saudi License Plate
In 1978, the license plates were unified. The design was change and the number was
increased, were increased to seven digits as showing.
Figure 5: 4th Saudi License Plate
In 1996, a new design series appeared with many possibilities and with a heights clarity
for the viewer as showing.
Figure 6: 5th Series of Saudi License Plate.
However, in 2007 they design was change once again, because license plates were not
enough to demand and population increased. The new version is different from previous
one, the 1996 series was considered to be most preferred by the majority of the public.
Figure 7: Currently Series of Saudi License Plate.
Raw Materials:
The first plates were made of sheet iron, but tin became the standard by about 1920.
The State of Arizona made its tags from sheet copper in 1932-1934. Porcelain plates were
also quite common in the early days of vehicle plates, and Delaware was the last state to
make porcelain plates in 1942. During World War II, soybean-based fiberboard was used
5
for license plates because of the need to devote all available metal to the war effort; goats
were particularly pleased with this development because the license plates made tasty
snacks [2].
Currently, the raw materials used to make license plates include sheets of aluminum,
preprinted and colored reflective and adhesive sheeting, and paint .The aluminum blanks
are usually precut to size by metal manufacturers and supplied in this form to correctional
institutions or other plate makers. In Saudi Arabia use sheet of aluminum for license plate.
Size and Dimensions:
Global Dimensions
Earlier plates varied in size and shape from one jurisdiction to the next, such that if one
moved, new holes would need to be drilled into the bumper to support the new plate .
Standardization of plates came in 1957, when automobile manufacturers came to
agreement with governments and international standards organizations .While peculiar
local variants still exist, there are three basic standards worldwide. [3]
-
520 mm by 110 or 120 mm (20.5 by 4.5 inches) in the bulk of European countries and
many of their former overseas territories as showing in figure 8.
Figure 8: European License Plate.
-
372 mm by 135 mm (14.5 by 5.3 inches) in Australia and some other Pacific Rim
countries, about halfway between the dimensions of the other two standards, longer
than Western Hemisphere plates but taller than European ones as showing in figure 9.
Figure 9: Australia license plate.
-
In the majority of the United states 300 mm by 150 mm (12 by 6 inches) as showing in
figure 10.
6
Figure 10: American License Plate.
Saudi Dimensions:
The license plate in Saudi Arabia has special sizes; There are two sizes for cars [4]
-
Normal size (32cm X 16cm) as showing in figure 11
Figure 11: Saudi Plate Normal Size.
-
Long size (52cm X 11cm) as showing in figure 12
Figure 12: Saudi Plate Long Size.
Also there is one size for motorcycle (18cm x 9cm) as showing in figure 13.
Figure 13: Saudi Motorcycle License Plate Size.
7
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The chapter covers topic such as Properties of the Current License Plate and Capacity
of License Plate.
Properties of the Current License Plate
Figure 14: Current License Plate.
Type of fonts:
In the current license plate font types (Arabic/English) are utilized as following,

The English font is ARIAL.

The Arabic font is Traditional Arabic.
Font size:
-
The heights of the letters are (36mm) and the number is (55mm).
-
The width of the letter is (21mm) and for number is (26mm).
-
The stroke width of the letter is 4.5mm and for number is 5.5mm.
Font ratio:
-
The width heights ratio 3:5 for the letter is, and 1:2 for the number.
-
The stroke heights ratio 1:8 for letter is, and 1:10 for number.
Colors:
All license plates have a white background with black writing, but the colored palates
sidebar comes with different colors based on the type of the plate.
8
Capacity of License Plate: a Forecasting Study:
According to the last Traffic Department Statistics, the number of cars in Saudi Arabia
has grown to more than 8 million vehicles, most of them private cars. [5]
Table 1 shows the number of vehicles registered during the previous ten years:
Table 1:Number of Vehicles Registered During the Previous Ten Years
Year
[H]
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
Total
Private
288,632
329,672
292,673
311,668
308,567
401,354
447,932
434,160
497,203
468,018
3,779,879
Public
transfer
16,567
36,954
25060
18,243
13,763
13,038
18,263
37,416
24,420
33,066
236,790
Private
transfer
91,291
146,477
128,067
104,476
95,479
102,243
95,329
111,686
120,724
131,774
1,127,546
Taxi
9,591
11,566
9,110
7,456
7,970
8,896
6,770
7,687
9,509
1,653
80,208
Public
bus
4,203
4,279
5,213
6,573
2,834
3,106
5,009
1,985
4,261
5,375
42,838
Private
bus
4,718
8,857
8,431
6,523
5,560
7,803
6,702
5,876
6,144
2,049
62,663
Mechanisms
Motorcycle
469
538
1,062
1,154
2,415
2,749
2,787
1,433
1,121
1,597
15,325
1,420
3,795
6,164
5,603
3,000
2,750
4,218
5,497
1,520
2,805
36,772
Percentage of registered vehicles (by type) in the last ten years is:
Table 2: Percentage Registered Cars by Type.
Type of plate
percentage
Color
Private
%70.23
White
Public transfer
%4.4
Red
Private transfer
%20.95
Blue
Taxi
%1.5
Yellow
Public bus
%0.8
Yellow
Private bus
%1.16
Blue
Mechanisms
%0.284
Red
Motorcycle
%0.68
_
So we see that the highest percentage of the license plates is flat for the private plates,
so this project is focused on private plate and specifically calculating the expected
number of plates to be issued in the future.
Considering that the number of registered private cars is 5 million cars, the annual
increase rate is not fixed. The forecasting tool in MINITAB was used to produce the result
showing in:
9
Private
Linear Trend Model
Yt = 244781 + 24219*t
Variable
Actual
Fits
Forecasts
700000
plate
600000
Accuracy Measures
MA PE
8
MA D
27080
MSD
933334913
500000
400000
300000
21 2 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 9 30 31 3 2 33 34 3 5 36 37 3 8 39 40
1 4 14 14 1 4 14 14 1 4 14 14 1 4 14 14 14 14 14 14 1 4 14 14 1 4
Year
Figure 15 : Forcasting Private License Plates.
Table 3: Forcasting Private License Plate
Years [H]
Forecast
1431
511195
1432
535414
1433
559634
1434
583853
1435
608072
1436
632292
1437
656511
1438
680731
1439
704950
1440
729170
Forecasting produced on the following equation:
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 244781 + 24219 × (𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)
Using a license plate with three letters and four numbers, the capacity of the
new license plate is 49.3 million which should be enough until 1475H, according to the
forecasting study done in this project.
10
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This chapter is aimed at showing the initial design, font, colors, size, and distribution
Initial Design
The initial design of the license plate is showing here the resulting maximum number
of license plate is calculated.
Possible designs for license plates are shown design without any restrictions, or
conditions and then the best design and are selected develop:
1. Plate with seven figure (two character and five number) :

