Wireless Communication : LAB 1
Background of Wireless
Communication
Wireless Communication
Technology
Wireless Networking and
Mobile IP
Wireless Local Area
Networks
Student Presentations
and Projects
Introduction To Simulation
Software
Simulation
 A simulation is an imitation of some real
thing, state of affairs, or process.
 The act of simulating something generally
require representing certain key
characteristics or behaviors of a selected
physical or abstract system.
 Simulation is used in many contexts,
including the modeling of natural systems or
human systems in order to gain insight into
their functioning.
Simulation (Contd.)
 Other contexts of simulation include
simulation of technology for performance
optimization, safety engineering, testing,
training and education.
 Simulation can be used to show the eventual
real effects of alternative conditions and
courses of action.
 This provides real like results without having
to perform the actual experimentations in
real world.
Why Simulation?
 Understand the manufacturing system
 Inventory issues
 Capacity
 Flow
 Analyze the situation
 What is important?
 Why is it important?
 Create and test new ideas
 Quick and dirty analyses
How to do Simulation?










Investigate the situation
Plan the project
Collect data
Build a conceptual model
Fit distributions to data
Validate
Implement the model in software
Verify
Build many different solutions (answers)
Test the solutions and choose the best answer
Advantages of Simulation
 Cost Effective
 Some open-source software available
 Some packages have entry-level pricing
 Expensive packages may be worth it
 Easy to do
 Specialization = Ease
 Fast to complete
 Specialized packages are fastest
 Easy to communicate the solution
 Animation, custom reports and graphics
What’s new in Simulation?
 3D animation
 Ultra-realistic imaging
 Easy integration with popular languages
 C#, C++, VB, Access, VBA, Excel, Visio





Optimization of designs (OptQuest)
Automated output analysis
Custom Reports (Crystal Reports)
Automated input analysis (Stat::Fit, ExpertFit)
Specialized modeling packages
3D Animation
FlexSim
AutoMod
Arena
Ultra-realism
Language integration
 Excel (reports)
 Access (data retrieval)
 VBA (integration with Office tools)
 VB
 C#
 C++
 Visio (process modeling)
Visio integration
 Build the process in
Visio
 Use the simulation
engine to evaluate it
Witness
Arena
ProModel
Custom Reporting
 The output is integrated with Crystal Reports
 Customized reports can be built quickly
 Output can also be sent to Excel for further
analysis
Crystal Reports
Arena
FlexSim
Witness
Automated Input Analysis
 Data is collected
 Data is imported into ExpertFit or Stat::Fit
 Probability distributions are automatically fit
to the data (family and parameters)
 The distribution representations are
customized for the simulation package
ExpertFit
Stat::Fit
Specialized Modelers
 Computer Networks
 Call Centers
 Hospitals
 Work Flow
 Traffic Flow
 Manufacturing
Discrete Event Simulation
 In discrete event simulation, the operation
Overview
of a system is represented as a chronological
sequence of events.
 Each event occurs at an instant in time and
marks a change of state in the system.
 For example, if an elevator is simulated, an
event could be "level 6 button pressed", with
the resulting system state of "lift moving" and
eventually (unless one chooses to simulate
the failure of the lift) "lift at level 6".
Discrete Event Simulation
(contd.)
 A common exercise in learning how to build
discrete event simulations is to model a
queue, such as customers arriving at a bank
to be served by a teller.
 In this example, the system entities are
CUSTOMER-QUEUE and TELLERS.
 The system events are CUSTOMER-ARRIVAL
and CUSTOMER-DEPARTURE.
Discrete Event Simulation
(contd.)
 The system states, which are changed by
these events, are NUMBER-OFCUSTOMERS-IN-THE-QUEUE (an integer
from 0 to n) and TELLER-STATUS (busy or
idle).
 The random variables that need to be
characterized to model this system
stochastically are CUSTOMERINTERARRIVAL-TIME and TELLER-SERVICETIME.
Discrete Event Simulation
Mechanisms
 A number of mechanisms have been
proposed for carrying out discrete event
simulation, among them are:
 event-based,
 activity-based,
 process-based
 and three-phase approach
Discrete Event Simulation
Mechanisms (contd.)
 The three-phase approach is used by a
number of commercial simulation software
packages, but from the user's point of view,
the specifics of the underlying simulation
method are generally hidden.
 Three-phase maintains a distinct separation
of state (dependent) and time (bound)
conditions.
 All state conditions are executed before the
advance of time to the next bound condition.
Available Simulation
Software
Animate
 This simulation package is more targeted for
the business user; however it can be used in
academia as a teaching tool.
 It’s got good graphical user interface, but the
simulation process doesn’t show the concepts
pretty clearly and lacks flexibility, i.e.
additions and deletions not supported.
 License required.
Cnet
http://www.csse.uwa.edu.au/cnet/ethernets.html
 A discrete-event network simulator enabling
experimentation with various data-link
layers, network layer, routing and transport
layer protocols.
 It is widely used in undergraduate computer
networking courses by students worldwide.
 It has a graphical interface showing simulated
packages travelling in a virtual network
environment.
GloMoSim
http://www.idsia.ch/~andrea/simtools.html
 GloMoSim is a scalable simulation environment
for wired and wireless network systems.
 It employs parallel discrete-event simulation
capability provided by Parsec
 Currently supports protocols for a purely wireless
network, although, the developers are
anticipating adding functionality to simulate
wired as well as hybrid networks.
 Easy to operate but slow in operations, available
to academic institutions for research purposes.
GTNetS
http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/MANIACS/GTNetS/
 The Georgia Tech Network Simulator
(GTNetS) is a full-featured network
simulation environment for studying the
behavior of moderate to large scale networks
 GTNetS creates simulation environment that
is structured much like actual networks are
structured and has clear and distinct
separation of protocol stack layers.
 Freely available.
INSANE
 An Internet Simulated ATM Networking




