COMMUNICATION
8TH GRADE ENGLISH
Definition of Communication:
 The dynamic of speaking AND listening
Communication Model
SENDER
I
N
T VERBAL MESSAGE
E NONVERBAL MESSAGE
R
F
E
R
E VERBAL FEEDBACK
N NONVERBAL FEEDBACK
C
E
I
N
T
E
R
F RECEIVER
E
R
E
N
C
E
COMMUNICATION MODEL
1. Sender:SPEAKER
2. Message:
WHAT IS BEING
COMMUNICATED, CONVEYED
A. Verbal – WORDS BEING SAID
B. Nonverbal – UNSPOKEN
SIGNALS, BODY LANGUAGE
3. Receiver: LISTENER
COMMUNICATION MODEL
4. FEEDBACK:
Lets the speaker know that the
listener heard the “intended” message
a. Verbal
b. Nonverbal
5. INTERFERENCE: Anything which disrupts the
communication process ( ex. background noises,
interruptions, daydreaming, perceptions)
COMMUNICATION MODEL
Examples of nonverbal communication:
POSTURE, EYE CONTACT, FACIAL
EXPRESSIONS, DISTANCE OF BODY,
GESTURES, TONE/INFLECTIONS
*** 90 – 95% of all communication is
nonverbal!
TRY IT OUT!
PREPARING TO SPEAK
 Communication Apprehension
 Defined as: FEAR OF SPEAKING IN
PUBLIC; STAGE FRIGHT
PREPARING TO SPEAK
Prevention Tips:
1. PREPARE a strong speech that you can be
very proud of
2. PRACTICE your speech over and over again
3. ACKNOWLEDGE your fears and realize that
the fears can be “managed”
4. Relate the subject of the speech to the
audience (Make the audience understand
the benefits of listening to your speech)
PREPARING TO SPEAK
5. Project CONFIDENCE, even if it’s only an act
6. START STRONG (introduction) and end strong
(conclusion)
7. Deep breathing
8. Lots of water, avoid caffeine; chapstick
9. Think positively, guided imagery
10. Use note cards (only necessary for references;
highlight pauses, words to emphasize, gestures)
PREPARING TO SPEAK
Supporting Materials
A. FACTUAL
A. FACTS – Units of information that can be verified by
independent observers (proven true)
B. DEFINITIONS
A. DENOTATIVE: literal, dictionary definition
B. CONNOTATIVE: emotional response that people have to
a word (some words have negative connotation)
C. STATISTICS – Numerically formulated facts used to
describe observations of size and frequency; make
comparisons, chart trends, suggest relationships,
summarize huge amounts of information
PREPARING TO SPEAK
EXAMPLES – a piece of information presented to the
audience used to clarify an idea or concept; usually
very vivid and relevant to the audience
1. SPECIFIC INSTANCES – brief references; clear,
short, and immediately apparent to audience
2. ILLUSTRATIONS – Extended example usually told
in narrative form; more detailed than a specific
instance
3. ANECDOTES – story often having a humorous and
entertaining feel
a. PERSONAL – happened to you
b. Third Person – happened to someone else
c. Fictional – Made up
PREPARING TO SPEAK
TESTIMONY – information/opinions expressed by
another person
1. EXPERT TESTIMONY – Makes use of the
beliefs, values, opinions, and predictions of some
authority/expert; If the opinions of an expert are
aligned with your main points, your speech
becomes more credible
2. DIRECT QUOTATION – Statement of another
person’s opinion or conclusion using that person’s
exact words; Always credit the source of the
quotation
PREPARING TO SPEAK
ORDERING CONTENT – Most speeches have 2-5 main
ideas; Strongest point(s) needs to be at the beginning
or the end; bury weaker points in the middle of the
speech and key points need to be repeated more than
one time
A. CHRONOLOGICAL – passage of time is used to
present ideas in the order of how things happened
B. TOPICAL – arrange ideas into topics
C. CAUSE/EFFECT – Identify the causes and then
determine the effects of a situation OR identify the
obvious effects of a problem/situation and then reveal
the causes
OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH
Introduction
A. Requirements (order does not count)
A. ATTENTION GETTER – Gets the audience interested in
listening to the rest of your speech
B. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE – Thesis; Identifies the topic
of the speech
C. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE – Indicates how the speech
relates to the audience; Explains how the audience will
personally benefit by listening to the speech
D. PREVIEW OF THE BODY – Highlights what the main
