SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION
IN MEDITERRANEAN
BUILDINGS
SUSTAINABLE
URBAN ARCHITECTURE
TOWARDS A 90% CO2 REDUCTION IN
MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
EUROHEAT & POWER CONFERENCE
BRUSSELS - 5 JUNE 2008
JOAN SABATÉ / CHRISTOPH PETERS
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Crisis what crisis ?
Increase of CO2-emissions in Spain
1990 - 2008
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Resources: Materials – Energy - Water
Density
Multi-functionality
Transport
Energy Demand,
Generation & Distribution
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Sustainable building design criteria
1. Use of low environmental impact
materials with minimum embodied
energy for their production, reuse,
recycling or disposal.
2. Reduction of the building’s energy
demand by means of architectural design
and special attention to the composition
of the building’s envelope.
3. Use of energy efficient systems for HVAC
and lighting and introduction of a Building
Management System
Primary
3,8%
Service
14,2%
Industry
34,9%
Residential
12,8%
Transport
38,1%
final energy consumption in 2003 in
Catalonia: 15,2 millions tep
4. Use of natural resources,
including rainwater harvesting
and grey water reuse, RES.
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Police Station, Tarragona
Micro-trigeneration
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Catalan Blood and Tissue Bank, Barcelona
Aquifer ground water cooling
– open loop
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
60 social housing apartments, Tossa de Mar
Geothermal heat pump
– closed loop
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
96 social housing apartments, Barcelona
District energy
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
96 social housing apartments, Barcelona
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Urban solid waste
incineration, (vapour 30 t/h)
Gas boiler backup
(vapour 30 t/h)
Vapour/water heat
exchangers (4x 5,000kW)
Absorption chillers
(4x 4,500 kW)
Sea water heat exchangers
(4x 12,000 kW)
Compression chillers
(3x 4,000 kW)
Cold water storage tank
(5,000 m3)
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Installation scheme,
District energy network Barcelona
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Absorption chiller,
District energy network Barcelona
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
District energy network Barcelona
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
District energy network Barcelona, installed capacity 2004 - 2011
160.000
140.000
120.000
kW
100.000
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Año
Potencia calor kW
Potencia frio kW
2010
2011
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Calor
Frío
Heat, 2010
18%
23%
5%
72%
82%
Vapor TERSA
Gas
Vapor TERSA
Gas
Electricidad
Frío
Cold, 2010
23%
5%
72%
Vapor TERSA
Gas
Electricidad
Reduction in energy consumption compared to
conventional individual solutions: 51%
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Study of the possibilities of reduction of CO2-emissions
and its application to a 60 apartment social housing project at
Tossa de Mar, Costa Brava, Catalonia
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Study of the possibilities of reduction of CO2-emissions
and its application to a 60 apartment social housing project at
Tossa de Mar, Costa Brava, Catalonia
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Sabaté Associats
Balmes 439 1r 1ª
T +34 932 531 269
e-mail: saas@saas.cat
Arquitectura i sostenibilitat
08022 Barcelona
F +34 932 531 646
web:
www.saas.cat
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Methodology: analysis of the overall energy consumption and
associated emissions over an expected 50 year building’s lifecycle
• Reference building that fulfils minimum requirements of the actual
Spanish and Catalan building regulations (CTE / DEE)
• Project building with reduced CO2 emissions
• respecting two premises:
• to focus on building technologies well known regionally
• not to exceed the overall construction costs by more than 5%
compared to a conventional new building in Catalonia
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Methodology: Evaluation of the overall performance of the
buildings during a life-cycle of 50 years:
• Production and transport of materials
• Construction process
• Operation of the building
• Deconstruction process
• Reuse and recycling
Source image: Sieglinde Fuller
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA
•
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Example façades - Cost, weight, embodied energy, associated emissions
Sabaté Associats
Balmes 439 1r 1ª
T +34 932 531 269
e-mail: saas@saas.cat
Arquitectura i sostenibilitat
08022 Barcelona
F +34 932 531 646
web:
www.saas.cat
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Example roofs - Analysis of 8 alternative systems:
Cost, weight, embodied energy, associated emissions
Roof systems
(values per m2 of functional unit)
Green flat roof (I)
Green flat roof (II)
Inverted transitable flat roof
(Terrazzo fin ish)
Inverted flat roof
(PVC - recycled gravel)
Inverted flat roof
(EPDM - recycled gravel)
Inverted flat roof
(Bitu men - recycled gravel)
Conventional flat roof
(Recycled g ravel)
Conventional flat roof
(cork - recycled gravel)
Cost (€)
100.13
88.74
Weight (kg)
386.75
372.53
98.49
396.62
977.56
122.71
54.44
350.81
615.49
84.68
51.61
350.15
606.87
83.48
55.28
353.29
677.77
93.74
46.31
352.76
616.34
84.67
49.06
361.69
35.73
44.60
Energy (MJ) Emissions (kgCO2 )
1027.76
137.33
1098.23
157.64
For each kind of roof the necessary isolation was used to achieve similar thermal transmittances
(U-value between 0,23 and 0,30 W/m2·K).
