Chapter 7
Human Growth and Development
Health Care
Science
Technology
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CLICK A DEVELOPMENTAL
LEVEL TO GO DIRECTLY TO
THAT SECTION.
From Conception
through the Teenage Years 7-2
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2
Conception to Full Term
The Neonate: Birth to One Month
The Infant: One Month to One Year
The Toddler: One to Three Years of Age
The Preschooler: Three to Five Years of Age
The Elementary School Child: Six to Ten
Years
The Middle School Child: Eleven to Thirteen
Years
The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
Conception to Full Term

First Trimester
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3
Begins with conception, when 1
sperm penetrates the ovum (egg) in
the outer third of the fallopian tube.
The zygote (fertilized ovum) travels
through the fallopian tube toward the
uterus, dividing along the way.
At the back of the group of cells, or
morula, is a rootlike projection that
will eventually become the placenta.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
Conception to Full Term
4
(cont.)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
Conception to Full Term
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5
(cont.)
By 21 to 25 days from conception,
a rudimentary heart is beating and
a nervous system is forming.
At 4 weeks, the embryo is about ¼
inch long and has arm buds, a
head, body, and tail. Eyes can be
discerned.
At 5 weeks, the nose can be seen.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
Conception to Full Term
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6
(cont.)
At 6 weeks, the embryo is a little
less than ½ inch long and leg
buds can be seen.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
Conception to Full Term
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7
(cont.)
At 7 weeks, the embryo is about ¾
inch long and can move its hands.
At 8 weeks the embryo is almost 1
inch long, has a large liver, and
bones are forming.
At 10 weeks, the fetus is about 1½
to 2 inches long, the kidneys are
making urine, and lower trunk
muscles are developing.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
Conception to Full Term

Second Trimester
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8
(cont.)
At 12 weeks, the head of the
fetus is about one-third the size
of its outstretched length and
the ribs can be seen. Soft,
downy hair begins to appear.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
Conception to Full Term
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9
(cont.)
At 16 weeks, the fetus is about
4½ inches long and weighs 3 to 4
ounces.
At 20 to 24 weeks, the fetus is
about 12 inches long, major
systems continue to develop, and
bones continue to form.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
Conception to Full Term

Third Trimester
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10
(cont.)
At 26 weeks, the pregnancy
begins the third trimester.
At 28 weeks, the fetus is about
14 inches long and weighs
about 2½ pounds. Survival is
possible if born at this stage.
38 to 40 weeks – labor begins.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Neonate:
Birth to One Month
 Physical Development –
weight usually 7 to 9
pounds, and length 18 to
22 inches.
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11
The newborn’s head is
large in comparison with
rest of body.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Neonate:
Birth to One Month (cont.)
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12
Bones in skull are not
fixed, but can slide over
one another. This is
called molding.
Head has 2 soft spots,
or fontanels, which are
tough cartilage.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Neonate:
Birth to One Month (cont.)

The Skin of the Newborn
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Loose, wrinkled, and red.
At birth, hands and feet may be bluish, but will
pinken after a few breaths.
Activity, temperature, and circulatory changes
during the first few days can affect skin color.
Peeling during the first week is not unusual or
harmful.
Vernix caseosa, a white waxy substance, may
be found in the folds of the skin.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Neonate:
Birth to One Month (cont.)
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Milia, small white bumps on
the chin and nose may
appear, but go away naturally.
The remaining part of the
umbilical cord is about 1 to
1½ inches long and usually
falls off after the 10th day of
life.
Neonatal jaundice, a yellowish
color of the skin caused by an
accumulation of bilirubin, can
occur.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Neonate:
Birth to One Month (cont.)

Other Physical Characteristics of the
Newborn:
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15
Eyes – may appear swollen, due to the
passage through the birth canal.
Lips – may have blisters from thumb sucking
in the uterus.
Breast tissue and genitalia – may appear
swollen.
Fists – tightly closed.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Neonate:
Birth to One Month (cont.)
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Reflexes – blinking, a normal reflex. Some
other reflexes are due to an immature
nervous system.
Crying – may be from hunger or other
reasons.
Eating – 7 or 8 times a day for the first few
weeks.
Sight – infants can see objects within 8
inches of their eyes.
Hearing – seem to prefer high-pitched tones.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Neonate:
Birth to One Month (cont.)
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Intellectual-Cognitive Development
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Social Development
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Newborns will become calm when picked
up and held firmly.
Disturbing stimulation is tuned out by
sleeping.
Infants respond to a soft, gentle voice.
Newborns can show excitement and
distress.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Neonate:
Birth to One Month (cont.)

