Supporting Information
Climate change alters leaf anatomy but has no effect on volatile emissions from arctic plants
In Plant, Cell and Environment
Michelle Schollert*, Minna Kivimäenpää, Hanna M. Valolahti, Riikka Rinnan
*Corresponding author: Michelle Schollert, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of
Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark and Center for Permafrost (CENPERM),
Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10,
1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Email: mschollert@bio.ku.dk
Figure S1. Experimental set-up in a Abisko, Northern Sweden on June 13 2012 and b in Cassiope tetragonadominated heath in Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland after snowmelt on July 4 2012. Photos by Hanna M.
Valolahti and Michelle Schollert
Figure S2. Individual plant shoots of a Cassiope tetragona on July 17 2012 and b Salix arctica on August 13
2012 in Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland. Photos by Tora F. Nielsen
Figure S3. Regression coefficients of a PLS model for the various leaf anatomy variables affecting a oxygenated
monoterpenes (oMTs), b non-oxygenated monoterpenes (MTs), c sesquiterpenes (SQTs), d other reactive
volatile organic compounds (ORVOCs) and e other volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). Error bars indicate ±
2 standard deviations of the regression coefficients. When the error bar does not include zero, the variable has a
significant contribution in explaining the emission of the respective BVOC group.
Table S1. Leaf anatomy variables of a Empetrum hermaphroditum b Cassiope tetragona and c Betula nana
from Abisko. All tested variables are shown. Values are means (± SE; N = 4-6). Arrows indicate a decrease or
increase compared to the control (†P < 0.1; * P < 0.05).
(a)
Control
Shading
Warming
Length 1 (µm)
1.1±0.1
1.1±0.1
1.2±0.0
Length 2 (µm)
0.4±0.0
0.4±0.0
0.4±0.0
2.5±0.0
2.9±0.1 ↑*
2.6±0.1
Area of cross section (mm )
0.3±0.0
0.3±0.0
0.3±0.0
Trichomes on inner surface per cross section area (#/mm)
17.9±1.3
23.3±1.4
20.2±3.6
Leaf thickness (µm)
265.2±7.1
301.4±6.8 ↑*
289.9±13.6
Outer epidermis thickness (µm)
23.4±0.8
22.7±0.9
23.6±1.2
Inner epidermis thickness (µm)
11.4±0.5
11.0±0.5
11.3±0.7
Palisade parenchyma thickness (µm)
53.4±3.8
48.4±2.7
47.8±3.3
Spongy parenchyma thickness (µm)
77.5±4.2
65.6±3.8 ↓†
81.2±3.6
Palisade:spongy parenchyma ratio
0.7±0.0
0.7±0.0
0.6±0.1
% intercellular space
51.8±1.2
47.6±2.2
52.4±2.5
Stomatal density on inner surface (#/mm)
3.4±0.4
1.8±0.2 ↓*
3.2±0.5
Trichomes on inner surface (#/mm)
4.4±0.3
5.7±0.4
5.3±0.9
Trichomes on surface (#/mm)
9.5±1.3
8.4±1.0
9.3±0.9
E. hermaphroditum
Shape change index
2
(b)
Control
Shading
Warming
Leaf thickness (µm)
173.5±7.0
166.3±4.4
179.4±6.2
Outer epidermis thickness (µm)
21.8±0.7
17.7±0.9 ↓*
21.6±0.9
Palisade parenchyma thickness (µm)
67.8±3.4
64.2±1.6
62.2±4.0
Spongy parenchyma thickness (µm)
75.3±5.1
73.9±3.0
84.0±4.1
Inner epidermis thickness (µm)
10.1±0.4
9.9±0.2
11.9±0.4 ↑*
Palisade:spongy parenchyma ratio
0.9±0.1
0.9±0.0
0.8±0.1 ↓†
% palisade parenchyma
41.7±1.9
38.1±1.2
41.2±3.7
% spongy parenchyma
17.1±1.3
17.4±1.6
15.0±1.7
% intercellular space
41.2±1.3
44.5±1.5
43.9±4.7
Glandular trichomes on inner surface (#/mm)
1.2±0.1
1.2±0.3
0.5±0.2 ↓†
Spiky trichomes on inner surface (#/mm)
5.1±1.0
3.3±1.2
8.5±3.0
Total trichomes on inner surface (#/mm)
6.3±1.0
4.5±1.1
9.0±2.8
Stomatal density on inner surface (#/mm)
2.0±0.2
3.3±0.7 ↑*
3.3±0.4 ↑*
Glandular trichomes on surface against stem (#/mm)
5.8±0.7
4.5±0.9
6.0±0.5
Spiky trichomes on surface against stem (#/mm)
0.9±0.5
0.1±0.1
0.2±0.1
Total trichomes on surface against stem (#/mm)
5.8±0.7
4.5±0.9 ↓†
5.9±0.5
Spiky trichomes on surface (#/mm2)
253.2±13.9
265.3±27.3
300.7±18.0
(c)
Control
Shading
Warming
Leaf thickness (µm)
206.3±5.7
193.2±6.3
233.5±13.0 ↑†
Adaxial (upper) epidermis thickness (µm)
23.9±1.1
23.1±1.2
25.3±1.9
Palisade parenchyma thickness (µm)
70.6±1.9
48.7±3.3 ↓*
76.3±5.1
Spongy parenchyma thickness (µm)
94.4±3.0
102.1±2.1
119.4±8.5 ↑*
Abaxial (lower) epidermis thickness (µm)
14.8±0.2
16.1±0.5
14.6±0.8
Palisade:spongy parenchyma ratio
0.8±0.0
0.5±0.0 ↓*
0.6±0.0 ↓*
% intercellular space in palisade layer
25.6±3.2
23.6±3.4
26.7±1.8
% intercellular space in spongy layer
67.8±2.7
69.0±3.4
71.8±3.5
112.1±11.3
97.6±7.5
107.9±9.3
4.7±1.1
4.1±1.1
4.2±0.8
Trichomes on abaxial (lower) surface(#/mm )
7.0±0.8
6.3±0.3
5.7±0.9
Leaf dry mass per area (MA)
0.01±0.0
0.01±0.0
0.01±0.0
C. tetragona
B. nana
Stomatal density on abaxial (lower) surface (#/mm2)
2
Trichomes on adaxial (upper) surface (#/mm )
2
Table S2. Leaf anatomy variables of a Salix arctica and b Cassiope tetragona from Zackenberg. All tested
variables are shown. Values are means (± SE; N = 3-5). Arrows indicate a decrease or increase compared to the
control (†P < 0.1; * P < 0.05).