Possible number of license plate:
99999 × 172 − 1 ≅ 28.9 Million Plates
2. Plate with seven figure (three character and four number) :

Possible number of license plate:
11
9999 × 173 ≅ 49.1 Million Plates
3. Plate with seven figure (three character and four number) :

Possible number of license plate:
9999 × 173 ≅ 49.1 Million Plate𝑠
4. Plate with seven figure (two character and five number) :

Possible number of license plate:
106 × 171 ≅ 17 Million Plate
5. Plate with seven figure (three character and four number) :
12

Possible number of license plate:
9999 × 173 ≅ 49.1 Million Plate𝑠
6. Plate with six figure (character and number) :

Possible number of license plate:
9999 × 172 ≅ 2.8 Million Plate𝑠
13
Font types:
The font type in the license plates is one of the most important visual aspects [6], since
it helps any person to differentiate between the letters. Authors will identify the most
important font and determine the best to be used:
English letters:
Arial
ABDEGHJKLNRSTUV
XZ 0123456789
Roman
ABDEGHJKLNRSTUV
XZ 0123456789
Cordia new
ABDEGHJKLNRSTUVXZ
0123456789
Verdana
ABDEGHJKLNRSTU
VXZ 0123456789
FE Font
ABDEGHJKLNRSTuVX
Z 0123456789
Figure 16: Display of Different Potential Fonts
14
Arabic letter:
Traditional Arabic
‫ابحدرسصطعق‬
‫ك ل م ن هـ و ى‬
Arabic typesetting
Arabic Unicode
‫ابحدرسصطعق‬
‫ك ل م ن هـ و ى‬
‫ابحدرسصط‬
‫ع ق ك ل م ن هـ و ى‬
Figure 17: Cont. Display of Different Potential Fonts
Note: the difference between Arial and Roman characters; there is normally the flexion
at the end. The Cordia new is very similar to Arial. Also Verdana font has a slight
difference in the character (J). FE font the authors believe to be the best font type, as it has
a special form for each character and its different angles and characters can be
distinguished easily from each. Other for Arabic letters the Arabic typesetting is chosen
due to its clarity.
15
Colors of the Font and Background:
In the license plates, high visibility is major issue. Clearly design depends highly on
contrast between the color of the print and background [6], if knowing that:
𝑀𝐶 =
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛
, 𝐿𝐶 =
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
And 𝐶𝑅 =
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛
.
Where:
MC: Michelson Contrast.
LC: Luminous Contrast.
CR: Contrast Ratio.
L MAX: max Luminance in pattern.
L MIN: min luminance in pattern.
Each color has a contrast ratio, and from we are chose the colors as shown in the
table 4:
Table 4: Colors of the Font and Background
Type
L MAX
L MIN
MC
LC
CR
Private
1
0
1
1
Inf
Public
1
0
1
1
Inf
Export and
import
0.85
0
1
1
Inf
Transfer
medium
0.8
0
1
1
Inf
Diplomatic
0.81
0
1
1
Inf
Figure
16
Letter and Number Size:
In engineering human factors, font size is determined according to:
-
Distance:
Suitable distance must be chose such that a person can read the plate clearly from.
-
Visual acuity:
Also to obtain a driver's license in most countries, the best-corrected visual acuity must
be at least 20/40, (Visual angle = 2 arc min).
-
Width-height ratio:
The authors have chosen the conventional ratio between width and height as 3:5.
Consequently, the authors calculate height and width of the font size based on the
following:(1)
–
𝑊𝑠 = 1.45 × 10−5 × 𝑆 × 𝑑
–
𝐻𝐿 =
–
Where:
–
Ws, d, HL must be in same units (mm, in.).
–
Ws: stroke width.
–
S: denom. of Snellen visual acuity. (40)
–
d: reading distance.
–
HL: letter height.
–
R: stroke width-to-height ratio of font.
𝑊𝑠
𝑅
(1).
17
Primary Language:
After collecting some data and after applying some analysis authors found the
following:
-
According to latest statistics, the number of foreigners in Saudi Arabia has exceeded
8 million people.
-
The percentage of illiterate in Saudi Arabia less than 10%, less than 2 million
people.
-
The need for English characters for ease of foreign travel.
-
The Arabic language characters contain many points and curves, which makes it
difficult for the recipient.
The authors decided to adopt the English language in the license plate with a small
Arabic translation which may be used for secondary identification.
Width, Height, Stroke and Margins:
According to the previous data and laws, we can calculate each of:
-
Width:
According to the basic dimensions of the license plate, the maximum width we can use
as 36mm, out of which are calculated the other dimensions.
-
Height:
As we set the ratio of letters between width and height as 3:5 and 1:2 for number, thus,
character be can calculate, The height:
36
= 60𝑚𝑚
.6
-
Stroke Width:
Since the ratio between high and stroke is 1:8 the stroke calculates to:
60
≈ 8𝑚𝑚
8
18
-
Margins:
There are three margins that should be taken into account:
1. Top margin:
This contains a logo of Saudi Arabia and the type of license plate.
2. Right and left margin:
This contains a Framework of the license plate.
3. Bottom margin:
This contains the letters and Arabic numbers.
Font:
Since the English language is set as the primary language the best font is sought
that easy and clear for the viewer.
Arial:
Font is highly acceptable; However, the curvatures of