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Embodied energy in the materials:
Savings of 143 kg CO2/m2 gross floor area,
equivalent to 26 % of the emissions of the reference building
Use of recycled sands and gravel in foundations and roofs
Prefabricated concrete structure
143 kg CO2/m2
Insulation of mineral wool
Wooden window frames and solar protections
Wooden pathway for apartment access
Linoleum flooring
Weight
Energy
Emissions
412 kg CO2/m2
Reference building
Project building
% reduction
2,167 kg/m2
1,573 kg/m2
27.41 %
5,834 MJ/m2
555 Kg CO2/m2
4,419 MJ/m2
412 Kg CO2/m2
24.25 %
25.77 %
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
The four materials with major impact (steel, concrete, cement and
laminated steel) represent almost half of the CO2 – emissions.
Materials with more than 5% CO2 - emissions
2
Concentration according to functional units
Material
KgCO2/m
21.80%
44% Foundations and protection walls , 49% Structures
Steel
89.79
10.40% 100% Structures
Conc rete
42.84
10.24%
72% Foundations, 16% Structures, 7% Roofs and façades
Cement
42.17
5.81%
100% Structures
Laminated steel
23.92
Project building
48.25%
Total
198.72
For any further CO2-reduction concerning the building materials,
special attention must be given to reducing underground built
volume (parking areas) and using light weight structures.
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Reduction of 34 % of the energy demand by design
• Optimization of block’s orientation and shape
• Fixed solar protections - balconies
• Increase of insulation and use of wooden carpentry
• Use of thermal inertia of roof slabs and ceilings
ECOTECT, LIDER, TRNSYS
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Highly efficient energy systems
Reduction of 72% of energy consumption for HVAC and DHW
Centralized production and storage of heat and cold.
•
Solar thermal installation (SF DHW 50%)
• Geothermal heat pumps
(70% of the peak power, meeting 90% of the demand)
•
Auxiliary gas boilers
Energy consumption
CO2-emi ssions
Referenc e
Project
Red. Referenc e
Project
Energy use
Space conditioning and DHW
Cooking
Electric applianc es
Lighting
Total
kWh/m²
81.40
11.67
12.71
6.85
112.63
kWh/m²
22.50
11.67
12.71
2.06
48.94
% KgCO2/m² KgCO2/m²
72%
16.28
4.50
0
2.33
2.33
0
2.54
2.54
70%
1.37
0.41
57%
22.52
9.78
Red.
%
72%
0
0
70%
57%
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
PROJECT
Project
118
4.226
2.430
MATERIALS
65
CONSTRUCTION
OPERATION
DECONSTRUCTION
REFERENCE
Reference
71
5.590
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
Energy consumption
Phase of life cycle
Materials
Construction
Use
Deconstruction
Total
Reference
MWh
16.333
167
23.388
251
40.139
86
5.593
Project
MWh
12.589
289
10.162
194
23.234
Reduction
%
23%
-73%
57%
23%
42%
10.000
12.000
CO2 emissions
Reference
t CO2
5.590
71
5.593
86
11.340
Project
t CO2
4.226
118
2.430
65
6.839
Reduction of CO2 emissions during the building’s lifecycle: 40 % !
