Animal Contributions to
Human Needs
What animals are used for
production purposes?
SCIENCE

a process through which nature is
STUDIED, DISCOVERED, and
UNDERSTOOD.
Animal Science
 The
PROCESS through which
LIVESTOCK ANIMALS are
STUDIED and
UNDERSTOOD.
Animal Science

Involves BREEDING, feeding, care
and MANAGEMENT of animals;
MARKETING and PROCESSING
of animals and their PRODUCTS
based on knowledge gained
through practical EXPERIENCE
and RESEARCH.
Domestication
 To
adapt an animal for human
use
Five requirements for
domestication



1.The animal is VALUED and there are
clear PURPOSES for which it is kept.
2.The animal’s BREEDING is subject to
human control.
3.The animal’s SURVIVAL depends upon
humans.
Five requirements for
domestication


4.The animal’s BEHAVIOR (psychology)
is changed in domestication.
5.Morphological (STRUCTURAL)
characteristics have appeared which occur
rarely if at all in the wild.
Wild animal
 not
GENETICALLY altered by
artificial selection for use by
humans
 Example
Tame wild animal
a
wild animal that, through
intervention of man, has
adapted BEHAVIORALLY so
as to be useful to humans.
 Example
Exotic animal
a
wild animal belonging to a
species whose historic native
range lies totally outside
NORTH AMERICA
 Example
Domestic animal
 an
animal that has been
genetically altered from the
original wild species for use by
humans through ARTIFICIAL
SELECTION
 Example
Feral animal
a
DOMESTIC animal that lives
in the WILD with no human
assistance
 Example
Feral population
a
REPRODUCING group of
FERAL animals
 Example
Species
a
group of closely related
animals that can
INTERBREED and produce
FERTILE offspring
 Example
Breed
 animals
of common ORIGIN
with characteristics that
distinguish them from other
groups within the same
SPECIES
 Example
Type
 animals
of the same SPECIES
that are grouped together
based on the PRODUCTS
they produce
 Example
Scientific Names of
Domesticated Livestock
Animals
Genus species
European Cattle
Bos
taurus
Indian Cattle
Bos
indicus
Sheep
Ovis
aries
Goats
Capra
hircus
Swine
Sus
scrofa
domesticus
Horse
Equus
caballus
Donkey
Equus
asinus
Rabbit
Oryctolagus
cuniculus
Llama
Llama
glama
Alpaca
Llama
pacos
Dog
Canis
familiaris
Cat
Felis
catus
Chicken
Gallus
domesticus
Turkey
Meleagris
gallopavo
Duck
Anas
platyrhyncha
Goose
Anser
anser
Terms of Domesticated
Animals
Cattle Terminology
 Species
Bovine
Cattle Terminology
 Group
Herd
Cattle Terminology
 Adult
Male
Bull
Cattle Terminology
 Adult
Female
Cow
Cattle Terminology
 Young
Bull
Male
Calf
Cattle Terminology
 Young
Female
Heifer
Calf
Cattle Terminology
 Newborn
Calf
Cattle Terminology
 Castrated
Bullock
Male
or Steer
Cattle Terminology
 Offspring
Calf
w/Dam
at Foot or Suckling
Cattle Terminology
 Birthing
Calving
Cattle Terminology
 Mating
Serving
Sheep Terminology
 Species
Ovine
Sheep Terminology
 Group
Flock
Sheep Terminology
 Adult
Male
Ram,
Buck, or Tup
Sheep Terminology
 Adult
Female
Ewe
Sheep Terminology
 Young
Ram
Male
Lamb or Buck Lamb
Sheep Terminology
 Young
Ewe
Female
Lamb
Sheep Terminology
 Newborn
Lamb
Sheep Terminology
 Castrated
Wether
Male
Sheep Terminology
 Offspring
w/Dam
Suckling
Sheep Terminology
 Birthing