numbers are not clear where the line thickness is not fixed
and that will make the calculation needed much harder
compared to FE font because if Aerial character font were
be increased, it will take too much space in the plate.
Figure 18: Arial Font
Roman:
In
this font it
is
noticed that,
the thickness
of
the letters is not fixed and the form of numbers is not clear
because of the differences within the same letter, It is easy
to see that the same letter has two different thicknesses that
Figure 19: Roman Font
cannot be easily increased in the font.
19
Verdana
the font is also widely used; However, the curvatures of
numbers are not clear where the line thickness is not fixed.
Therefore, the same problems that can be seen in Arial, we
Figure 20: Verdana Font
are also noticed here.
Courier New:
This font is very hard to use for license plates since the
letters and numbers cannot be differentiated easily. Letters
are almost identical in some cases.
Figure 21: Courier New Font
FE font:
This font is the best since the letters and numbers are
clear and have a special character which can be used for
differentiation; Also this font can be easily altered according
to the parameters.
Figure 22: FE Font
20
Letters and Numbers Distribution:
There are many ideas, and possibilities for the distribution of letters and numbers, such
as:
A12BC34
12AB34C
1A2B34C .. Etc.
However, we are looking for a distribution is sought that people can easily
memorize. A study has shown that that distributions of letter VS number resulted in
considerable error as showing in the table 5. [7]
Table 5: Comparison of Objective and Subjective Indications of Memorability (2)
In additions it's too difficult to change the style of the current license plates since this is
restriction by the Saudi vehicle Department; therefore, authors decided to adopt the current
distribution while applying some alteration to satisfy the purpose of the project:
ABC 1234
This layout is the closest to the objective rank (3) in the table above, high subjective
rank (1), and a low error (0.94).
21
Additional ideas:
We can additional some symbols describing the driver's health and ability status, and
some extra information include the following:
-
Disabled
This facilitates service in crowded places and to facilitate entry into the
places reserved for them.
-
Deaf:
This shows and increases priority for deaf drivers.
-
Issue date:
This facilitates the flow at checkpoints.
Suggested Layout of Design and Dimensions
Final dimensions:
The calculated dimensions of the suggested layout are summation in table 6:
Table 6: Dimensions
Section
Distance
(mm)
Notes
Height of English letter
Height of English number
Width of English letter
Width of English number
Height of Arabic letter
Height of Arabic number
Width of Arabic letter
Width of Arabic number
stroke
Space between letters
Space between numbers
60
72
36
36
35
26
22
19
7.5
4
8
3:5
1:2
1:8
Space between number and letter
Margins
Framework
The distance between the logo and
the frame
The distance between the letter or
number and the frame
Total height
Total width
27
4
3.5
3
4
160
320
3.5*2+40+3+72+4*3+26
7*36+4*5+3.5*2+27+2*7
22
Layout:
Using the above data, the layout of the license plate is show in below figure:
Figure 23:Layout Finger
Where:
1. Saudi logo.
2. Saudi Arabia and KSA in Arabic.
3. Additional sign.
4. License plate type.
5. License expired date
6. Letters in English.
7. Number.
8. Letters in Arabic.
9. Number in Arabic.
23
Design of the Suggested License Plate:
After calculating the required dimensions, distances and preparing, and we made the
final layout, a simple of final suggested layout is show in figure 24:
Figure 24: Simple License Plate Design.
24
noto nesb
The achieved throughout the first stage of this project, as shown in the table:
Table 7: Work Plan Table
Date
Duration
Task
of the task
30 Oct 2010
Two week
Research about license plate history.
6 Nov 2010
Three week
Initial design(s).
13 Nov 2010
Two week
Collecting information on human factors in the design.
27 Nov 2010
Four week
Research about current license plates.
4 Dec 2010
Two week
Interview with the Traffic Department.
11 Dec 2010
Two week
Visiting Statistics Department.
11 Dec 2010
Four week
preparing the layout and the suggested design.
25 Dec 2010
Four week
Final review of the project.
25 Dec 2010
Three Week
Complete the final layout and design for the license plate.
26 Feb 2011
Three Week
Mode the Plate using proper material.
5 Mar 2011
Six Week
Perform experiments in varying conditions.
12 Mar 2011
Five Week
Perform experiments for reading the plate and find resulting
errors.
2 Apr 2011
Five Week
Analysis the result.
16 Apr 2011
Five Week
Conclusion and recommendations
23 Apr 2011
Six Week
Final review of the IE499 project.
25
Figure 25: Gantt chart of the project
26
slseeaAeb fobaAtsebAa
Some main characteristics of the license plate in Saudi Arabia
Authors visited the department concerned with Saudi Arabia licenses plate and
interviewed an official 1 there. [8]
Specific dimensions of license plate:
There are two scales:

Normal size
(32cm X 16cm)

Long size
(52cm X 11cm)

Motorcycles size
(18cm X 9cm)
Types of license plate:
There are six type of license plate in Saudi Arabia:

Private license plate:

Public license plate:

Transfer license plate.

Export and import license.

Diplomatic license plate.

Motorcycles license
Figure 26: Saudi Arabia License Plate Type.
Official logo in the license plate:
There are two important emblems that must be included:
The name of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Swords and Palm
Figure 27: KSA , Swords and Palm
1
Name has been avoided at personal request.
27
Translation from Arabic to English Letters:
In the old system of license plates, the General Department of Traffic in Saudi Arabia
excluded some letters that are similar in writing and adopted 17 letters only [4].
The Saudi Traffic Department has translated the Arabic letters into English, according
to pronunciation, but encountered some problems in some of the characters which have
similar pronunciation to one on other. It has thus, adopted the scheme of letters show in
table 8:
Table 8: License Plate Adopted Arabic Letters and Corves Ponding English Letters
No
Arabic
letter
English
letter
Note
1
‫ا‬
A
***
2
‫ب‬
B
***
3
‫ح‬
J
Does not have English letter similar to pronunciation of the
letter (‫(ح‬
4
‫د‬
D
***
5
‫ر‬
R
***
6
‫س‬
S
***
7
‫ص‬
X
Letter (S) was served for letter (‫ (س‬and letter (C ) is similar to
(G)
8
‫ط‬
T
***
9
‫ع‬
E
***
10
‫ق‬
G
***
11
‫ك‬
K
***
12
‫ل‬
L
***
13
‫م‬
Z
(M) is similar to (N) and is thus, rejected too wide
14
‫ن‬
N
***
15
‫هـ‬
H
***
16
‫و‬
U
(W) is thus, rejected too wide
17
‫ي‬
V
(Y) is thus, rejected too high
28
Special additions:
In a new series of license plates, different shapes in the corner "circle, triangle up,
triangle down and right angled triangle" can be seen and this add-on is used to identify the
type of license "Private, Public, Diplomatic ... etc." this is not visible to identify the plate in
the dark since the color of the license plate, and where camera flash may affect the flash in
identifying the color.
Table below shows those shapes and license types:
Table 9: License Plate and shape
Export
Type
Private
Public
Transfer
and
Diplomatic
Import
Shape
29
lAoouoeo Se
Three experiments are performed for the suggested license plate using a variety of
factors.
1. Movement:
Is anticipated to be a major factor affecting the viewing efficiency of the license
plate movement factor, and the experimental steps of this factor were as follows:
1. Cover the license plate.
2. Place the license plate on the car at set distances of 0m and 10m (when the car
move it will exceed the 10 meter in about 5 sec).
3. Remove the cover when the car is in motion.
4. Account the required time.
2. Distance:
It is well know that the visual acuity depends on the distance of the target from the
observer. Therefore, this factor is tested at different distances values of 10m and 20m while
the plate is static, and the experimental steps to evaluate this factor are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cover the license plate.
Place the license plate on the car at set distances, 10 m and 20 m.
Remove the cover while the plate is static.
Account the required time.
3. Illumination:
The license plate was also tested during a sunny morning and at night at the same
location. The experimental steps are the same as those for the distance experiment at
different distances.
Next, we identify some of the elements that were necessary to conduct these tests.
Experiment Elements
We define the needed tools for the experience and an explanation of each tool:
Plate
We made five suggested design plates and five current design plates by using
cardboard with exact dimensions (1:1). The letters and numbers were chosen randomly
satisfying the current rules. The table below shows the employed plate number:
30
Table 10: Table showing desgin used in the experiments 5 current and 5 suggested Plates.
Plate number
Current shape
Suggest shape
NVJ 4601
KAB 6210
REG 3897
TZD 1639
XBS 7953
Experimenters
The three authors conducted the experiments using supervisor help.
Volunteers
The experiment was conducted on 29 male volunteer, selected from age,.Ranging
between 17 and 38.female were not selected for this experiment.
31
Tools
Required tools for the experiments included:
1. Meter.
The meter was used to measure the distance (in meter) between the subject and the
plate.
2. Stopwatch
The stopwatch was used to determine the time (to 0.01 sec ) required to make a
reading of the license plate.
3. Data form
This is used to make on active recording of response experimental data, the
volunteer name and volunteer code, time take to read the license plate (response time),
experiment conditions and some personal data regarding the subject.
4. Car
Some model was used.
5. Locations
The same location was used to perform all experiments (**).
32
slateAa
Below is a list of the volunteers' details:
Table 11: Volunteer Personal Details
Volunteer Details
Volunteers Code
Sex
Age
Wearing Glasses
V01
Male
27
No
V02
Male
31
No
V03
Male
21
Yes
V04
Male
25
Yes
V05
Male
21
No
V06
Male
23
No
V07
Male
25
Yes
V08
Male
38
No
V09
Male
23
No
V10
Male
26
No
V11
Male
24
No
V12
Male
17
No
V13
Male
27
No
V14
Male
25
No
V15
Male
30
No
V16
Male
28
Yes
V17
Male
24
No
V18
Male
27
No
V19
Male
24
Yes
V20
Male
25
No
V21
Male
26
Yes
V22
Male
23
No
V23
Male
27
No
V24
Male
24
No
V25
Male
23
No
V26
Male
26
Yes
V27
Male
22
No
V28
Male
25
No
V29
Male
24
No
Mean
25.21
% 36.84
Minimum
17
Maximum
38
The volunteer comments were first compiled and are summarized in the table below.
33
Table 12: Volunteers Comments
Comments
Current Design
Suggest Design
Comments
Design is lear
Design is Unclear
Crowded Letter and Number
Saudi Logo is Clear
Special Needs Logo is Clear
Arabic Letters Clear
English Letters Clear
License Expired
Arabic Letters Unclear
Crowded Information
Bad Design?
Beautiful Design?
Best Design?
#
#
%
#
%
22
22
8
14
9
1
1
1
8
1
4
9
22
2
21
8
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
1
7%
72%
28%
3%
0%
3%
0%
0%
0%
0%
14%
0%
3%
20
1
0
13
9
0
1
1
8
1
0
9
21
66%
3%
0%
45%
31%
0%
3%
3%
28%
3%
0%
28%
69%
The data form sheet that used to recording the data is sow below:
Figure 28: The data form sheet
Next, we show the result for each experiment, Time (Sec) and Response type are