Reduction
%
24%
-66%
57%
24%
40%
tCO2
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
“El primer pas” – “The first step”
Pavilion on Sustainability – Construmat 2007
Departament de Medi Ambient i Habitatge
Generalitat de Catalunya
PAuS – Plataforma Arquitectura i Sostenibilitat
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Actual housing stock
60,0
Lack of insulation
Heat bridges
Lack of solar protection
kgCO2/m2 SC
Reduced efficiency of HVAC,
DHW, and lighting systems
50,0
40,0
0,0
1,4
2,5
2,3
0,0
1,4
2,5
2,3
22,5
16,3
30,0
22,6
22,6
5,1
5,1
Actual
DEE / CTE
20,0
10,0
CO2 emissions:
58,90 kg CO2/
Reduction %:
0%
m2
0,0
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Actual housing stock
0.75 W/m2K \ transmittance
316.28 Kg/m2 \ weight
50.67 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
79.67 €/m2 \ cost
1.13 W/m2K \ transmittance
280.86 Kg/m2 \ weight
58.40 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
61.82 €/m2 \ cost
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Actual housing stock
0.78 W/m2K \ transmittance
438.60 Kg/m2 \ weight
97.80 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
97.33 €/m2 \ cost
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Housing according to recent legislation, CTE / DEE
60,0
Increase of thermal insulation
Incorporation of thermal inertia
50,0
0,0
1,4
2,5
2,3
Improved solar control
Solar thermal installation for
DHW
Energy efficiency lighting
22,5
16,3
30,0
20,0
22,6
22,6
5,1
5,1
DEE / CTE
installations
40,0
Actual
efficiency of the HVAC
kgCO2/m2 SC
Improvement of the energy
0,0
1,4
2,5
2,3
Water saving measures
10,0
CO2 emissions:
52,70 kg CO2/
Reduction %:
11%
m2
0,0
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Housing according to recent legislation, CTE / DEE
0.51 W/m2K \ transmittance
402.86 Kg/m2 \ weight
62.17 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
104.72 €/m2 \ cost
0.55 W/m2K \ transmittance
312.18 Kg/m2 \ weight
94.17 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
73.26 €/m2 \ cost
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Energy efficient housing
30% energy demand
reduction compared to
actual building code CTE
by bioclimatic design and
reduction of thermal
transmittance
Rainwater harvesting
and/or reuse of greywater
50,0
40,0
kgCO2/m2 SC
Highly energy efficient
HVAC systems with COP
> 4 or equivalent
emissions
60,0
0,0
1,4
2,5
2,3
22,5
0,0
0,4
2,5
2,3
30,0
4,5
20,0
22,6
16,0
10,0
Reduction %:
45 %
5,1
5,1
45%
32,20 kg CO2/ m2
Actual
CO2 emissions:
0,0
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Energy efficient housing
0.36 W/m2K \ transmittance
247.40 Kg/m2 \ weight
65.56 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
159.94 €/m2 \ cost
0.26 W/m2K \ transmittance
683.16 Kg/m2 \ weight
157.72 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
153.39 €/m2 \ cost
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Very energy efficient housing with low embodied energy
Use of low environmental
impact materials with
preference to recycled or of
organic origin: wood, etc.
60,0
Elimination of
underground parking
40,0
kgCO2/m2 SC
Reduction of thermal
transmittance:
Façades, roofs
U < 0,3 W/m2K,
windows U < 1,7 W/m2K
50,0
0,0
1,4
2,5
2,3
22,5
30,0
20,0
22,6
10,0
3,8
Reduction %:
74 %
5,1
4,1
1,5
0,0
74%
15,30 kg CO2/ m2
Actual
CO2 emissions:
0,0
0,4
2,5
2,3
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Very energy efficient housing with low embodied energy
0.37 W/m2K \ transmittance
56.00 Kg/m2 \ weight
10.09 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
160.72 €/m2 \ cost
0.30 W/m2K \ transmittance
82.30 Kg/m2 \ weight
-50.81 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
134.77 €/m2 \ cost
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Very energy efficient housing with low embodied energy
0.22 W/m2K \ transmittance
159.87 Kg/m2 \ weight
-39,76 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
188.89 €/m2 \ cost
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Factor 10
60,0
Increase of renewable
energy sources: solar
photovoltaic, solar
thermal, biomass,
biogas, etc.
