Table 1. Characteristics of the 133 patients with ESRD with and without
CAAC at the initiation of hemodialysis.
Variables
CAAC (+)
CAAC (-)
p value
No. of patients
Age (y)
Male
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Dyslipidemia
94 (71)
67.2±10.1
57 (61)
93 (99)
58 (62)
77 (82)
39 (29)
58.3±8.8
20 (51)
32 (82)
18 (46)
25 (64)
<0.01
0.32
<0.01
0.10
0.03
Smoking
Previous CVD
Calcium carbonate
45 (48)
48 (51)
26 (28)
14 (36)
4 (10)
13 (33)
0.20
<0.01
0.52
Vitamin D3
Dose of ESA (U/month)
Statins
ACEI and/or ARB
SBP (mm Hg)
DBP (mm Hg)
Pulse pressure (mm Hg)
14 (15)
3000 (0-3000)
26 (28)
50 (53)
158±20
79±10
79±16
5 (13)
1500 (0-3000)
5 (13)
20 (51)
150±23
82±11
68±15
0.75
0.47
0.05
0.84
0.04
0.13
<0.01
Body mass index (kg/m2)
20 (18-22)
21 (19-23)
0.04
92 (78-106)
9.0 (7.6-10.2)
4.7 (2.3-8.0)
3.1±0.6
8.1±1.1
88 (78-120)
9.6 (8.3-11.2)
3.7 (1.4-7.3)
3.4±0.6
8.6±1.5
0.76
0.07
0.10
0.06
0.02
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)
Up/Ucr
Serum albumin (g/dL)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
Ca-P product (mg2/dL2)
53.6 (44.2-64.8) 51.9 (42.8-61.4)
0.44
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)
intact-PTH (pg/mL)
CCA-IMT (mm)
0.15 (0.05-0.44) 0.06 (0.02-0.21)
227 (150-315)
260 (170-420)
0.83 (0.72-1.10) 0.71 (0.57-0.80)
0.01
0.08
<0.01
CAP
Calcified plaque
AAC
Low ABI
77 (82)
46 (49)
67 (71)
20 (22)
9 (23)
0 (0)
5 (13)
1 (3)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Values are expressed as the mean±SD, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: ESRD, end-stage renal disease; CAAC, carotid artery calcification;
CVD, cardiovascular disease; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents; ACEI,
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; SBP,
systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Up/Ucr, urinary
protein-creatinine ratio; Ca-P, calcium-phosphorus; PTH, parathyroid hormone;
CCA-IMT, common carotid artery-intima-media thickness; CAP carotid artery plaque;
AAC, aortic arch calcification; ABI, ankle-brachial index.
Table 2. Characteristics at the initiation of hemodialysis of the 133 patients with
and without cardiovascular events.
Variables
CV events (+)
CV events (-)
p value
No. of patients
Age (y)
Male
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Dyslipidemia
47 (35)
66.7±9.4
29 (62)
46 (98)
30 (64)
38 (81)
86 (65)
63.4±10.9
48 (56)
79 (92)
46 (53)
64 (74)
0.10
0.51
0.13
0.25
0.40
Smoking
Previous CV disease
Dose of ESA (U/week)
Statins
ACEI and/or ARB
SBP (mm Hg)
DBP (mm Hg)
Pulse pressure (mm Hg)
26 (55)
21 (45)
9000 (4500-9000)
16 (34)
24 (51)
155±15
78±10
76±12
33 (38)
31 (36)
9000 (9000-9000)
14 (16)
41 (48)
156±23
80±10
75±19
0.06
0.33
0.34
0.02
0.71
0.92
0.34
0.51
Body mass index (kg/m2)
20 (18-23)
21 (19-22)
0.43
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)