shown in table below:
34
Table 13: showing summary of response result Table 2
State of Time
Motion of day
Day
Night
Static
Day
Night
Day
Night
Motion
Day
Night
2
Plate Type
Distances
(m)
No of
responses
Average
Time
(Sec)
StDev.
Current
Suggested
Current
Suggested
Current
Suggested
Current
Suggested
Current
Suggested
Current
Suggested
Current
Suggested
Current
Suggested
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
10
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
3.74
3.79
4.47
4.34
4.43
4.14
5.33
4.65
3.52
3.29
4.38
4.02
4.65
4.43
6.24
5.35
0.46
0.43
1.10
0.94
0.67
0.50
1.54
0.89
0.32
0.30
0.67
0.69
0.49
0.50
1.42
1.01
Correct
response
#
%
50
50
49
50
46
50
33
49
50
50
50
49
48
50
39
49
%100
%100
%98
%100
%92
%100
%67
%98
%100
%100
%100
%98
%96
%100
%78
%98
The measurements data and table are attached in Appendi
35
feabtaaeob
First we analyzed all data (without deletion) and compared them in the table below
for the two plates:
Table 14: Comparison between the Old and Suggested Plates
Investigated Independent Variable
Static
10m
20m
Day
Motion
0m
10m
Static
10m
20m
Night
Motion
0m
10m
Dep. Variable
3.74
100
4.14
100
3.29
100
4.43
100
4.34
100
4.65
98
4.02
100
5.35
98
Sec
%
Sec
%
Sec
%
Sec
%
Sec
%
Sec
%
Sec
%
Sec
%
Plate Type
Current
Both
Suggested
Suggested
Suggested
Both
Suggested
Suggested
Suggested
Suggested
Suggested
Suggested
Suggested
Current
Suggested
Suggested
36
A comparison of data taken in static conditions is shown in figure 29. Data in motion
is shown in figure 30
a) Comparison of Static Experiments Data
7.00
6.00
4.00
3.00
Axis Title
5.00
2.00
1.00
20M Night Static (Sec) 10M Night Static (Sec)
20M Morning Static
(Sec)
10M Morning Static
(Sec)
Current
5.33
4.47
4.43
3.74
Suggest
4.65
4.34
4.14
3.79
0.00
Figure 29: Comparison of experiments data response time between the old and suggested plates in static mode
b) Comparison of Motion Experiments Data
7.00
6.00
4.00
3.00
Axis Title
5.00
2.00
1.00
10M Night Motion
(Sec)
0M Night Motion
(Sec)
10M Morning Motion 0M Morning Motion
(Sec)
(Sec)
Current
6.24
4.38
4.65
3.52
Suggest
5.35
4.02
4.43
3.29
0.00
Figure 30: Comparison of data response time between the old and suggested plates in motion mode
37
Figure 31 Figure 32, is show the percentage of correct and incorrect responses among
the two plates:
a) Percentage of Correct and Incorrect Static Responses
100%
90%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Currect Respnse %
80%
20%
10%
20M Night Static %
10M Night Static %
20M Morning Static
%
10M Morning Static
%
Current
66%
98%
92%
100%
Suggest
98%
100%
100%
100%
0%
Figure 31: percentage of correct responses in static mode.
b) Percentage of Correct and Incorrect Motion Responses
100%
90%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Currect Respnse %
80%
20%
10%
10M Night Motion % 0M Night Motion %
10M Morning Motion 0M Morning Motion
%
%
Current
78%
100%
96%
100%
Suggest
98%
98%
100%
100%
0%
Figure 32: percentage of correct responses in motion mode.
38
The incorrect responses were removed and the response time was retabulated for static
and motion model in figure 33 and figure 34 respectively:
Compared Time Response between the current and Suggest Plate.
7.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
Time Respnse (Sec)
6.00
1.00
20M Night Static (Sec) 10M Night Static (Sec)
20M Morning Static
(Sec)
10M Morning Static
(Sec)
Current
5.35
4.39
4.42
3.74
Suggest
4.67
4.34
4.14
3.79
0.00
Figure 33: Comparison of correct experiments response data time between the old and suggested plates in
motion mode.
b) Comparison of Correct Motion Experiments Data
7.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
Time Respnse (Sec)
6.00
1.00
10M Night Motion
(Sec)
0M Night Motion
(Sec)
10M Morning Motion 0M Morning Motion
(Sec)
(Sec)
Current
6.48
4.38
4.66
3.52
Suggest
5.38
4.04
4.34
3.29
0.00
Figure 34: Comparison of correct experiments response data time between the old and suggested plates in
motion mode.
39
The response data is summarized in Figure 35, 36 and 37:
Comparison Time of Response between the Static and Motion Mode.
7.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
Response time (sec)
6.00
1.00
Motion
Static
Currernt
4.70
4.49
suggested
4.27
4.23
0.00
Figure 35: General comparison of static and motion model response time.
Comparison Time of Response between the Near and Far Mode.
7.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
Response time (sec)
6.00
1.00
Far
Near
Currernt
5.16
4.03
suggested
4.64
3.86
0.00
Figure 36: General comparison of near and far model response time.
40
Compared Time Response between the Morning and Night.
7.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
Response time (sec)
6.00
1.00
Night
Morning
Currernt
5.11
4.09
suggested
4.59
3.91
0.00
Figure 37: General comparison of morning and night model response time.
The response rate data is summarized in Figure 38, 39 and 40:
Compared Rate Response between the Static and Motion.
100%
90%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Currect Respnse %
80%
20%
10%
Motion %
Static %
Currernt
94%
89%
suggested
99%
100%
0%
Figure 38: General comparison of static and motion model response rate.
41
Compared Rate Response between the Near and Far.
100%
90%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Currect Respnse %
80%
20%
10%
Far %
Near %
Currernt
83%
100%
suggested
99%
100%
0%
Figure 39: General comparison of near and far model response rate.
Compared Rate Response between the Morning and Night.
100%
90%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Currect Respnse %
80%
20%
10%
Night %
Morning %
Currernt
86%
97%
suggested
99%
100%
0%
Figure 40: General comparison of morning and night model response rate.
42
The correct response data is summarized in Figure 41 ,42 and 43:
Comparison Time of Correct Response between the Static and Motion Mode.
7.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
Response time (sec)
6.00
1.00
Motion
Static
Current
4.76
4.47
Suggest
4.26
4.23
0.00
Figure 41: General comparison of static and motion model correct response time.
Comparison Time of Correct Response between the Near and Far Mode.
7.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
Response time (sec)
6.00
1.00
Far
Near
Current
5.23
4.01
Suggest
4.63
3.86
0.00