(a)
Control
Shading
Warming
Leaf thickness (µm)
247.7±8.4
239.9±11.6
259.3±11.8
Adaxial (upper) epidermis thickness (µm)
17.1±1.0
18.6±0.9
21.1±1.1 ↑*
Palisade parenchyma thickness (µm)
133.7±4.5
108.3±10.9
118.3±8.8
Spongy parenchyma thickness (µm)
86.4±6.9
91.7±2.6
105.1±5.5
Abaxial (lower) epidermis thickness (µm)
14.0±1.0
13.4±0.5
16.4±1.2
Palisade:spongy parenchyma ratio
1.6±0.1
1.2±0.1
1.1±0.1 ↓*
% palisade parenchyma
46.4±2.5
41.0±2.7
46.3±2.5
% spongy parenchyma
23.4±1.4
25.3±3.4
21.4±2.0
S. arctica
% intercellular space
30.2±1.6
33.7±1.4
32.3±3.3
2
8.6±4.2
13.2±6.7
12.0±3.2
2
Stomatal density on abaxial (lower) surface (#/mm )
114.2±14.9
127.7±20.4
104.3±18.8
Leaf dry mass per area (MA)
0.01±0.0
0.01±0.0
0.01±0.0
(b)
Control
Shading
Warming
Leaf thickness (µm)
200.1±3.6
177.0±11.6
189.1±7.5
Outer epidermis thickness (µm)
22.0±1.5
22.6±2.2
22.6±1.1
Palisade parenchyma thickness (µm)
82.2±6.3
68.5±5.5
69.3±4.4
Spongy parenchyma thickness (µm)
85.0±4.3
76.2±6.2
87.4±6.8
Inner epidermis thickness (µm)
10.3±0.5
10.2±0.3
11.3±1.4
Palisade:spongy parenchyma ratio
1.0±0.1
0.9±0.0
0.8±0.1
% palisade parenchyma
48.9±3.6
47.3±3.0
49.1±2.1
% spongy parenchyma
15.9±1.2
13.6±1.1
14.9±0.7
% intercellular space
35.2±3.2
39.1±2.1
36.0±2.7
Stomatal density on inner surface (#/mm)
4.8±0.8
4.9±0.6
5.1±0.6
Spiky trichomes on inner surface (#/mm)
3.6±1.3
3.3±1.6
4.4±1.0
Stomatal density on surface against stem (#/mm)
0±0
0.1±0.1
0.1±0.1
Spiky trichomes on surface against stem (#/mm)
0.1±0.1
0±0
1.1±1.1
586.0±188.0
326.3±27.9
360.8±53.9
Stomatal density on adaxial (upper) surface (#/mm )
C. tetragona
2
Spiky trichomes on surface (#/mm )
July 3-4
C
isoprene
1.04 ± 1.04
MTs
0.01 ± 0.01
SQTs
0.3 ± 0.24
ORVOCs
1.77 ± 0.62
OVOCs
1.3 ± 0.64
Total
4.42 ± 1.42
S
0.03 ± 0.02
0.04 ± 0.04
0.42 ± 0.30
3.11 ± 1.34
0.32 ± 0.16
3.92 ± 1.34
W
2.70 ± 2.55
0.11 ± 0.10
0.52 ± 0.28
1.43 ± 0.81
0.60 ± 0.47
5.36 ± 3.72
August 4-7
Table S3. Mean BVOC emissions (µg g-1 h-1; ±SE; N = 4-6) from a Empetrum hermaphroditum, b Cassiope
tetragona and c Betula nana in a long-term field experiment with control (C), shading (S) and warming (W)
treatments in Abisko. BVOCs are divided into isoprene, non-oxygenated monoterpenes (MTs), oxygenated
monoterpenes (oMTs), sesquiterpenes (SQTs), other reactive volatile organic compounds (ORVOCs) and other
volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). P-values from mixed models for each of the groups across the campaigns
are shown in the bottom row when P < 0.1. Significant differences from the control (C) treatment within a
campaign are indicated next to the values for the shading (S) and warming (W) treatments.