Aspects of Care:
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Keep warm, especially right after birth.
Vitamin K shot given to prevent bleeding.
Medicated eye drops to prevent infection.
Umbilical cord is “painted” with antibacterial.
Give small amounts of water to ensure
swallowing.
Blood sample checks metabolic disorders.
Tepid water sponge baths until the umbilical
cord has fallen
off.
Chapter 7
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Neonate:
Birth to One Month (cont.)
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19
Feeding – by breast, bottle, or both.
Parents must be told about the
frequency and duration of the
feedings.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Neonate:
Birth to One Month (cont.)
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20
Treatment of jaundice – make sure
the infant is well hydrated with
breast or bottle milk. Ultraviolet
light may be used, but make sure to
protect the infant’s eyes. Blood
tests should be done frequently.
Arrange follow-up care.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Infant:
One Month to One Year
 Physical Development
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Weight triples in the first year.
3 weeks – the infant can focus on
objects.
4 weeks – the infant can follow a bright
object with eyes and make eye contact.
2 months – an infant can follow objects
with eyes, listen to sounds, bat at
objects, and respond to sound.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Infant:
One Month to One Year (cont.)
 Physical Development (cont.)
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3 months – infants may raise head and
shoulders while on abdomen.
4 months – infant can roll from stomach to
back, may play with rattle placed in the hand.
Teething may begin.
5 months – may transfer rattle hand to hand.
6 months – may roll back to stomach, may be
able to sit momentarily, can transfer objects
hand to hand. Can retrieve dropped object. Two
bottom teeth are probably visible.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Infant:
One Month to One Year (cont.)
 Physical Development (cont.)
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9 months – infant can sit well,
creep, build tower with 2
blocks. Infant uses pincer
grasp, can put consonants with
vowels and make repetitive
sounds.
12 months – child can “cruise”
by holding onto the edge of a
piece of furniture and moving
around. Infant can begin selffeeding.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Infant:
One Month to One Year (cont.)

Intellectual-Cognitive Development
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1 month – eye contact.
4 to 5 months – makes faces.
6 months – makes babbling sounds.
9 months – can play peek-a-boo games.
12 months – can follow simple directions.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Infant:
One Month to One Year (cont.)

Psycho-Emotional Development
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1 month – smiles at another smiling face.
3 months – smiles spontaneously and
displays pleasure in making sounds.
4 months – vocalizes moods.
6 months – abrupt mood changes.
9 months – displays pleasure playing
simple games.
12 months – can express many emotions.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Infant:
One Month to One Year (cont.)

Social Development
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1 month – smiles.
3 months – responds to voices.
6 months – “babbles” and is interested
in own voice.
9 months – begins to develop words.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Infant:
One Month to One Year (cont.)

Aspects of Care: One Month to One Year
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Regular health check-ups and
immunizations.
Tactile stimulation, such as physical contact
and cuddling, as well as attention to needs, is
required for appropriate growth and
development.
Food – breast milk or formula is sufficient for
the first 6 months. Obtain guidance from
health care provider about solid foods.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Infant:
One Month to One Year (cont.)

Safety – must be considered at all times.
Take the following safety measures:
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Keep emergency phone numbers available.
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Ensure the crib meets federal safety standards.
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Use an appropriate car seat.
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Do not allow pillows, comforters, or plush toys
in bed with the child.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Infant:
One Month to One Year (cont.)

Safety (cont.)
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Prevent falls.
Prevent choking.
Remove hanging toys from the crib when the
child begins to reach, pull, and roll over.
Never leave the child unattended in the car.
Secure and keep out of reach all cords on
window blinds, lamps, and electrical
equipment.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Toddler:
One to Three Years

Physical Development
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Arms and legs grow faster than
the trunk.
Most walk by 15 months, run by
2 years.
At 3 years, they are very agile
and active. They can throw a
ball, draw simple shapes, and
use child’s scissors.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Toddler:
One to Three Years (cont.)