Figure 42: General comparison of near and far model correct response time.
43
Compared Time Response between the current Morning and Night.
7.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
Response time (sec)
6.00
1.00
Night
Mornig
Current
5.15
4.09
Suggest
4.61
3.89
0.00
Figure 43: General comparison of morning and night model correct response time.
One-Way ANOVA Test
First we have to identify the hypothesis of this test to perform the result:
H0 : µ𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = µ𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑
H1 : µ𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 ≠ µ𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑
Where:
µ𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∶ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒.
µ𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 : 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒.
We set that the specified significance level is 0.05
44
Next, the statistical significance was tested be evaluating the P-value by use oneway ANOVA in MINITAB software and .the plot and software summery is shown below:
For all data:
Figure 44: MINITAB plot data for 10 m-morning-static models.
One-way ANOVA: 10 m Morning Static versus 10 m Morning Static
Source
10 m Morning Static_1
Error
Total
S = 0.4421
DF
1
98
99
R-Sq = 0.29%
SS
0.056
19.156
19.212
MS
0.056
0.195
F
0.29
P
0.593
R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%
Level
10 m Morning Static Curr
10 m Morning Static Sugg
N
50
50
Mean
3.7388
3.7862
StDev
0.4564
0.4273
Level
10 m Morning Static Curr
10 m Morning Static Sugg
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
--------+---------+---------+---------+(--------------*---------------)
(--------------*---------------)
--------+---------+---------+---------+3.680
3.760
3.840
3.920
Pooled StDev = 0.4421
45
Figure 45: MINITAB plot data for 20 m-morning-static models.
One-way ANOVA: 20 m Morning Static versus 20 m Morning Static
Source
20 m Morning Static_1
Error
Total
S = 0.5873
DF
1
98
99
R-Sq = 5.97%
SS
2.146
33.799
35.945
MS
2.146
0.345
F
6.22
P
0.014
R-Sq(adj) = 5.01%
Level
20 m Morning Static Curr
20 m Morning Static Sugg
N
50
50
Mean
4.4324
4.1394
StDev
0.6656
0.4967
Level
20 m Morning Static Curr
20 m Morning Static Sugg
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
--+---------+---------+---------+------(---------*---------)
(----------*---------)
--+---------+---------+---------+------4.00
4.16
4.32
4.48
Pooled StDev = 0.5873
Pooled StDev = 0.4421
46
Figure 46: MINITAB plot data for 10 m-night-static models.
One-way ANOVA: 10 m Night Static versus 10 m Night Static
Source
10 m Night Static_1
Error
Total
S = 1.021
DF
1
98
99
R-Sq = 0.38%
SS
0.39
102.12
102.52
MS
0.39
1.04
F
0.38
P
0.540
R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%
Level
10 m Night Static Curren
10 m Night Static Sugges
N
50
50
Mean
4.469
4.343
StDev
1.098
0.937
Level
10 m Night Static Curren
10 m Night Static Sugges
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
-------+---------+---------+---------+-(-------------*--------------)
(-------------*-------------)
-------+---------+---------+---------+-4.20
4.40
4.60
4.80
Pooled StDev = 1.021
47
Figure 47: MINITAB plot data for 20 m-night-static models.
One-way ANOVA: 20 m Night Static versus 20 m Night Static
Source
20 m Night Static_1
Error
Total
S = 1.257
DF
1
98
99
R-Sq = 6.95%
SS
11.55
154.73
166.28
MS
11.55
1.58
F
7.32
P
0.008
R-Sq(adj) = 6.00%
Level
20 m Night Static Curren
20 m Night Static Sugges
N
50
50
Mean
5.334
4.654
StDev
1.537
0.892
Level
20 m Night Static Curren
20 m Night Static Sugges
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
-------+---------+---------+---------+-(---------*---------)
(---------*---------)
-------+---------+---------+---------+-4.55
4.90
5.25
5.60
Pooled StDev = 1.257
48
Figure 48: MINITAB plot data for 0 m-morning-motion models.
One-way ANOVA: 0 m Morning Motion versus 0 m Morning Motion
Source
0 m Morning Motion_1
Error
Total
S = 0.3124
DF
1
98
99
SS
1.2814
9.5636
10.8450
R-Sq = 11.82%
MS
1.2814
0.0976
F
13.13
P
0.000
R-Sq(adj) = 10.92%
Level
0 m Morning Motion Curre
0 m Morning Motion Sugge
N
50
50
Mean
3.5152
3.2888
StDev
0.3206
0.3040
Level
0 m Morning Motion Curre
0 m Morning Motion Sugge
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
---+---------+---------+---------+-----(------*------)
(------*------)
---+---------+---------+---------+-----3.24
3.36
3.48
3.60
Pooled StDev = 0.3124
49
Figure 49: MINITAB plot data for 10 m-morning-motion models.
One-way ANOVA: 10 m Morning Motion versus 10 m Morning Motion
Source
10 m Morning Motion_1
Error
Total
S = 0.4921
DF
1
98
99
R-Sq = 9.19%
Level
10 m Morning Motion Curr
10 m Morning Motion Sugg
SS
2.403
23.729
26.132
MS
2.403
0.242
F
9.92
P
0.002
R-Sq(adj) = 8.27%
N
50
50
Mean
4.6484
4.3384
StDev
0.4884
0.4958
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled
StDev
Level
10 m Morning Motion Curr
10 m Morning Motion Sugg
+---------+---------+---------+--------(--------*--------)
(--------*--------)
+---------+---------+---------+--------4.20
4.35
4.50
4.65
Pooled StDev = 0.4921
50
Figure 50: MINITAB plot data for 0 m-night-motion models.
One-way ANOVA: 0 m Night Motion versus 0 m Night Motion
Source
0 m Night Motion_1
Error
Total
S = 0.6760
DF
1
98
99
SS
3.272
44.786
48.058
R-Sq = 6.81%
MS
3.272
0.457
F
7.16
P
0.009
R-Sq(adj) = 5.86%
Level
0 m Night Motion Current
0 m Night Motion Suggest
N
50
50
Mean
4.3828
4.0210
StDev
0.6652
0.6867
Level
0 m Night Motion Current
0 m Night Motion Suggest
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
--------+---------+---------+---------+(--------*---------)
(--------*---------)
--------+---------+---------+---------+4.00
4.20
4.40
4.60
Pooled StDev = 0.6760
51
Figure 51: MINITAB plot data for 10 m-night-motion models.
One-way ANOVA: 10 m Night Motion versus 10 m Night Motion
Source
10 m Night Motion_1
Error
Total
S = 1.234
DF
1
98
99
R-Sq = 11.58%
SS
19.55
149.24
168.79
MS
19.55
1.52
F
12.83
P
0.001
R-Sq(adj) = 10.68%
Level
10 m Night Motion Curren
10 m Night Motion Sugges
N
50
50
Mean
6.236
5.352
StDev
1.425
1.008
Level
10 m Night Motion Curren
10 m Night Motion Sugges
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
-----+---------+---------+---------+---(--------*--------)
(--------*-------)