(a)
C
0.07 ± 0.05
0.02 ±0.02
0.25 ± 0.14
1.31 ± 0.70
0.42 ± 0.24
2.06 ± 0.88
S
0.70 ± 0.51
0.02 ± 0.01
1.04 ± 0.63
1.92 ± 1.17
0.13 ± 0.10
3.81 ± 2.15
W
0.98 ± 0.95
<0.01
0.10 ± 0.04
0.21 ± 0.20
0.09 ± 0.09
1.38 ± 1.25
Ptime=0.07
July 3-4
C
isoprene
0.03 ± 0.02
oMTs
0.16 ± 0.07
MTs
0.65 ± 0.33
SQTs
0.66 ± 0.37
ORVOCs
0.74 ± 0.30
OVOCs
0.44 ± 0.20
Total
2.68 ± 1.06
S
0.34 ± 0.22
0.21 ± 0.16
0.24 ± 0.13
0.62 ± 0.43
0.49 ± 0.24
0.30 ± 0.30
2.19 ± 0.67
W 0.09 ± 0.05
0.09 ± 0.04
0.36 ± 0.21
0.26 ± 0.16
0.65 ± 0.38
0.11 ± 0.10
1.56 ± 0.85
August 4-7
† P < 0.1; * P < 0.05
(b)
C
0.61 ± 0.60
0.01 ± 0.00
0.02 ± 0.01
0.01 ± 0.01
0.01 ± 0.00
<0.01
0.66 ± 0.60
S
0.59 ± 0.50
0.09 ± 0.04
0.35 ± 0.18
0.22 ± 0.11
2.22 ± 1.45
0.26 ± 0.19
3.73 ± 2.38
W 3.33 ± 1.72
0.04 ± 0.04
0.15 ± 0.14
0.84 ± 0.83
1.02 ± 1.01
0.13 ± 0.13
5.52 ± 3.57
Ptime=0.03
† P < 0.1; * P < 0.05
oMTs
0.09 ± 0.04
MTs
0.36 ± 0.10
SQTs
0.21 ± 0.16
ORVOCs
5.74 ± 0.84
OVOCs
2.63 ± 0.49
Total
11.35 ± 1.18
S
0.43 ± 0.25*
0.08 ± 0.02
0.17 ± 0.11
6.55 ± 2.92*
10.48 ± 5.34
0.39 ± 0.26*
18.09 ± 7.70
W 0.21 ± 0.12*
0.02 ± 0.01
0.23 ± 0.15
0.35 ± 0.17
1.71 ± 0.71
0.01 ± 0.01*
2.54 ± 0.93*
July 3-4
isoprene
2.32 ± 0.46
C
August 4-7
(c)
C
0.16 ± 0.13
0.02 ± 0.02
0.16 ± 0.10
0.29 ± 0.27
11.75 ± 10.65
0.40 ± 0.19
12.80 ± 11.24
S
0.30 ± 0.25
0.03 ± 0.02
0.03 ± 0.02
0.44 ± 0.39
32.64 ± 30.27
0.47 ± 0.28
33.91 ± 31.06
W 0.32 ± 0.30
0.02 ± 0.02
0.15 ± 0.13
0.97 ± 0.96
12.28 ± 11.44
0.04 ± 0.04
13.77 ± 12.89
Ptime=0.09
Ptime=0.07
Ptreat=0.07
Ptreat*time=0.01
Ptreat<0.01
Ptime=0.01
Ptreat*time<0.01
† P < 0.1; * P < 0.05
Ptreat=0.01
Ptime=0.04
Ptreat*time=0.01
July 16
C
isoprene
0.83 ± 0.49
MTs
0.15 ± 0.12
SQTs
0.02 ± 0.01
ORVOCs
12.18 ± 5.91
S
0.13 ± 0.13
0.21 ± 0.12
0.13 ± 0.06
17.39 ± 13.06 <0.001†
17.85 ± 13.35
W
0.54 ± 0.36
0.04 ± 0.03
0.01 ± 0.00
8.59 ± 7.45
0.25 ± 0.09
9.43 ± 7.26
July 30
C
11.82 ± 3.51
0.50 ± 0.45
0.09 ± 0.04
7.26 ± 3.90
0.16 ± 0.10
19.83 ± 3.36
S
0.39 ± 0.25*
0.01 ± 0.01
0.01 ± 0.00
8.98 ± 5.90
<0.01
9.39 ± 6.11
W
11.76 ± 2.30
0.05 ± 0.04
0.03 ± 0.01
1.52 ± 0.89
0.01 ± 0.01
13.37 ± 2.70
August 13
C
3.90 ± 0.91
0.02 ± 0.01
0.05 ± 0.02
1.15 ± 0.95
<0.01
5.12 ± 1.56
S
1.87 ± 10.5
<0.01
<0.01
0.22 ± 0.07
<0.01
2.10 ± 1.11
W
6.80 ± 1.34
0.01 ± 0.00
0.02 ± 0.01
3.01 ± 2.57
<0.01
9.84 ± 3.47
August 29
Table S4. Mean BVOC emissions (µg g-1 h-1; ±SE; N = 4-6) from a Salix arctica, b Cassiope tetragona
measured in long-term field experiments with control (C), shading (S), and warming (W) treatments in
Zackenberg. BVOCs are divided into isoprene, non-oxygenated monoterpenes (MTs), oxygenated MTs (oMTs),
sesquiterpenes (SQTs), other reactive volatile organic compounds (ORVOCs) and other volatile organic
compounds (OVOCs). P-values from mixed models for each of the groups across the campaigns are shown in
the bottom row when P < 0.1. Significant differences from the control (C) treatment within a campaign are
indicated next to the values for the shading (S) and warming (W) treatments.