Lambing
Sheep Terminology
 Mating
Tupping
Goats Terminology
 Species
Caprine
Goats Terminology
 Group
Flock
or Band
Goats Terminology
 Adult
Male
Buck
or Billy
Goats Terminology
 Adult
Female
Doe
or Nanny
Goats Terminology
 Young
Male
Buckling
Goats Terminology
 Young
Female
Goatling
Goats Terminology
 Newborn
Kid
Goats Terminology
 Castrated
Wether
Male
Goats Terminology
 Offspring
w/Dam
Suckling
Goats Terminology
 Birthing
Kidding
Goats Terminology
 Mating
Serving
Swine Terminology
 Species
Swine
or Sus
Swine Terminology
 Group
Drove
Swine Terminology
 Adult
Male
Boar
Swine Terminology
 Adult
Female
Sow
Swine Terminology
 Young
Boar
Male
Pig or Boarling
Swine Terminology
 Young
Gilt
Female
Swine Terminology
 Newborn
Pig,
Piglet, Pigling
Swine Terminology
 Castrated
Barrow,
Male
Stag, Hog
Swine Terminology
 Offspring
w/Dam
Suckling
Swine Terminology
 Birthing
Farrowing
Swine Terminology
 Mating
Coupling
Poultry Terminology
 Species
Gallus
Poultry Terminology
 Group
Flock
Poultry Terminology
 Adult
Male
Rooster,
Cock
Poultry Terminology
 Adult
Female
Hen
Poultry Terminology
 Young
Male
Cockerel
Poultry Terminology
 Young
Female
Pullet
Poultry Terminology
 Newborn
Chick
Poultry Terminology
 Castrated
Capon
Male
Poultry Terminology
 Offspring
Clutch,
w/Dam
Brood
Poultry Terminology
 Birthing
Hatching
Poultry Terminology
 Mating
?????
Horse Terminology
 Species
Equine
Horse Terminology
 Group
Herd,
Band, etc.
Horse Terminology
 Adult
Male
Stallion
Horse Terminology
 Adult
Female
Mare
Horse Terminology
 Young
Colt
Male
Horse Terminology
 Young
Filly
Female
Horse Terminology
 Newborn
Foal
Horse Terminology
 Castrated
Gelding
Male
Horse Terminology
 Offspring
w/Dam
Suckling
or Foal at Side
Horse Terminology
 Birthing
Foaling
Horse Terminology
 Mating
Serving
Functions of Livestock


Product- an actual material provided by
an animal that can be bought, sold, or
used
Service- a work provided by an animal
Functions of Livestock




Food
Clothing
Power
Recreation
Food




Meat
Eggs
Milk
Honey
Clothing




Wool
Leather
Hair/Fur
Feathers
Power




Horses
Mules, Donkeys, Burros
Llamas, Alpacas
Oxen, Water buffalo, reindeer, yak,
camels
Recreation




Pleasure Horses
Purebred Herds and Flocks
Livestock Exhibitions, Shows, Rodeos
Horse Racing
Mainstream Domestic Animals







Dairy Cattle
Beef Cattle
Sheep (Wool, Meat, Dairy)
Swine
Goats (Mohair, Milk, Meat, Cashmere)
Horses, Mules, Donkeys, etc
Poultry
Non-Traditional Domestic Animals







Ostrich & Emu
Deer and Elk
Bison
Aquaculture
Llamas and Alpacas
Alligators
Rare Breeds of Domestic Animals
Types of Livestock
Cattle




Beef Type
Dairy Type
Dual Purpose
Multi-Purpose
Sheep

Wool type







Fine
Medium
Long
Colored
Meat or Mutton type
Dual Purpose
Dairy Type
Swine



Lard Type
Bacon Type
Meat Type
Horses





Draft Type
Racing
Ranch Work/Stock Horse
Trotting
Pacers
Poultry




Eggs (Layers)
Meat (Broilers)
Ornamental
Cock Fighting
Why Farmers Use Livestock




Converts feed to meat; feed generally
brings more money when marketed
through livestock
Utilizes labor the year around
Allows for greater production capacity and
increases opportunity for making profits
Helps maintain fertility of the land
Why Farmers Use Livestock




May more fully utilize capital, machinery
and wasteland (range).
Utilizes roughage that can’t readily be sold
(poor hay, corn stalks, straw, etc.)
Diversifies that farm and/or ranch
Personal satisfaction of working with
domesticated animals
Animal Protein



Animal proteins are superior to vegetable
proteins for humans
Animal proteins have improved amino acid
balance over vegetable protein
Producing animals for meat, mike, eggs,
etc. is not as efficient as compared to
cereal grains produced for humans alone
Ruminants