-----+---------+---------+---------+---5.20
5.60
6.00
6.40
Pooled StDev = 1.234
52
For the correct data:
Figure 52: MINITAB plot data for correct 10 m-morning-ststic models.
One-way ANOVA: 10 m Morning Static versus 10 m Morning Static
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
1
0.056
0.056
0.29
0.593
Error
98
19.156
0.195
Total
99
19.212
10 m Morning Static_1
S = 0.4421
R-Sq = 0.29%
Level
R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%
N
Mean
StDev
10 m Morning Static Curr
50
3.7388
0.4564
10 m Morning Static Sugg
50
3.7862
0.4273
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level
--------+---------+---------+---------+-
10 m Morning Static Curr
(--------------*---------------)
10 m Morning Static Sugg
(--------------*---------------)
--------+---------+---------+---------+3.680
3.760
3.840
3.920
Pooled StDev = 0.4421
53
Figure 53: MINITAB plot data for correct 20 m-morning-static models.
One-way ANOVA: 20 m Morning Static versus 20 m Morning Static
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
1
1.907
1.907
5.56
0.020
Error
94
32.228
0.343
Total
95
34.135
20 m Morning Static_1
S = 0.5855
R-Sq = 5.59%
Level
R-Sq(adj) = 4.58%
N
Mean
StDev
20 m Morning Static Curr
46
4.4215
0.6690
20 m Morning Static Sugg
50
4.1394
0.4967
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level
--+---------+---------+---------+-------
20 m Morning Static Curr
20 m Morning Static Sugg
(---------*----------)
(----------*---------)
--+---------+---------+---------+------4.00
4.16
4.32
4.48
Pooled StDev = 0.5855
54
Figure 54: MINITAB plot data for correct 10 m-night-static models
One-way ANOVA: 10 m Night Static versus 10 m Night Static
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
1
0.054
0.054
0.06
0.806
Error
97
86.988
0.897
Total
98
87.043
10 m Night Static_1
S = 0.9470
R-Sq = 0.06%
Level
R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%
N
Mean
StDev
10 m Night Static Curren
49
4.3902
0.9569
10 m Night Static Sugges
50
4.3434
0.9372
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level
10 m Night Static Curren
10 m Night Static Sugges
--------+---------+---------+---------+(-----------------*-----------------)
(-----------------*----------------)
--------+---------+---------+---------+4.20
4.35
4.50
4.65
Pooled StDev = 0.9470
55
Figure 55: MINITAB plot data for correct 20 m-night-static models
One-way ANOVA: 20 m Night Static versus 20 m Night Static
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
1
9.04
9.04
6.29
0.014
Error
80
114.94
1.44
Total
81
123.98
20 m Night Static_1
S = 1.199
R-Sq = 7.29%
Level
R-Sq(adj) = 6.13%
N
Mean
StDev
20 m Night Static Curren
33
5.345
1.545
20 m Night Static Sugges
49
4.668
0.896
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level
--+---------+---------+---------+-------
20 m Night Static Curren
20 m Night Static Sugges
(----------*---------)
(--------*-------)
--+---------+---------+---------+------4.40
4.80
5.20
5.60
Pooled StDev = 1.199
56
Figure 56: MINITAB plot data for correct 0 m-morning-motion models
One-way ANOVA: 0 m Morning Motion versus 0 m Morning Motion
Source
0 m Morning Motion_1
DF
SS
MS
F
P
1
1.2814
1.2814
13.13
0.000
0.0976
Error
98
9.5636
Total
99
10.8450
S = 0.3124
R-Sq = 11.82%
Level
R-Sq(adj) = 10.92%
N
Mean
StDev
0 m Morning Motion Curre
50
3.5152
0.3206
0 m Morning Motion Sugge
50
3.2888
0.3040
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level
---+---------+---------+---------+------
0 m Morning Motion Curre
0 m Morning Motion Sugge
(------*------)
(------*------)
---+---------+---------+---------+-----3.24
3.36
3.48
3.60
Pooled StDev = 0.3124
57
Figure 57: MINITAB plot data for correct 10 m-morning-motion models
One-way ANOVA: 10 m Morning Motion versus 10 m Morning Motion
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
1
2.553
2.553
10.66
0.002
Error
96
22.990
0.239
Total
97
25.543
10 m Morning Motion_1
S = 0.4894
R-Sq = 9.99%
Level
R-Sq(adj) = 9.06%
N
Mean
StDev
10 m Morning Motion Curr
48
4.6613
0.4826
10 m Morning Motion Sugg
50
4.3384
0.4958
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level
-------+---------+---------+---------+--
10 m Morning Motion Curr
10 m Morning Motion Sugg
(-------*--------)
(-------*--------)
-------+---------+---------+---------+-4.32
4.48
4.64
4.80
Pooled StDev = 0.4894
58
Figure 58: MINITAB plot data for correct 0 m-night-motion models
One-way ANOVA: 0 m Night Motion versus 0 m Night Motion
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
1
2.922
2.922
6.45
0.013
Error
97
43.976
0.453
Total
98
46.898
0 m Night Motion_1
S = 0.6733
R-Sq = 6.23%
Level
R-Sq(adj) = 5.26%
N
Mean
StDev
0 m Night Motion Current
50
4.3828
0.6652
0 m Night Motion Suggest
49
4.0392
0.6815
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level
--------+---------+---------+---------+-
0 m Night Motion Current
0 m Night Motion Suggest
(--------*---------)
(---------*---------)
--------+---------+---------+---------+4.00
4.20
4.40
4.60
Pooled StDev = 0.6733
59
Figure 59: MINITAB plot data for correct 10 m-night-motion models
One-way ANOVA: 10 m Night Motion versus 10 m Night Motion
Source
10 m Night Motion_1
DF
SS
MS
F
P
1
26.58
26.58
18.18
0.000
1.46
Error
86
125.71
Total
87
152.29
S = 1.209
R-Sq = 17.45%
Level
R-Sq(adj) = 16.49%
N
Mean
StDev
10 m Night Motion Curren
39
6.483
1.427
10 m Night Motion Sugges
49
5.376
1.003
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level
---------+---------+---------+---------+
10 m Night Motion Curren
10 m Night Motion Sugges
(-------*------)
(------*-----)
---------+---------+---------+---------+
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
Pooled StDev = 1.209
60
The P-value in all response and correct response is summarized in table:
Table 15: Summary of statistic signifies indicator among the different mode correct response and all data
response.
All Responses
Mode
Correct Response
P-value
Decision
P-value
Decision
10m morning static
0.593
Can be reject H1
0.593
Can be reject H1
20m morning static
0.014
fail to reject H1
0.02
fail to reject H1
10m night static
0.540
Can be reject H1
0.806
Can be reject H1
20m night static
0.008
fail to reject H1
0.014
fail to reject H1
0m morning motion
0.000
fail to reject H1
0.000
fail to reject H1
10m morning motion
0.002
fail to reject H1
0.002
fail to reject H1
0m night motion
0.009