(a)
C
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
S
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02 ± 0.01
<0.01
0.02 ± 0.01
W
0.01 ± 0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01 ± 0.01
Ptime<0.01
Ptreat<0.01
Ptime<0.01
Ptime*treat<0.01
Ptime<0.01
Ptreat=0.02
† p < 0.1; * p < 0.05
OVOCs
0.48 ± 0.25
Total
13.67 ± 5.36
August 14
July 31
July 17
(b)
isoprene
oMT
MT
SQT
ORVOC
OVOC
Total BVOC
C <0.01
S <0.01
0.01 ± 0.01
0.01 ± 0.01
<0.01
0.39 ± 0.10
0.22 ± 0.15
0.62 ± 0.24
0.01 ± 0.00
<0.01
<0.01
0.20 ± 0.08
0.25 ± 0.21
0.46 ± 0.29
W <0.01
0.06 ± 0.04
0.02 ± 0.02
0.02 ± 0.01†
0.48 ± 0.17
0.31 ± 0.20
0.90 ± 0.30
C <0.01
S <0.01
0.06 ± 0.03
0.07 ± 0.04
0.01 ± 0.01
0.36 ± 0.20
0.09 ± 0.08
0.60 ± 0.19
0.10 ± 0.09
0.15 ± 0.14
0.04 ± 0.04
0.20 ± 0.06
<0.01
0.49 ± 0.30
W 0.01 ± 0.01
0.07 ± 0.04
0.07 ± 0.04
0.02 ± 0.02
0.32 ± 0.13
<0.01
0.48 ± 0.14
C 0.60 ± 0.59
S 0.81 ± 0.81
<0.01
0.01 ± 0.00
<0.01
0.01 ± 0.01
<0.01
0.62 ± 0.60
0.01 ± 0.01
0.02 ± 0.02
<0.01
1.41 ± 1.21
0.11 ± 0.09
2.35 ± 1.46
W 0.07 ± 0.05
0.02 ± 0.02
0.02 ± 0.01
<0.01
0.23 ± 0.21
<0.01
0.35 ± 0.23
Ptime=0.08
† p < 0.1; * p < 0.05
Ptreat=0.09
Ptime=0.09
Ptime*treat=0.09
Ptreat=0.08
Ptime*treat=0.08
Ptime=0.02
Table S5. Mean emission potentials (µg g-1 h-1; ±SE; N = 3-6) of isoprene, oxygenated monoterpenes (oMTs),
non-oxygenated monoterpenes (MTs) and sesquiterpenes (SQTs) for a Empetrum hermaphroditum, Cassiope
tetragona (Abisko), Betula nana and b Salix arctica and C. tetragona (Zackenberg) in control (C), shading (S)
and warming (W) treatments. The emission potentials were calculated according to Guenther (1993) for the
temperature of 30°C and the PPFD of 1000 µmol m-2 s-1 (for isoprene).
(a)
isoprene
oMT
MT
SQT
C
9.13 ± 9.13
<0.01
0.03 ± 0.03
0.86 ± 0.70
S
1.09 ± 1.09
<0.01
0.08 ± 0.08
1.06 ± 0.64
W
17.35 ± 15.31
<0.01
0.27 ± 0.25
0.77 ± 0.46
C
0.79 ± 0.59
<0.01
0.07 ± 0.07
1.17 ± 0.64
S
31.11 ± 25.94
<0.01
0.11 ± 0.06
5.86 ± 3.55
W
15.31 ± 14.83
<0.01
< 0.01
0.40 ± 0.16
C
0.15 ± 0.10
0.43 ± 0.17
1.65 ± 0.72
1.66 ± 0.93
S
9.24 ± 6.5
0.49 ± 0.37
0.56 ± 0.28
1.29 ± 0.84
W
0.19 ± 0.12
0.11 ± 0.05
0.37 ± 0.18
0.27 ± 0.15
C
8.29 ± 8.09
0.04 ± 0.02
0.09 ± 0.04
0.05 ± 0.03
S
27.60 ± 25.44
0.47 ± 0.21†
1.90 ± 0.96†
1.18 ± 0.61
W
51.93 ± 25.22
0.18 ± 0.16
0.66 ± 0.59
3.62 ± 3.61
C
22.07 ± 5.96
0.33 ± 0.16
1.68 ± 0.66
1.48 ± 1.18
S
8.76 ± 3.61†
0.34 ± 0.13
0.34 ± 0.21
63.06 ± 38.82†
W
1.80 ± 1.08*
0.03 ± 0.02
0.37 ± 0.30
0.79 ± 0.40
C
2.12 ± 1.67
0.10 ± 0.10
0.77 ± 0.50
8.06 ± 7.69
S
7.45 ± 5.77
0.13 ± 0.12
0.16 ± 0.11
11.51 ± 10.67
W
5.50 ± 5.12
0.11 ± 0.11
0.71 ± 0.65
23.45 ± 23.22
E. hermaphroditum
Jul 3-4
Aug 4-7
C. tetragona, Abisko
Jul 3-4
Aug 4-7
B. nana
July 3-4
Aug 4-7
† P < 0.1; * P < 0.05
(b)
isoprene
oMT
MT
SQT
C
2.54 ± 1.73
<0.01
0.38 ± 0.25
0.16 ± 0.09
S
0.59 ± 0.59
<0.01
0.61 ± 0.35
0.85 ± 0.85
W
1.85 ± 1.10
<0.01
0.11 ± 0.10
0.02 ± 0.02
C
24.89 ± 8.01
<0.01
1.04 ± 0.96
0.24 ± 0.13
S
2.25 ± 1.24*
<0.01
0.05 ± 0.04
0.03 ± 0.03
W
27.86 ± 5.18
<0.01
0.08 ± 0.07
0.08 ± 0.04
C
6.84 ± 1.70
<0.01
0.03 ± 0.01
0.12 ± 0.06
S
4.20 ± 1.27
<0.01
0.01 ± 0.00
<0.01
W
13.92 ± 3.66
<0.01
0.02 ± 0.01
0.03 ± 0.01
C
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
S
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
W
0.11 ± 0.11
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
C
<0.01
0.01 ± 0.01
0.03 ± 0.02
<0.01
S
<0.01
0.02 ± 0.01
0.02 ± 0.02
0.01 ± 0.01
W
<0.01
0.07 ± 0.05
0.12 ± 0.09
0.11 ± 0.07
C
<0.01
0.04 ± 0.02
0.18 ± 0.13
0.04 ± 0.03
S
0.01 ± 0.01
0.09 ± 0.09
0.28 ± 0.26
0.09 ± 0.09
W
0.01 ± 0.01
0.05 ± 0.04
0.15 ± 0.11
0.06 ± 0.06
C
2.75 ± 2.73
<0.01
0.03 ± 0.01