92 (73-114)
90 (80-110)
0.60
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
Up/Ucr
Serum albumin (g/dL)
8.4 (6.9-9.7)
8.4±1.1
4.4 (2.0-7.2)
3.1±0.6
9.5 (8.3-10.9)
8.1±1.3
4.6 (1.8-8.1)
3.2±0.6
<0.01
0.22
0.75
0.43
Ca-P product (mg2/dL2)
51.5 (43.7-61.4)
53.3 (43.5-65.0)
0.58
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)
intact-PTH (pg/mL)
CCA-IMT (mm)
CAP
Calcified plaque
0.14 (0.05-0.44)
235 (150-302)
0.83 (0.73-0.97)
35 (74)
24 (51)
0.09 (0.04-0.28)
245 (160-381)
0.77 (0.64-0.95)
51 (59)
22 (26)
0.30
0.41
0.09
0.08
<0.01
CAAC
AAC
Low ABI
Duration of follow-up (months)
41 (87)
28 (60)
10 (22)
19.2 (9.1-32.5)
53 (62)
44 (51)
11 (13)
51.6 (38.4-65.7)
<0.01
0.35
0.18
<0.01
Values are expressed as the mean±SD, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: CV, cardiovascular; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents; ACEI,
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; SBP,
systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Up/Ucr, urinary
protein-creatinine ratio; Ca-P, calcium-phosphorus; PTH, parathyroid hormone;
CCA-IMT, common carotid artery-intima-media thickness; CAP carotid artery plaque;
CAAC, carotid artery calcification; AAC, aortic arch calcification; ABI, ankle-brachial
index.
Table 3. Risk factors for cardiovascular events by Cox analysis.
Multivariatea
Univariate
Variable
HR
95％CI
p value
HR
95% CI
p value
Age
Male
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Dyslipidemia
Smoking
1.03
1.27
3.27
1.49
1.35
1.95
1.00-1.06
0.71-2.32
0.71-57.9
0.83-2.76
0.68-2.97
1.09-3.52
0.04
0.43
0.15
0.19
0.41
0.02
1.01
1.73
0.98-1.05
0.94-3.20
0.38
0.08
Previous CV disease
Pulse pressure (mm Hg)
1.40
1.00
0.78-2.48
0.99-1.02
0.26
0.83
-
-
-
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.98
0.90-1.07
0.69
-
-
-
Up/Ucr
Serum albumin (g/dL)
1.02
0.74
0.97-1.07
0.47-1.17
0.38
0.20
-
-
-
Ca-P product (mg2/dL2)
0.98
0.96-1.00
0.11
-
-
-
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)
intact-PTH (pg/mL)
CCA-IMT (mm)
CAP
1.19
1.00
2.97
1.69
0.66-1.91
0.996-1.00
1.20-6.52
0.90-3.39
0.53
0.14
0.02
0.10
1.51
-
0.52-3.79
-
0.43
-
CAAC
AAC
Low ABI
3.78
1.52
1.77
1.72-9.97
0.85-2.77
0.83-3.43
<0.01
0.15
0.13
2.85
1.18-8.00
0.02
-
-
-
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CV, cardiovascular; Up/Ucr, urinary
protein-creatinine ratio; Ca-P, calcium-phosphorus; PTH, parathyroid hormone; CCA-IMT, common
carotid artery-intima-media thickness; CAP, carotid artery plaque; CAAC, carotid artery
calcification; AAC, aortic arch calcification; ABI, ankle-brachial index; HR, hazard ratio; CI,
confidence interval. a The multivariate model includes variables for which p<0.10 by univariate
analysis.
Table 4. Characteristics at the initiation of hemodialysis of the 133 patients with
and without all-cause death.