Intellectual-Cognitive Development
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Child tries to imitate actions like raking,
sweeping, etc.
Speech
 12 to 15 months – speaks single
words.
 Second year – makes sentences of 6
to 20 words.
 Third year – repeats nursery rhymes.
May always ask “Why?”
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Toddler:
One to Three Years (cont.)

Psycho-Emotional Development
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1 year – many emotions available.
1 to 3 years – child gains some control over
ways to express feelings.
18 months to 2½ years – temper tantrums
become an issue, child begins to resist
authority.
3 years – child becomes sensitive to the
feelings of others and may be characterized
as affectionate.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Toddler:
One to Three Years (cont.)

Social Development
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1 to 2 years – child unable to play
well with others, may be aggressive.
2 to 3 years – child learns sharing
and becomes aware of appropriate
behavior when playing with others.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Toddler:
One to Three Years (cont.)

Aspects of Care
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34
Work on motor skills with crayons.
Patient explanations and patience provide a
positive environment for growth.
Health care monitoring and vaccinations are
needed.
Toilet training may be encouraged when child
demonstrates signs of readiness.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Preschooler:
Three to Five Years of Age

Physical Development
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Height – heredity becomes apparent in
variations among children.
Respiratory and heart rates begin to
slow.
Bones – begin to ossify. Activity and
calcium are important in developing
strong bones.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Preschooler:
Three to Five Years of Age (cont.)

Physical Development
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Nighttime bladder and
bowel control achieved by
3 to 4 years of age.
Large muscle development
should enable the child to
navigate stairs using
alternating steps.
At 5 years a child can hop,
skip, and participate in
team sports.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Preschooler:
Three to Five Years of Age (cont.)

Intellectual-Cognitive
Development
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37
Nervous system – many connections,
called synapses, are made, enabling
more skillful play.
Language – great strides are made.
Vocabulary may reach 900 words by
3 years, and 1600 by 4 years. At age
5, vocabulary exceeds 2000 words.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Preschooler:
Three to Five Years of Age (cont.)

Psycho-Emotional Development
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38
3 years – usually pleasant, enjoys
music, has a sense of self.
4 years – child tests limits, becomes
more negative.
5 years – child should be more selfassured, adjusted, and home-centered.
Child can accept some responsibility.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Preschooler:
Three to Five Years of Age (cont.)

Social Development
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3 years – children know what gender
they are; they like to “help.”
4 years – very social. Enjoy games.
5 years – enjoy games with more rules.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Preschooler:
Three to Five Years of Age (cont.)

Aspects of Care
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40
Maintain regular checkups, including a
complete preschool physical.
Immunizations must be kept up to date.
Nighttime routines help a child feel
secure.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Elementary School Child:
Six to Ten Years

Physical Development
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Girls tend to be taller and heavier than
boys at this stage.
Bones continue to ossify.
Reproductive systems begin developing
slowly.
Postural habits are developed.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Elementary School Child:
Six to Ten Years (cont.)

Intellectual-Cognitive Development
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Progresses from brief attention span to
being able to focus for extended periods of
time.
Moves from block letters to cursive
handwriting.
Speech may differ between peers and
adults.
Recognizes time concepts, differentiates
between fantasy and reality, and develops a
sense of right and wrong.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Elementary School Child:
Six to Ten Years (cont.)

Psycho-Emotional Development
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43
Parental influence decreases while peer
influences increase as child approaches
10 years.
Concerns shift from self to others.
Child may become very sensitive to
criticism.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Elementary School Child:
Six to Ten Years (cont.)

Social Development
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44
School becomes very
important to the child,
along with group
activities.
Appropriate social
behaviors are learned.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Elementary School Child:
Six to Ten Years (cont.)

Aspects of Care
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45
Structure, schedule, and consistent daily
activities are important.
Activities must be monitored to prevent
physical injury.
Health and dental care and immunizations
must be maintained.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Middle School Child:
Eleven to Thirteen Years

Physical Development
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Puberty – occurs in girls at 12 to 13
years, but may start as early as 9. In
boys, it starts around 14 years of age.
Fusion of some bones occurs.
Skin problems may begin, and appetite
increases.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Middle School Child:
Eleven to Thirteen Years (cont.)