<0.01
S
0.94 ± 0.93
<0.01
0.03 ± 0.02
<0.01
W
0.31 ± 0.29
0.02 ± 0.01
0.04 ± 0.02
0.01 ± 0.01
S. arctica
July 16
July 30
Aug 13
Aug 29
C. tetragona
July 17
July 31
Aug 14
† P < 0.1; * P < 0.05
Table S6. Mean BVOC emissions (µg g-1 h-1; ±SE; N = 15-18) of individual compounds grouped as isoprene,
oxygenated monoterpenes (oMTs), non-oxygenated monoterpenes (MTs), sesquiterpenes (SQTs), other reactive
volatile organic compounds (ORVOCs), and other volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) for a Empetrum
hermaphroditum b Cassiope tetragona and c Betula nana from Abisko.
(a) E. hermaphroditum
Isoprene
α-Pinene
α-Fenchene
July 3-4
mean±SE
August 4-7
mean±SE
1.26±0.9
0.01±0.01
0.55±0.33
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Camphene
<0.01
<0.01
Cymene
0.01±0
0.01±0
Limonene
0.01±0.01
<0.01
β-Ocimene
<0.01
<0.01
α-Terpinene
<0.01
<0.01
Eucalyptol
0.02±0.02
<0.01
MTs
α-Cubebene
0.05±0.04
0.04±0.01
0.01±0.01
0.03±0.01
Copaene
0.17±0.08
0.12±0.06
β-Bourbonene
<0.01
0.01±0
β-Cubebene
0.01±0
<0.01
β-Caryophyllene
<0.01
<0.01
γ-Caryophyllene
0.04±0.02
0.06±0.03
<0.01
0.02±0.01
0.01±0.00
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
α-Humulene
8-Isopropyl-5-methyl-2-methylene-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7octahydronaphthalene
β-Gurjunene
1-Isopropyl-4-methyl-7-methylene-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7octahydronaphthalene
Germacrene
0.04±0.02
0.01±0
β-Selinene
<0.01
0.07±0.06
α-Muurolene
0.01±0
<0.01
α-Selinene
<0.01
0.02±0.02
γ-Muurolene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
δ-Cadinene
0.04±0.01
0.03±0.02
Calamenene
<0.01
0.02±0.01
Epizonarene
<0.01
<0.01
Isoledene
<0.01
<0.01
Cada-1,4-diene
<0.01
<0.01
α-Calacorene
<0.01
<0.01
β-Elemenone
<0.01
<0.01
Aromadendrene
<0.01
<0.01
β-Eudesmol
0.02±0.02
<0.01
γ-Eudesmol
0.02±0.02
0.01±0.01
γ-Selinene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
SQTs
3-Methylpentane
0.41±0.15
0.14±0.1
0.45±0.22
0.01±0.01
Hexane
0.11±0.08
<0.01
2,4-Dimethylpentane
0.01±0.01
<0.01
Methylcyclopentane
0.06±0.04
0.01±0.01
2,3-Dimethylpentane
0.13±0.06
0.17±0.13
3-Methylhexane
0.24±0.12
<0.01
1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane
0.06±0.04
0.07±0.07
Heptane
0.01±0.01
0.01±0.01
1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane
0.03±0.02
0.03±0.02
Methylcyclohexane
0.02±0.01
0.02±0.02
Ethylcyclopentane
<0.01
<0.01
1-Octene
0.01±0
<0.01
3-Hexenal
0.36±0.22
<0.01
Hexanal
0.01±0.01
<0.01
(E)-2-hexenal
0.01±0.01
<0.01
3-Hexen-1-ol
0.54±0.42
0.04±0.03
μ-Xylene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Nonene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Styrene
<0.01
0.02±0.01
4-Xylene
<0.01
0.02±0.01
0.07±0.02
0.06±0.05
0.01±0
0.04±0.03
0.11±0.06
0.11±0.06
2-Ethylhexanol
<0.01
0.02±0.01
Phenylmethanol
Benzaldehyde
Octanal
(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol acetate
0.01±0.01
0.01±0.01
Nonylcyclopropane
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Undecane
<0.01
0.01±0.01
3-Hexenyl butyrate
0.04±0.03
0.02±0.02
(E)-2-Tetradecene
<0.01
0.02±0.01
Dodecane
<0.01
0.02±0.01
1-Tridecene
<0.01
0.01±0
2-Undecanone
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Tridecane
<0.01
0.01±0.01
6H-Furo[2',3':4,5]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-6-one, 3(acetyloxy)-2,3,3a,9a-tetrahydro-2[[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]-
<0.01
0.02±0.02
Cyclohexylbenzene
<0.01
<0.01
ν-Butyl benzoate
0.01±0.01
<0.01
1-Tetradecene
<0.01
<0.01
Geranylacetone
0.01±0.01
0.04±0.02
1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline
0.02±0.01
0.03±0.02
<0.01
0.02±0.02
