SIMD 2009 – technical
aspects and use of the
index
Matt Perkins and Andrew White
Office of the Chief Statistician
Scottish Government
5th February 2010
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
SIMD 2009 – technical aspects
and use of the index
• Technical Aspects of SIMD
– SIMD history
– Domains and indicators
– Methodology
• Using the SIMD
– Where to find things
– How to use the SIMD
– Example
• Work in development
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
SIMD History -SIMD 2004
• Work done in house (with some SDRC help)
• Datazone geography
• 6 aspects of deprivation (domains)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Income
Employment
Health
Education
Access
Housing
• Data from 2001 and 2002
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
SIMD 2006
• Evaluation of Statistical Techniques in the
Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (2005 Dr
Alex McConnachie, Dr Chris Weir, Robertson Centre for
Biostatistics University of Glasgow)
• 7 domains
– New crime domain added
• Public transport times included in access domain
as sub-domain
• 37 indicators
• Data (mostly) from 2004 and 2005
• Published October 2006
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
SIMD 2009
• Published on 29th October 2009
• 7 domains
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Income
Employment
Health
Education
Access
Crime
Housing
• 38 indicators
• Data (mostly) from 2007 and 2008
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Employment Deprivation Domain
• Based on benefits data (2008)
– Unemployment Claimant Count
• 12 month average
– Incapacity Benefit recipients
• Working age
– Severe Disablement Allowance
• Working age
– Compulsory New Deal Participants
• No change to 2004 indicators for 2006 or 2009
• Datazone SAPE
– Working age population
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Income Deprivation Domain
• Not measuring income
• Based on benefits data (2008 and 2007)
– Income support
• adults and children
– Guarantee Pension Credit
• adults
– Job Seekers Allowance
• adults and children
• 2004 used WFTC and DTC data
• 2009 – WTC and CTC (2006 data)
• Datazone SAPE
– Total population
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Housing Deprivation Domain
• Census data
– No change since SIMD 2004
– Persons in households which are
overcrowded
– Persons in households without central heating
• Census populations
– Total population
• No new indicators identified
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Crime Domain
• Relevant to Neighbourhood Deprivation
• ‘SIMD crime’ not ‘Total Crime’
– Crimes of violence
– Drug Offences
– Domestic Housebreaking
– Minor Assault
– Vandalism
• Does not include crimes in/near police station
• First included in 2006
• Total populations – rate per 10,000
• Move to financial year for SIMD 2009
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Health Deprivation Domain
• Indicators used:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Standardised Mortality Ratio*
Hospital Episodes related to alcohol use*
Hospital Episodes related to drug use*
Comparative Illness Factor*
Emergency Admissions to Hospital*
Proportion of population being prescribed drugs for anxiety,
depression or psychosis
– Proportion of live singleton births of low birth weight
• *Age – Sex Standardisation
• Methodological changes since 2004
– Removal of Shrinkage
• Minor changes for 2009
• Normalised and combined using factor analysis
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Education Deprivation Domain
• Indicators
–
–
–
–
–
School pupil absences
Pupil Performance on SQA at Stage 4
Working age people with no qualifications
17-21 year olds enrolling into HE
People ages 16-18 not in full time education,
employment or training
• NEET indicator change for 2009
• Populations relevant to indicator
• Combined using factor analysis
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Access to Services Domain (indicators)
• Drive Times
–
–
–
–
GP
Shopping facilities (Supermarket in 2004)
Petrol Station
Primary and Secondary Schools (Primary only in
2004)
– Post Office
• Public Transport (Not included in SIMD 2004)
– GP
– Shopping Facilities
– Post Office
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Access to Services Domain (methodology)
• Population weighted based on COAs
• Factor analysis within sub-domains
• Methodology and modelling changes
• Change to sub-domain weights. (3/4:1/4 – 2/3:1/3)
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Creating the index
•
•
•
•
Data zones ranked on 7 domains
Exponential Transformation
Combine to give index
Weights based on:
– Academic research
– Data quality
– Sensitivity analysis
• Use ranks for analysis
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Domains and Weightings
2004
Domains
2006
weight
% of
overall
weight
Domains
2009
weight
% of
overall
weight
weight
% of
overall
weight
Current
Income
6
29
Current Income
12
28
12
28
Employment
6
29
Employment
12
28
12
28
Health
3
14
Health
6
14
6
14
14
Education,
Skills and
training
6
14
6
14
4
9
4
9
Education,
Skills and
training
3
10
Geographic
Access and
Telecommu
nications
2
Housing
1
-
-
5
-
Geographic
Access:
~ Drive times
0.75
0.66
~ Public
transport times
0.25
0.33
Housing
1
2
1
2
Crime
2
5
2
5
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Use of the index
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Where to find things
• SIMD publication, SIMD technical report, etc
• SIMD website - publications, analysis, data,
interactive mapping: www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
• Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics – wealth of
data zone level data and reporting tool:
www.sns.gov.uk
• SNS user forum - SIMD presentations,
geography look ups:
www.scotland.gov.uk/topics/statistics/sns
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Some ways to use the index
• 15% most deprived datazones in Scotland, (or
10%, or 20%)
• SIMD domains
• SIMD within an area eg 10% most deprived data
zones in D&G
• SIMD indicators
• Relative vs Absolute change
• Change over time.