Variables
Death (+)
Death (-)
p value
No. of patients
Age (y)
Male
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
42 (32)
71.4±8.3
27 (64)
40 (95)
23 (55)
91 (68)
61.4±10.0
50 (55)
85 (93)
53 (58)
<0.01
0.31
0.67
0.71
Dyslipidemia
Smoking
Previous CV disease
Dose of ESA (U/week)
Satins
ACEI and/or ARB
SBP (mm Hg)
DBP (mm Hg)
Pulse pressure (mm Hg)
30 (71)
16 (38)
20 (48)
9000 (6000-9000)
10 (24)
16 (38)
153±15
77±10
77±12
72 (79)
43 (47)
32 (35)
9000 (6000-9000)
20 (22)
49 (54)
156±23
81±10
75±18
0.34
0.32
0.17
0.92
0.81
0.09
0.49
0.03
0.55
Body mass index (kg/m2)
20 (17-23)
21 (19-22)
0.23
89 (73-102)
9.3 (6.9-10.3)
4.3 (1.9-7.9)
3.1±0.5
8.3±1.3
92 (81-114)
9.2 (8.0-10.7)
4.7 (1.9-7.9)
3.3±0.6
8.2±1.3
0.09
0.30
0.66
0.11
0.86
Ca-P product (mg2/dL2)
51.2 (42.1-57.5)
53.7 (44.2-65.3)
0.18
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)
intact-PTH (pg/mL)
CCA-IMT (mm)
CAP
0.18 (0.07-0.51)
235 (168-273)
0.83 (0.74-1.12)
32 (76)
0.07 (0.04-0.25)
250 (148-390)
0.76 (0.64-0.90)
54 (59)
0.04
0.32
<0.01
0.05
Calcified plaque
CAAC
AAC
Low ABI
Duration of follow-up (months)
23 (55)
37 (88)
28 (67)
12 (29)
29.1 (17.8-48.5)
23 (25)
57 (63)
44 (48)
9 (10)
53.6 (45.4-67.8)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01
<0.01
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)
Up/Ucr
Serum albumin (g/dL)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
Values are expressed as the mean±SD, number (%), or median (interquartile range). Abbreviations:
CV, cardiovascular; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood
pressure; Up/Ucr, urinary protein-creatinine ratio; Ca-P, calcium-phosphorus; PTH, parathyroid
hormone; CCA-IMT, common carotid artery intima-media thickness; CAP carotid artery plaque;
CAAC, carotid artery calcification; AAC, aortic arch calcification; ABI, ankle-brachial index.
Table 5. Risk factors for all-cause mortality by Cox analysis.
Multivariatea
Univariate
Variable
HR
95％CI
p value
HR
95% CI
p value
Age
Male
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Dyslipidemia
Smoking
1.08
1.33
1.33
0.92
0.73
0.81
1.05-1.12
0.72-2.56
0.41-8.16
0.50-1.71
0.38-1.49
0.43-1.49
<0.01
0.37
0.68
0.79
0.37
0.50
1.09
-
1.05-1.14
-
<0.01
-
Previous CV disease
Pulse pressure (mm Hg)
1.39
1.00
0.75-2.55
0.99-1.02
0.29
0.65
-
-
-
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.96
0.87-1.05
0.33
-
-
-
Up/Ucr
Serum albumin (g/dL)
1.02
0.62
0.97-1.07
0.38-1.00
0.38
0.05
0.89
0.51-1.58
0.67
Ca-P product (mg2/dL2)
0.98
0.96-1.00
0.11
-
-
-
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)
intact-PTH (pg/mL)
CCA-IMT (mm)
CAP
1.64
1.00
3.76
1.80
0.95-2.58
0.996-1.00
1.58-8.05
0.92-3.86
0.07
0.14
<0.01
0.09
1.68
2.20
0.59
0.91-2.92
0.76-6.00
0.24-1.61
0.10
0.14
0.29
CAAC
AAC
Low ABI
3.87
1.87
2.70
1.66-11.3
1.00-3.66
1.33-5.15
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01
1.83
0.89
1.83
0.55-6.63
0.43-1.92
0.78-3.94
0.33
0.76
0.16
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CV, cardiovascular; Up/Ucr, urinary
protein-creatinine ratio; Ca-P, calcium-phosphorus; PTH, parathyroid hormone; CCA-IMT, common
carotid artery-intima-media thickness; CAP, carotid artery plaque; CAAC, carotid artery
calcification; AAC, aortic arch calcification; ABI, ankle-brachial index; HR, hazard ratio; CI,
confidence interval.
analysis.
a
The multivariate model includes variables for which p<0.10 by univariate