fail to reject H1
0.013
fail to reject H1
10m night motion
0.001
fail to reject H1
0.000
fail to reject H1
We find that the H1 : null-hypothesis can be rejected two times in all data experiments
and also two time in correct response data.
i.
10m morning static (for each data P=0.593)
ii.
10m night static (all data P=0.540 and correct data P=0.806)
And the H1 : null-hypothesis fail to reject in six times for in each data.
i.
20m morning static (all data P=0.014 and correct data P=0.02)
ii.
20m night static (all data P=0.008 and correct data P=0.014)
iii.
0m morning motion (all data P=0.000 and correct data P=0.000)
iv.
10m morning motion (all data P=0.002 and correct data P=0.013)
v.
0m night motion (all data P=0.009 and correct data P=0.013)
vi.
10m night motion (all data P=0.001 and correct data P=0.000)
61
fobbetaeob
This project provides suggested Saudi license plate and performs experiments under
different light, distance and motion conditions compares between it and the current plate to
find the preferred viewable one to volunteer subject.
The project team came to the conclusions about the two plates:
1. The mean response time for the suggested license plate in seven experiments is less
than that for the current license plate as show in table 14.
2. The StDev for response time of the suggested license plate is less in five
experiments than the current license plate as showing in table 14.
3. The correct response data for the suggested plate is superior for seven time as
compared to the correct license plates the current license plate as showing in table
**.
4. The volunteers gave some comment in table 12 about the two license plates:
i.
21 volunteers (69%) they preferred the suggested license plate, versus 1
volunteer (3%) like the current license plate.
ii.
22 volunteers (72%) stated the current license plate is unclear for the viewer,
versus 1 volunteer (3%) for the suggested plate.
iii.
20 volunteers (66%) of the volunteers commented that the suggested license
plate is clear versus 2 volunteers (7%) for the current license plate.
iv.
9 volunteers (31%) of the volunteers think that the special-needed logo is good
option.
v.
13 volunteers (45%) say that, the Saudi logo in suggested license plate is clear
versus 1 volunteer (3%) who thought it's clear on current license plate.
5. The suggest plate provides more options for the official, public and drivers
including:
i.
Expiration date of the license plate
ii.
Special-needed logo for owner who required such service.
62
6. The P-value test is given P ≤ 0.05, in six times for all data response and correct
response as shown in table 15:
i.
20m morning static.
ii.
20m night static.
iii.
0m morning motion.
iv.
10m morning motion.
v.
0m night motion.
vi.
10m night motion.
63
:slboeelbusAeob
The project team would like to give the following recommendations regarding the work
performed in the project:
1. Perform more experiments for the suggested plate with a verity of factor.
i.
ii.
Motion-static.
Motion-motion.
2. Use more variety of volunteer, i.e. male and female.
3. Possibly employ the use of only one language.
4. Redesign the license plate use the Arabic as primary language and do repeat the
experiments.
5. Redesigning the long and motor license plate and performing it by repeat the
experiment.
6. The suggestion license plate from experiments should be provided to the Saudi
"DMV" for possible review of the current license plate
64
slCltlbbla
1. Mark S. Sanders, Ernest James McCormick. Human Factors in Engineering and
Design. 1993.
2. Dongen, Jan Maarten Schaargen and Kees Van. Designing a Licence Plate for
Memorability. s.l. : Taylor & Francis, 2005.
3. Suliman, Fahas Mohammed Bin. Comparison Between Old and New Designd Car
Number Plate. s.l. : King Saud Univeresity, 2008.
4. Murray, Thomson C. License Plate Book. Jericho, New York: Interstate
Directory
Publishing
Company
Inc.,
1992.
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-
5/License-Plate.html. MADE HOW. [Online]
5. Traffic Department, Public Security, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. System of traffic
in Saudi Arabia.
6. Plate, Vehicle Registration. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate.
Wikipedia. [Online]
7. Department., Responsible at the Traffic. Interview About Characteristics of the
License Plate in Saudi Arabia. (see appendix). Riyadh, Oct 2010.
8. Traffic, Center of Statistics in General Department of. Registration of Vehicles in
Traffic (see appendix). 2008.
65
Appendix
Interview with official in Traffic Department
We visited the department concerned of Saudi Arabia licenses plate and we interviewed
with competent person there:
Q. What are the specifications of license plate?
A:
-
High quality materials.
-
Face of license plate must be reflective.
-
Characters in the painting should be prominent.
-
Specific dimensions.
Q. What are the Specific dimensions of the license plate?
A: There are two scales:
1. Normal size
(32cm X 16cm)
2. Long size
(52cm X 11cm)
3. Motorcycles size
(18cm X 9cm)
Q. What are the types of license plate?
A: There are seven type of license plate in Saudi Arabia:
1. Private license.
2. Public license.
3. Transfer license.
4. Diplomatic license.
5. Public Works license.
6. Temporary and Export license.
1
7. Motorcycles license.
Q. What is the official logo in the license plate?
A: There are two important emblems must be included:
1. The name of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2. Swords and Palm
Q. What is the reason for adding the English Characters?
A: English characters were added to facilitate the travel of Saudi Arabia vehicles,
where we were faced problems in foreign countries because the Arabic letters can't be
read.
Q. Do you receive complaints from citizens?
A: Yes we have received some complaints; especially because the letters and
numbers are small it is difficult to read from a distance.
2
Statistics of registered vehicles in the traffic department
We visited department of Statistics at the General Administration of traffic and
we noted the number of cars registered in the limited period from 1421 to 1430 H.
The tables show the number of vehicles in each year and its type that we analyze and
the find out more types exist.
Forecast to find the possible number of plate for the current distribution.
3