Have a four compartment stomach
Can digest roughages
Manufacture essential amino acids and
energy
Examples include:



Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Non-ruminants (Monogastric)



Have a single compartment stomach
Need supplementary sources of amino
acids and vitamins
Examples include:



Swine
Poultry
Horses
Contributions to Food Needs


Vegetarianism -- started in India, due to
long-term population pressure and scarcity
of feed and forage for animals -- also
religious concerns; all life is sacred.
Rising Population Pressures -- particularly
in developing regions force people to
consume foods of plant origin
Contributions to food Needs
Classification:
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
% Animal
Dietary
Energy
% Animal
Protein of
Total Protein
25
7
55
21
Contributions to Food Needs



Meat -- is important in diet; excellent
balance of amino acids, vitamins and
especially Vitamin B12
Milk -- approximately 90% of milk for
human consumption in the world comes
from cattle
Over 85% of the world population desires
food of animal origin
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Vegan
Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian
Vegetarian
Lacto Vegetarian
Ovo Vegetarian
Raw Vegan
Pescatarian
Flexitarian
Pollo Vegetarians
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Vegan: No animal products at all
Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian: no meat, milk,
eggs
Vegetarian: no meat
Lacto Vegetarian: no meat or milk
Ovo Vegetarian: no meat or eggs
Raw Vegan: only raw, uncooked
vegetables and fruits
Pescatarian: Will eat fish, no other
meat
Flexitarian: Occasionally eats meat
Pollo Vegetarians: Eats poultry, no
other meat
Calories of cultural or Fossil Fuel
expended per calorie of food





Hunting Game
Soybeans
Range Lamb
Corn
Range Beef
.1-.2
.2-.5
.3-.4
.4-.5
.5-.6





Coastal Fishing
Poultry
Hogs
Farm Forage Beef
Feedlot Beef
.9-1.1
1.5-2.0
2.5-3.2
3.0-4.0
10.5-12.0
Feed Conversion Values

For each 1lb of gain, each animal eats





Sheep
Cattle
Swine
Turkeys
Chicken
5-7 lbs
7-8 lbs
3.0-3.5 lbs
3.0-3.5 lbs
2
Livestock Feed Consumption





Range/Pasture 34%
Processed Feed 7%
Feed Grain 26%
Hay
32%
Wheat 1%
Range/Pasture
Hay
Feed Grains
Wheat
Processed
Feeds
US Livestock Producers- 1996



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
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Beef
Swine
Chickens
Dairy
Horses
Ducks/Geese
Goats (milk)
Goats (angora)
55.4%
11.9%
10.9%
8.5%
5.4%
2.4%
.9%
.3%
909,100
182,700
179,200
140,100
88,400
39,600
15,400
5,400
Top States in Beef Production






1. Texas
2. Kansas
3. Nebraska
4. Oklahoma
5. California
Utah’s Rank 28th
Top States in Dairy Production




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1. California
2. Wisconsin
3. New York
4. Pennsylvania
5. Michigan
Utah’s Rank 25th
Top States in Sheep Production






1. Texas
2. California
3. Wyoming
4. Colorado
5. South Dakota
Utah’s Rank 7th
Top States in Goat Production






1. Texas
2. New Mexico
3. Arizona
4. Oklahoma
5. California
Utah’s Rank ?
Top States in Swine Production






1. Iowa
2. North Carolina
3. Michigan
4. Illinois
5. Indiana
Utah’s Rank 20th
Top States in Layers Production






1. California
2. Ohio
3. Indiana
4. Pennsylvania
5. Iowa
Utah’s Rank 33rd
Top States in Broiler Production






1. Arkansas
2. Georgia
3. Alabama
4. North Carolina
5. Mississippi
Utah’s Rank ??
Top States in Turkey Production






1. North Carolina
2. Minnesota
3. Arkansas
4. Missouri
5. California
Utah’s Rank 14th
Number of Farms and Ranches






1. Texas
2. Missouri
3. Iowa
4. Kentucky
5. Minnesota
Utah’s Rank 36th
Land in Farms and Ranches






1. Texas
2. Montana
3. Kansas
4. Nebraska
5. New Mexico
Utah’s Rank 28th
Utah’s Rank in Other Areas



Mink Production 2nd
Trout Production 6th
Honey Production 24th