50,0
kgCO2/m2 SC
40,0
Very highly efficient
energy systems
0,0
1,4
2,5
2,3
22,5
30,0
20,0
22,6
5,90 kg CO2/ m2
5,1
0,0
4,1
1,5
-4,7
90 %
-10,0
90%
Reduction %:
0,4
2,0
0,7
1,6
10,0
Actual
CO2 emissions:
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Factor 10
0.25 W/m2K \ transmittance
174.05 Kg/m2 \ weight
30.32 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions
121.07 €/m2 \ cost
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
High energy efficient retrofitting
Reduction of thermal
transmittance, façades and
roofs U < 0,3 W/m2K,
windows U < 1,7 W/m2K
Reduction of heat bridges
60,0
Improvement of solar
protection
40,0
kgCO2/m2 SC
Incorporation of RES:
photovoltaic, biomass,
biogas, etc.
50,0
0,0
1,4
2,5
2,3
22,5
30,0
20,0
22,6
15,30 kg CO2/
Reduction %:
74 %
m2
5,1
0,0
4,5
2,0
rehabilitació
CO2 emissions:
0,0
0,4
2,5
2,3
10,0
Actual
Highly energy efficient
HVAC systems
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
800
60,0
2,5
50,0
1,4
2,3
700
2,5
2,3
40,0
600
22,5
Euros / m 2
1,4
0,4
30,0
2,3
500
2,5
20,0
400
22,6
0,4
2,5
16,0
2,3
3,8
5,1
5,1
Energy efficient housing
-10,0
Housing according to recent legislation CTE i DEE
0,0
0,7
1,6
4,1
1,5
2,0
0,4
2,5
2,3
Lighting
Il·luminació
Electrodomèstics
Electric appliances
Cuina
Cooking
4,5
Climatització
+ ACS
HVAC and DHW
E.
Incorporada
habitatge
Embodied
energy
housing
2,0
E. Incorporada aparcament
Embodied energy parking
-4,7
Rehabilitation with
energy efficiency
criteria
5,1
4,1
1,5
Very energy efficient
housing with low
embodied energy
10,0
0,4
Housing with
incorporation of
energy production
22,6
Cost
Production
Producció
4,5
Actual housing stock
kgCO2
CO2/m2
/ m 2·a
kg
16,3
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
Conclusions
A 50% reduction of CO2-emissions in social housing is absolutely feasible, using in
Catalonia well established technology and with an additional cost of less than 5%
The life-cycle analysis is a necessary methodology to check the overall emissions of
buildings as the embodied energy and CO2-emissions of materials are of significant
importance
Any further effort for reduction of CO2-emissions in buildings must therefore consider
lighter constructions and materials of less environmental impact.
90% reduction of CO2-emissions incorporating high efficiency equipment and use of
renewable energies for thermal demand and electricity generation
To advance in this direction and increase sustainability in the housing sector it is
necessary to widen existing building design concepts, technologies and administrative
and legal approaches.
SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A
90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS
60 apartment social housing project SaAS
authors Joan Sabaté and Horacio Espeche
architects in charge
responsible research
budget control
structures
installations
landscape
study on reduction of CO2 emissions
directors
energy demand and consumption
embodied energy
www.saas.cat
Federico Pesl and Neus Ayza
Christoph Peters
Ana Moreno
Miquel Angel Sala, BOMA
Oriol Vidal
Susana Kamiya
SaAS, SO
Joan Sabaté, Albert Cuchí
Jordina Vidal, Sergi Cantos, Fabian López and M. Á. Pascual
Albert Sagrera and Ana Moreno
Balmes 439, 1r 1a
E 08022 Barcelona
T +34 932 531 269
F +34 932 531 646
www.saas.cat