Cyclododecane
Tetradecane
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Pentadecane
0.01±0
0.03±0.02
Eicosane
<0.01
0.07±0.04
Octadecane
<0.01
0.02±0.01
1-Hexadecene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Hexadecane
0.01±0
0.03±0.02
Heptadecane
<0.01
0.02±0.01
Cadalene
<0.01
0.03±0.02
Octadecene
<0.01
0.05±0.05
1,2-Diphenoxyethane
0.02±0.01
<0.01
Homosalate
0.03±0.02
<0.01
Methyl palmitate
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Nonadecane
<0.01
0.01±0.01
ORVOCs
Isopentane
2.1±0.56
0.22±0.1
1.16±0.46
0.06±0.03
Ethyl acetate
0.47±0.16
0.06±0.03
Isopropylcyclobutane
0.04±0.03
0.07±0.07
1-Butyl-2-methylcyclopropane
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Acetophenone
0.01±0
0.02±0.02
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde
<0.01
<0.01
OVOCs
0.74±0.27
0.23±0.1
Total
4.57±1.32
2.39±0.83
(b) C. tetragona
July 3-4
mean±SE
August 4-7
mean±SE
Isoprene
Eucalyptol
0.15±0.08
0.08±0.03
1.46±0.65
0.03±0.01
α-Fenchol
<0.01
<0.01
α-Thujone
<0.01
<0.01
δ-Camphor
<0.01
<0.01
Borneol
0.01±0
<0.01
4-Terpineol
<0.01
<0.01
α-Terpineol
0.06±0.03
0.01±0.01
oMTs
Cyclene
0.16±0.06
<0.01
0.04±0.02
<0.01
α-Thujene
<0.01
<0.01
α-Pinene
0.03±0.02
0.01±0.01
Norbornane, 2,2-dimethyl-5-methylene-
<0.01
<0.01
α-Fenchene
0.01±0
<0.01
Camphene
0.03±0.01
0.01±0
β-Thujene
Sabinene
<0.01
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
β-Terpinene
0.01±0.01
<0.01
β-Pinene
0.01±0
0.01±0.01
α-Terpinene
0.07±0.02
0.01±0.01
4-Carene
0.01±0.01
<0.01
Cymene
0.06±0.02
0.06±0.03
Limonene
0.11±0.03
0.05±0.02
α-Phellandrene
0.01±0
<0.01
γ-Terpinene
Terpinolene
0.04±0.04
<0.01
0.03±0.01
0.01±0.01
MTs
Ylangene
0.42±0.14
<0.01
0.16±0.07
<0.01
α-Cubebene
0.02±0.01
0.01±0
Copaene
0.01±0.01
0.01±0
1-Isopropyl-3a-methyl-6<0.01
methylenedecahydrocyclopenta[3,4]cyclobuta[1,2]cyc
lopentene
<0.01
β-Bourbonene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
γ-Caryophyllene
<0.01
<0.01
α-Bergamotene
<0.01
<0.01
α-Humulene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
γ-Elemene
<0.01
<0.01
γ-Cadinene
0.01±0
0.01±0
β-Farnesene
<0.01
<0.01
β-Cubebene
<0.01
<0.01
Germacrene D
<0.01
<0.01
β-Selinene
0.03±0.01
0.04±0.03
α-Selinene
0.05±0.03
0.02±0.01
α-Bulnesene
<0.01
<0.01
α-Muurolene
0.01±0
<0.01
β-Sesquiphellandrene
<0.01
<0.01
δ-cadinene
0.04±0.02
0.01±0.01
Calamenene
0.01±0
0.01±0.01
Epizonarene
<0.01
<0.01
Cada-1,4-diene
<0.01
<0.01
Aromadendrene
<0.01
<0.01
α-Gurjenene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
α-Calacorene
<0.01
<0.01
Selina-3,7(11)-diene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
β-Patchoulene
0.01±0.01
<0.01
γ-Selinene
0.04±0.04
0.06±0.06
β-Cadinene
0.02±0.02
<0.01
Aristolene
0.01±0.01
0.01±0.01
Valencene
0.01±0
0.01±0.01
β-Eudesmol
0.1±0.04
0.06±0.06
β-Maaliene
0.12±0.04
0.03±0.03
β-Panasinsene
<0.01
<0.01
γ-Eudesmol
0.01±0.01
<0.01
α-Eudesmol
<0.01
<0.01
β-Elemenone
<0.01
0.01±0.01
SQTs
3-Methylpentane
0.51±0.19
0.02±0.02
0.33±0.26
<0.01
Methylcyclopentane
0.02±0.01
<0.01
2,3-Dimethylpentane
0.07±0.03
<0.01
3-Methylhexane
0.06±0.04
<0.01
1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane
0.02±0.01
<0.01
Heptane
<0.01
<0.01
1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane
0.01±0.01
<0.01
Methylcyclohexane
0.01±0
<0.01
3-Methyleneheptane
<0.01
<0.01
1-Octene
0.01±0
<0.01
Hexanal
0.01±0
<0.01
3-Methyl-α-Heptene
<0.01
<0.01
2-Octene
<0.01
<0.01
(E)-2-Hexenal
<0.01
<0.01
μ-Xylene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
4-Xylene
0.01±0.01
0.02±0.01
Nonene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Styrene
0.01±0
<0.01
Cyclooctatraene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