Intellectual-Cognitive Development
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47
Physical and psychological changes divert
energy from academics.
Child begins to think abstractly and
critically.
Exaggeration and fibbing may occur.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Middle School Child:
Eleven to Thirteen Years (cont.)

Psycho-Emotional Development
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48
Accurate information about their
changing bodies should be given by a
reliable source.
Child may be temperamental or moody.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Middle School Child:
Eleven to Thirteen Years (cont.)

Social Development
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49
Becoming part of a
group becomes
important.
Girls become interested
in male-female
relationships earlier
than boys.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Middle School Child:
Eleven to Thirteen Years (cont.)

Aspects of Care
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50
Reassure the child that he or she is loved.
Avoid being hypercritical. Don’t make too
many demands.
Monitor friendships and associations.
Maintain immunizations and regular health
care checkups.
Allow some quiet time in the schedule.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years

Physical Development
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51
Females attain their adult
height and weight, while
males continue to grow until
age 25.
Poor diet and exercise in this
stage can lead to problems
later in life.
Education about sexual
behavior should be provided
by trusted, well-informed
adults.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)

Cognitive-Intellectual Development
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Psycho-Emotional Development
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52
Reasoning and critical and abstract
thinking are developing.
Although aware of acceptable behavior,
teens are prone to angry outbursts.
Adolescents can feel both alone and
conspicuous.
Often, teens feel immortal or
invulnerable.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)

Social Development
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53
Teens should learn effective
interpersonal skills, resolve
conflicts and become
comfortable with their style of
communicating.
They tend to get involved in
community service projects.
They are more comfortable
relating to their parents.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)

Problems Faced by Teens
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54
Eating Disorders
• Anorexia nervosa – self-starving,
more common in females.
• Bulimia – binge eating, followed by
purging through vomiting, excessive
use of laxatives, abuse of diuretics,
or excessive exercise.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)
–
55
Substance Abuse Signs
• Change in personality, friends, health
habits, and appearance.
• Withdrawal from family and group
activities.
• Sliding school grades.
• At-risk teens are those who have:
– Family history of substance abuse.
– Low self-esteem.
– Depression.
– A sense of “not fitting in.”
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)
–
Violence
•
•
•
56
Poverty is considered a leading cause
of violence in teens.
Bullying in school is increasingly
recognized as a cause of violence.
Depressed students may harbor
resentment for a long time.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)
–
57
Sexually Transmitted Diseases – STDs
that threaten long-term health and wellbeing include:
• Chlamydia.
• Syphilis.
• Gonorrhea.
• Hepatitis B.
• Herpes type II.
• Papilloma virus.
• HIV.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)
–
58
Pregnancy – problems associated with
teen pregnancy include:
• Low birth weight.
• Prematurity.
• Cesarean delivery.
• Child abuse.
• Growing up in poverty.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)
–
Suicide – the third leading cause of death for
people 15 to 24 years of age.
• Warning signs include:
Depression.
Anger, directed inward.
Alcohol and/or other substance abuse.
Changes in habits.
Giving away personal possessions.
Giving verbal hints about committing
suicide.
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59
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)
•
60
Actions to take if you suspect someone
is contemplating suicide:
– Listen.
– Take the person seriously.
– Get help from a responsible adult.
– Do not promise to “keep the secret.”
– Never assume it’s “just talk.”
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)

Aspects of Care
–
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61
Provide adequate calcium and weight-bearing
exercise.
Provide sex education and information about
sexually transmitted diseases.
Encourage friendships, sporting events, and
social events.
Listen to them.
Give them the facts.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
The Adolescent:
Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)

Aspects of Care (cont.)
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62
Trust them.
Provide them with firm and friendly discipline.
Be consistent.
Educate them, with their independence in
mind.
Set limits and stick to them.
Set examples of good behavior and taste.
Remember how it felt to be an adolescent.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7
Section 7-2
Apply Your Knowledge
List three suicide warning signs.
63
Answer:
Suicide warning signs are:
1. Depression.
2. Anger, directed inward.
3. Alcohol and/or other substance abuse.
4. Changes in habits.
5. Giving away personal possessions.
6. Giving verbal hints about committing
suicide.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 7