Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Urban Water
1
Global water aspects
2
Introduction to urban water management
3
Basics for systems description
4
Water transport
5
Matter transport
6
Introduction to water supply
7
Water extraction
8
Water purification
9
Water distribution
10 Introduction to wastewater disposal
11 Urban drainage
12 Wastewater treatment
13 Sludge treatment
Peter Krebs
Dresden, 2010
Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Urban Water
5
Introduction to water supply
5.1 Goals of water supply
5.2 Overview over water supply system
5.3 Water need
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 2
Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Urban Water
5
Introduction to water supply
5.1 Goals of water supply
5.2 Overview over water supply system
5.3 Water need
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 3
Task of water supply
 „Sufficient Drinking Water of good Quality at any Time “
sufficient
how much, how long during dry periods ?
good quality
hygiene, to be drunk, for toilet flushing, how long ?
any time
extreme drought, contaminated water spring
 Political decision making
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 4
Drinking water quality
„Drinking water should be appetizing and tempting,
colourless, clear, cold, odourless, and perfectly fresh with
regard to taste.“
DIN 2000
 Implementation via guidelines, threshold values
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 5
Limits (i), EU
Att./No
.
Parameter
Unit
Limit value
1/1
Escherichia coli
(100 ml)-1
0
1/2
Enterokokken
(100 ml)-1
0
1/3
Coliforme Bacteria
(100 ml)-1
0
2/I/1
Acrylamid
mg/l
0,0001
2/I/2
Benzole
mg/l
0,001
2/I/3
Boron
mg/l
1
2/I/4
Bromate
mg/l
0,01 *) (01.01.2008)
2/I/5
Chrome
mg/l
0,05
2/I/6
Cyanide
mg/l
0,05
2/I/7
1,2-Dichlorethane
mg/l
0,003
2/I/8
Fluoride
mg/l
1,5
2/I/9
Nitrate
mg/l
50
2/I/10
Biozids individual
mg/l
0,0001
2/I/11
Biozids in total
mg/l
0,0005
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 6
Limits (ii), EU
Att./No
.
Parameter
Unit
Limit value
2/I/12
Mercury
mg/l
0,001
2/I/13
Selen
mg/l
0,01
2/I/14
Tetra-chlore-ethen und Tri-chlore-ethen
mg/l
0,01
2/II/1
Antimon
mg/l
0,005
2/II/2
Arsenic
mg/l
0,01
2/II/3
Benzo-(a)-pyren
mg/l
0,00001
2/II/4
Lead
mg/l
0,01 *) (01.12.2013)
2/II/5
Cadmium
mg/l
0,005
2/II/6
Epichlorehydrine
mg/l
0,0001
2/II/7
Copper
mg/l
2
2/II/8
Nickel
mg/l
0,02
2/II/9
Nitrite
mg/l
0,5
2/II/10
Polycyclic aromatic carbon hydroxids
mg/l
0,0001
2/II/11
Trihalogenmethane
mg/l
0,05
2/II/12
Vinyl chloride
mg/l
0,0005
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 7
Limits (iii), EU
Anl./Nr
.
Parameter
Unit
Limit value
3/1
Aluminium
mg/l
0,2
3/2
Unionised Ammonia
mg/l
0,5
3/3
Chloride
mg/l
250
3/4
Clostridium perfringens
(100 ml)-1
0
3/5
Ferric
mg/l
0,2
3/6
Colour (spectral Absorption coefficient
Hg 436 nm)
m-1
0,5
3/7
Odour limit value
1
2 at 12 °C, 3 at 25 °C
3/8
Taste
1
Acceptable for consumer
3/9
Colony number at 22 °C
1
Without anomal change
3/10
Colony number at 36 °C
1
Without anomal change
3/11
Conductivity
S/cm
2500 at 20 °C
3/12
Manganese
mg/l
0,05
3/13
Sodium
mg/l
200
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 8
Limits (iv), EU
Att./No
.
Parameter
3/14
Total organic carbon (TOC)
3/15
COD
mg/l O2
5
3/16
Sulfate
mg/l
240
3/17
Turbidity
(NTU)
1,0
3/18a
Hydrogen
pH
 6,5 und  9,5
3/18b
Calcit solution capacity
mg/l CaCO3
At purification station: 5
combined water: 10
3/19
Tritium
Bq/l
100
Urban Water
Unit
Limit value
Without anomal change
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 9
Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Urban Water
5
Introduction to water supply
5.1 Goals of water supply
5.2 Overview over water supply system
5.3 Water need
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 10
Structure of a water supply system
Tight
construction
Protection
zone
Spring
intake
Purification
Pressure
Storage
Water distribution
Industry
Lake, dam
Settlemen
t
Water protection
Saftey
barriers
Ground water
Urban Water
Protection
zone
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 11
Regional water supply systems in Germany
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 12
Regional water supply system in USA
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 13
Consumption per year in 106 m³
Consumption and origin of drinking water in Germany
7.000
1.400
6.000
1.200
5.000
1.000
4.000
800
3.000
600
2.000
400
1.000
200
0
0
1991
1995
1998
Ground- and spring water
Saxony
River bank filtrate
Bavaria
NRW
Surface water
(Umweltbundesamt (2001), pp. 52ff.)
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 14
Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management
Urban Water
5
Introduction to water supply
5.1 Goals of water supply
5.2 Overview over water supply system
5.3 Water need
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 15
Effects on water need
Variations in consumption
Changes in consumption
Climate variations (Dry /
wet years)
Trends in population
development
Variations in Economy
Technical development
Comfort and Hygiene
Consumption pattern
Living standard
Law, guidelines
…
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 16
Parameters to characterise consumption (i)
Qd
average daily consumption over a year
Qh
average hours consumption at average day
Qd,max
maximum daily consumption of a year
Qh,max
maximum hours consumption at maximums day
fd
Peak days factor
fh
Peak hours factor
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
© PK, 2010 – page 17
Parameters to characterise consumption (ii)
Parameter
Decisive for
Maximum daily water need
Qd,max = fd ∙ Qd
Purification,
reservoir
Average hourly need at average day
Qh = Qd / 24
Maximum hours need at maximum day
Qh,max = fh ∙ Qd / 24
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
Distribution
system
© PK, 2010 – page 18
Drinking water consumption of private households
28% WC
6%
6%
6%
34% bathing/shower
4% 2%2%
28%
12% washing cloths
6% personal hygiene
6% wash dishes
6% cleaning
4% watering
12%
34%
Urban Water
Chapter 5 Introduction to water supply
2% cooking/drinking
2% cleaning cars
© PK, 2010 – page 19