2,7-Dimethyloxepine
<0.01
<0.01
Benzaldehyde
0.04±0.01
0.06±0.06
Sulcatone
<0.01
<0.01
Octanal
0.01±0.01
0.09±0.05
2-Ethylhexanol
<0.01
<0.01
Phenylmethanol
<0.01
<0.01
Nonylcyclopropane
<0.01
<0.01
Veratrol
<0.01
<0.01
1,4-Dimethoxybenzene
0.03±0.01
0.01±0.01
Octylcyclopropane
<0.01
<0.01
Decanone
<0.01
0.01±0.01
o-Veratramide
<0.01
<0.01
Benzothiazole, 2-(methylthio)-
<0.01
0.01±0.01
1-Tridecene
<0.01
0.01±0
2-Undecanone
<0.01
0.01±0
Octadecane
<0.01
0.04±0.03
2-Methylnaphthalene
<0.01
<0.01
6H-Furo[2',3':4,5]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-6-one, 3(acetyloxy)-2,3,3a,9a-tetrahydro-2[[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]-
<0.01
<0.01
Cyclohexylbenzene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
1,3,3-Trimethyl-1-phenylindan
<0.01
<0.01
Ν-Butyl benzoate
0.07±0.03
0.06±0.04
(E)-2-Tetradecene
<0.01
0.02±0.02
1-Pentadecene
<0.01
<0.01
Tetradecane
<0.01
0.02±0.01
2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene
<0.01
<0.01
Geranylacetone
<0.01
0.02±0.02
1.2-dihydro-2.2.4-trimethylquinoline
0.04±0.01
0.07±0.05
2,4-Dimethylquinoline
<0.01
<0.01
Cyclododecane
<0.01
0.04±0.03
Butyl salicylate
<0.01
<0.01
Nonadecane
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Pentadecane
<0.01
0.02±0.02
1-Tetradecene
<0.01
<0.01
Cyclohexadecane
<0.01
0.04±0.04
1,2,3,4-Tetramethylnaphthalene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Hexyl benzoate
<0.01
<0.01
1-Hexadecene
<0.01
<0.01
Hexadecane
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Methyl dihydrojasmonate
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Octyl ether
0.08±0.08
<0.01
Cyclotetradecane
<0.01
<0.01
(1E)-1-Ethylidene-7a-methyloctahydro-1H-indene
0.01±0
0.01±0.01
Heptadecene
<0.01
0.02±0.02
Heptadecane
<0.01
0.03±0.02
Cadalene
0.02±0.01
0.02±0.02
(3E, 7E)-10Isopropenyl-3,7-cyclodecadien-1-one
<0.01
<0.01
Dibutyl adipate
<0.01
0.02±0.02
Nonadecene
<0.01
0.04±0.02
Octadecene
<0.01
0.03±0.02
Tridecane
<0.01
0.01±0.01
1,2-Diphenoxyethane
0.01±0
<0.01
Homosalate
0.05±0.03
0.01±0.01
2-Hexadecyloxirane
<0.01
0.02±0.01
3-Oxohexadecanoic acid
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Methyl palmitate
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Cyclopentadecane
<0.01
0.02±0.02
Eicosane
<0.01
0.06±0.03
Docosene
<0.01
0.03±0.03
ORVOCs
Isopentane
0.63±0.17
0.22±0.11
1.02±0.56
<0.01
Ethyl acetate
0.02±0.02
<0.01
Isopropylcyclobutane
0.02±0.02
<0.01
1-Butyl-2-Methylcyclopropane
<0.01
0.05±0.03
Acetophenone
0.01±0.01
0.06±0.04
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde
<0.01
0.01±0.01
2,6-Bis(2-methyl-2-propanyl)-1,4-benzoquinone
<0.01
0.01±0.01
OVOCs
0.28±0.12
0.12±0.07
Total
2.15±0.49
3.14±1.36
(c) B. nana
July 3-4
mean±SE
August 4-7
mean±SE
Isoprene
α-Pinene
1.02±0.30
0.01±0
0.25±0.12
0.01±0
Camphene
<0.01
<0.01
β-Pinene
<0.01
0.04±0.03
α-Phellandrene
0.24±0.07
0.03±0.03
α-Terpinene
<0.01
<0.01
Limonene
0.01±0.01
0.03±0.02
β-Ocimene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
γ-terpinene
Allocymene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
MTs
Eucalyptol
0.26±0.07
0.01±0
0.12±0.06
<0.01
Borneol
0.01±0
<0.01
α-Terpineol
0.04±0.02
<0.01
Bornyl acetate
0.01±0.01
0.02±0.01
oMTs
α-Cubebene
0.06±0.02
0.07±0.06
0.02±0.01
<0.01
Ylangene
0.01±0
0.02±0.01
Copaene
0.72±0.52
0.05±0.03
β-Bourbonene
0.17±0.15
<0.01
γ-Caryophyllene
0.21±0.11
0.02±0.01
γ-Elemene
<0.01
<0.01
Unidentified SQT 1
0.03±0.02
<0.01
Geranylacetone
0.01±0.01
0.03±0.02
Unidentified SQT 2
0.01±0
<0.01
Unidentified SQT 3
0.01±0.01
0.01±0
α-Humulene
0.07±0.03
0.04±0.03
β-Guaiene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Alloaromadendrene