• Concentrations within an area (income and
employment domains)
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Distribution of employment deprived* people
% Working Age Population Employment Deprived
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Employment Domain Vigintile
Least Deprived
Most Deprived
2004
2006
2009
*Claiming Incapacity Benefit or Severe Disablement Allowance or on unemployment claimant count or
New Deal participants. Not ‘worklessness’ and not ‘unemployed’
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Some ways to use the index
• 15% most deprived datazones in Scotland, (or
10%, or 20%)
• SIMD domains
• SIMD within an area eg 10% most deprived data
zones in D&G
• SIMD indicators
• Relative vs Absolute change
• Change over time.
• Concentrations within an area (income and
employment domains)
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
An example for
Dumfries & Galloway
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Box plots showing
distribution of D&G datazones
0.15
0.26
0.25
0.09
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
0.24
Some things to consider
• Aims of analysis – the SIMD is A measure
of deprivation
• Overall index vs domains vs indicators
• SIMD methodology
• Age / time period of data
• Population
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Work in development
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Current plans
• Combining population data with SIMD
• Guidance and examples of change over
time analysis at LA level
• Relative vs Absolute change
• Analysis of change over time (Scotland)
• National Performance Framework and
Local Outcome Indicators
• More presentations and guidance
• Annual updates to indicators and domains
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
SIMD and rural areas
• Index identifies deprived datazones in both
urban and rural areas.
• Identifies small area concentrations of multiple
deprivation.
• The indicators which make up the SIMD are
chosen because they are measures of
deprivation regardless of where a person lives.
• However deprivation more spatially dispersed in
rural areas.
• Other factors, such as population decline, may
also pose particular challenges for rural areas.
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Rural indicators
• SG looking into creating new ‘population’ domain
and combining it with existing income,
employment and access domains
• Possible population indicators include:
–
–
–
–
–
Population density
Population change
Change in population aged 0-15
Change in population of pension age
Change in ratio of population aged 0-15 to working
age population
– Change in ratio of population of pension age to
working age population
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Population domain – INITIAL FINDINGS
• Initial investigations suggest that these indicators may
not be sufficiently correlated with each other to allow
creation of a population domain
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
INITIAL FINDINGS - Lack of correlation between indicators
Pop'n change v change in ratio of population
aged 0-15 to working age population
30
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50 0
-100
-150
10000
20000
30000
40000
change in 0-15:wa
0-15 change
Population density v 0-15 change
20
10
-100
-50
0
-10 0
-20
50
150
200
-30
-40
-50
Density
Pop'n change
Change in ratio of children to working age population v
change in ratio of pensioners to working age population
0-15 change v pension change
30
change in pens:wa
200
Pension change
150
100
50
0
-200
100
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
20
10
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
-10 0
-20
-30
300
-50
-40
0-15 change
change in 0-15:w a
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
10
20
30
Population domain – INITIAL FINDINGS
• Initial investigations suggest that these indicators may
not be sufficiently correlated with each other to allow
creation of a population domain
• Also shows that, in general, population decline not worse
in more rural areas
• Likely that there are particular rural areas experiencing
problems but that these problems are not necessarily an
issue for all rural areas.
• Also possible that population decline in a rural area
poses a more significant problem than a similar level of
population decline in an urban area.
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
Population change by 8-fold Urban-Rural Classification
12.0
Percentage change (2005-08)
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
Population
Child (0-15) population
Working age (16-59/64)
population
Pension age (60/65+)
population
Large Urban Areas
Other Urban Areas
Accessible Small Tow ns
Remote Small Tow ns
Very Remote Small Tow ns
Accessible Rural
Remote Rural
Very Remote Rural
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd
ANY
QUESTIONS?
Contacts:
Andrew White
Tel: 0131 244 7714
andrew.white@scotland.gsi.gov.uk
Matt Perkins
Tel: 0131 244 0443
matt.perkins@scotland.gsi.gov.uk
Neighbourhood Statistics (SNS & SIMD)
Tel: 0131 244 0442
neighbourhoodstatistics@scotland.gov.uk
www.scotland.gov.uk/simd