points of the speech will be
OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH
Methods of Getting the Audience’s Attention
1. IDENTIFICATION WITH THE AUDIENCE: Tells
what the speaker and the audience have in common
2. REFERENCE TO THE SITUATION: Acknowledges
the occasion of the speech
3. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE: Identify the topic of
the speech; Only works if the topic is really
unexpected
4. STATISTIC OR CLAIM: Shocking, surprising, or
startling information that relates somehow to the
topic of the speech
OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH
5. Story or Anecdote: Must be brief and lead back
to the main point
6. Comparison: Explore similarities/differences
between your topic and something else
7. RHETORICAL QUESTION: Question is posed to
get the audience to think, not answer
8. Quotation: Must be applicable to the speech
and the source needs to be identified
OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH
 Body
A. 2-5 MAIN POINTS
B. Supporting Materials – USED TO
DEVELOP THE MAIN POINTS
OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH
Conclusion
A. Requirements (order does not matter)
A. SUMMARIZE THE MAIN POINTS: Highlight what
you want the audience to remember/think about
B. RESTATEMENT OF PURPOSE: Restate the
thesis/topic of the speech
C. CALL TO ACTION: Tell the audience specifically what
you want them to do
D. ROUND OFF: Reconnect/readdress the attention
getter used in the introduction; This gives a balanced,
circular feel
OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH
Methods
1. QUOTATION: Should summarize the purpose
of the speech
2. CHALLENGE THE AUDIENCE: Motivates the
audience to achieve the purpose of the speech
3. OFFER OF UTOPIAN VISION: Present a vision
to the audience which emphasized what could
happen if the speaker’s challenge is met, or not
met
DELIVERING THE SPEECH
Style – how you use language
A. CLARITY
A. Use concrete words
B. Speak in THE ACTIVE VOICE (who does what), vs. the
passive voice (what was done)
B. RHYTHM
A. Use repetition to emphasize key points (“I have a dream
…”)
B. ANTITHESIS – pairing of opposites to force a choice (Ask
not what your country can do for you, but what you can
do for your country)
C. Parallel Wording – Use a word pattern that is easy to
predict/anticipate (Dr. Seuss books)
DELIVERING THE SPEECH
IMAGERY
1. Make speech vivid using SENSORY
descriptions (5 senses)
2. Use comparisons; similes/metaphors
3. ONOMATOPOEIA – Use words that make
sound like their meaning (moo, buzz, roar,
croak, hiss)
DELIVERING THE SPEECH
Delivery
A. Physical Aspects
A. ATTIRE
A. Dress a bit more formally than your audience
B. Be comfortable
C. Appearance affects credibility
B. POSTURE
A. Stand straight, but not rigid
B. Be relaxed, but not sloppy
C. Avoid swaying, shifting, and hand/foot play
DELIVERING THE SPEECH
C. BODY PLACEMENT
A. Movement in the direction of the
audience will indicate confidence and trust
B. Do not constantly move, use movement
as a transition (move between points)
D. Gestures
A. Must appear natural, not forced or
practical
B. Use to emphasize ideas
DELIVERYING THE SPEECH
E. Facial Expressions
A. Expressions need to be appropriate for
subject matter
B. EYE CONTACT is essential (mentally
divide room into 3 areas)
DELIVERING THE SPEECH
Vocal Aspects
1. VOLUME: Vary to emphasize ideas
1.
2.
Raise voice to emphasize key points
Lower voice to make the audience concentrate
Pitch
2.
1.
2.
3.
Change range (tone/inflection) to emphasize key ideas
Project volume from diaphragm, not voice box
Avoid sounding monotone
Rate of Speed: VARY to emphasize ideas
3.
1.
2.
Speak SLOWER to convey seriousness, clamness, or sadness
Speak FASTER to convey excitement, suspense, or anger
Enunciation
4.
1.
2.
Speak precisely and distinctly, making sure to speak all parts of the word
Try to sound natural, not contrived
Pronunciation
5.
1.
2.
Say words correctly, mistakes will reduce credibility
If you keep making the same pronunciation mistake during practice, change the
word
Communication Model Review
 Who is the sender?
 Who is the receiver?
 What is interference?
 Give examples of nonverbal messages.
 What is feedback?