Environment for testing various IP-over-ATM
algorithms with realistic traffic loads derived
from empirical traffic measurements.
IP, TCP, and UDP are the supported protocols.
Written in C++
Freely available.
Only runs on Unix.
Macromedia Captive
 This application records a user’s action and
produces a video clip of all the activities.
 A very effective technique for teaching and
training end-users.
 Unfortunately, this application isn’t useful for
simulation as it fails to show detail
information about the internal operations of
the system.
NCTUns
http://nsl.csie.nctu.edu.tw/nctuns.html
 A high-fidelity and extensible network
simulator/emulator capable of simulating various
protocols used in both wired and wireless IP
networks
 It can also be used as an emulator by using Linux
TCP/IP protocol stack to generate high-fidelity
simulation results
 Its core technology is based on the novel kernel
re-entering methodology
 NCTUns is commercialized, therefore not freely
available to academia
NetSim
 Netsim provides a very detailed simulation of single
segment bus networks running the Ethernet (CSMA/CD)
protocol.
 Finite population networks are modeled, with the
simulation taking station position into account in
determining the duration of collisions and the beginning
of the backoff period at each station involved in a
collision.
 An experiment description file allows the user to set a
wide variety of parameters for a simulation run, including
very flexible traffic generation processes for individual
hosts on the simulated network. Freely available.
NetSim++
 It is used to measurement performance in
existing or future communications networks
with wide ranges of conditions for the
analysis and simulation of queuing systems.
Ns2*
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
 A discrete event simulator targeted at network




research.
It provides substantial simulation support of TCP,
routing and multicast protocols over wired and
wireless networks.
The good thing about Ns2 is its flexibility, it allows
specification of almost everything e.g. bandwidth,
queuing model, topology etc.
Ns2, however, involves programming Tcl scripts to
invoke the simulation process, which can be hard to
understand by novice users.
Available on Unix and Windows.
OMNeT++*
http://www.omnetpp.org/
 A component-based modular and open-
architecture simulation environment with strong
GUI support and an embeddable simulation
kernel.
 It is easy to use for modeling communication
protocols, computer networks, traffic modeling,
multi-processors and distributed systems, etc.
 OMNeT++ also supports animation and
interactive execution.
 Freely distributed under academic public license.
OPNET Modeler
http://www.opnet.com/
 A combination of predictive modeling and
comprehensive understanding of networking
technologies to enable users to design, deploy, and
manage network infrastructure, network equipment, and
networked applications.
 OPNET Modeler is a development environment, allowing
the design and study of communication networks,
devices, protocols, and other applications.
 However, there are limitations to the use of OPNET, the
simulation process only shows the behavior of the
network instead of the actual processes and also limited
to devices on the simulation package.
 There are downloadable streamline versions for use on
windows platforms.
Performance Prophet
http://dps.uibk.ac.at/projects/prophet
 Used for modeling and simulating high
performance computing systems by
predicting the execution behavior of the
application model on cluster and grid
architectures.
 The package doesn’t show actual processes .
QualNet
http://www.scalable-networks.com/products/qualnet.php
 QualNet is claimed to be the fastest real-time
traffic modelling tool for wireless and wired
networks
 The Animator allows graphically design of
network models from a wide library of
components to describe the network
behaviour.
 Windows and Linux demo versions available.
Real 5.0
 A network simulator originally intended for




studying the dynamic behavior of flow and
congestion control schemes in packetswitched data networks.
Real 5.0 simulates flow control algorithms
such as TCP and various queuing disciplines.
Written in C.
Uses NeST simulator and freely available
A license form must be filled
Operates only on Unix.
S3
 Scalable Self-Organizing Simulation Software
for simulating the Internet.
 Freely available for download
 For Unix and Windows
Simured
 Simured is a simulation tool for computer
cluster traffic.
 Open source.
 For Unix and Windows systems.
SWANS
 SWANS is a scalable wireless network simulator
organized as independent software components
that can be composed to form complete wireless
network or sensor network configurations.
 Its capabilities are similar to ns2 and GloMoSim,
 SWANS is able to simulate much larger
networks.
 It is designed to achieve high simulation
throughput, saving memory, and running
standard Java network applications over
simulated networks.
Traffic 2.0
 A simulation product designed to solve
complex call-centre modeling problems
 It can also be applied to any other queuing
problem.
 It has an easy to use graphical interface.
 It runs on Windows.
Simulation Software used in
this course
 NS2
 OMNeT++
 LabVIEW by
ns-allinone-2.32 release
Conclusion
 Many new features to help with:




Modeling: language, Visio, animation
Analysis: automated input and output
Communications: 3D animation and virtual reality
Experimentation: optimizers
 Simulation models are becoming more powerful,
easier to build, and capable of representing
much more complex systems
 Open source simulation software are improving
in terms of features ,ease of use and availability
of libraries
 We will use NS2, OMNeT++ and LabVIEW
Next Lab
 Installation of NS2 on Windows
 All Lecture and Lab slides will be available on
http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/cms/teWCbs
 Student may login as:
 User: guest1
 Password: guest1