0.47±0.27
0.09±0.07
Bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-1-ene,2-isopropyl-5-methyl-9methyleneγ-Cadinene
0.01±0.01
<0.01
0.04±0.02
<0.01
Unidentified SQT 4
0.01±0.01
<0.01
β-Cubebene
0.21±0.13
<0.01
γ-Selinene
0.01±0.01
0.09±0.06
Unidentified SQT 5
<0.01
<0.01
Unidentified SQT 6
<0.01
<0.01
Selina-3.7(11)-diene
<0.01
0.02±0.02
γ-Muurolene
0.02±0.02
<0.01
β-Cadinene
0.02±0.02
<0.01
Cada-1,4-diene
0.02±0.01
<0.01
α-Muurolene
0.01±0
<0.01
Isoaromadendrene epoxide
<0.01
<0.01
β-Eudesmol
<0.01
0.08±0.06
γ-Eudesmol
<0.01
0.09±0.07
SQTs
Piperylene
2.12±1.07
<0.01
0.56±0.34
0.03±0.03
3-Methylpentane
0.04±0.04
0.02±0.02
Hexane
0.02±0.02
0.01±0.01
Methylcyclopentane
0.02±0.02
0.05±0.03
1,4-Hexadiene
<0.01
0.37±0.29
2,3-Dimethylpentane
0.21±0.07
0.28±0.2
3-Methylhexane
0.16±0.09
0.22±0.22
1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane
0.02±0.01
0.07±0.05
Methylcyclohexane
0.03±0.01
<0.01
Ethylcyclopentane
<0.01
<0.01
3-Methyleneheptane
0.01±0.01
<0.01
1-Octene
0.03±0.01
0.01±0.01
Hexanal
<0.01
<0.01
2-Octene
<0.01
<0.01
(E)-2-Hexenal
0.09±0.05
<0.01
3-Hexen-1-ol
1.54±0.79
4.29±2.66
2-Hexen-1-ol
0.24±0.13
1.19±1
4-Xylene
0.02±0.01
0.01±0.01
Styrene
0.01±0.01
0.05±0.03
Benzaldehyde
0.23±0.16
0.25±0.15
Octanal
0.04±0.01
0.06±0.06
(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate
0.28±0.15
5.73±3.05
Hex-2-enyl acetate
0.11±0.05
<0.01
2-Ethylhexanol
<0.01
0.03±0.02
Phenylmethanol
0.14±0.14
0.02±0.02
Acetanisole
<0.01
0.13±0.07
Cymenene
<0.01
0.04±0.02
Benzene, tert-pentyl-
<0.01
0.06±0.06
3-Hexenyl butyrate
1.66±0.69
2.43±1.52
Hexyl butyrate
0.02±0.02
<0.01
(E)-2-Hexenyl butyrate
0.24±0.15
0.17±0.12
Naphthalene
<0.01
0.04±0.03
(Z)-3-Hexenyl 2-Methylbutyrate
0.2±0.11
1.16±1.02
(E)-3-hexenyl isovalerate
0.02±0.02
0.02±0.02
2-Undecanone
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Tridecane
<0.01
0.03±0.02
Theaspirane
<0.01
0.02±0.01
6H-Furo[2',3':4,5]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-6-one, 3(acetyloxy)-2,3,3a,9a-tetrahydro-2[[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]-
<0.01
0.04±0.04
Cyclohexylbenzene
<0.01
0.02±0.02
(Z)-3-Hexenyl hexanoate
<0.01
0.01±0.01
ν-Butyl benzoate
<0.01
0.07±0.05
1-Tetradecene
<0.01
0.02±0.01
Tetradecane
<0.01
0.03±0.02
1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline
0.06±0.03
0.06±0.04
Pentadecane
0.03±0.02
0.04±0.03
Eudalene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Hexadecane
<0.01
0.02±0.02
Octyl ether
0.15±0.09
<0.01
Heptadecane
<0.01
0.02±0.02
Cadalene
<0.01
0.12±0.08
Cyclopentadecane
<0.01
0.04±0.03
Unidentified ORVOC 1
<0.01
0.05±0.03
Unidentified ORVOC 2
<0.01
0.04±0.02
1,2-Diphenoxyethane
0.08±0.05
<0.01
2-Hexadecyloxirane
<0.01
0.03±0.02
Methyl palmitate
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Docosene
<0.01
0.03±0.03
ORVOCs
Isopentane
5.71±1.73
0.88±0.34
17.5±9.33
0.15±0.09
Ethyl acetate
0.1±0.06
0.02±0.02
1-Butyl-2-methylcyclopropane
<0.01
0.1±0.07
Ethyl butyrate
0.01±0.01
<0.01
Acetophenone
0.06±0.04
<0.01
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde
<0.01
0.03±0.02
OVOCs
1.05±0.34
0.3±0.11
Total
10.35±2.67
19.27±9.99
Table S7.
Mean BVOC emissions (µg g-1 h-1; ±SE; N = 13-15) of individual compounds grouped as isoprene, oxygenated
monoterpenes (oMTs), non-oxygenated monoterpenes (MTs), sesquiterpenes (SQTs), other reactive volatile
organic compounds (ORVOCs), and other volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) for a Salix arctica and b
Cassiope tetragona from Zackenberg.
(a) S. arctica
isoprene
γ-Terpinene
(E)-2,6-Dimethyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene
Eucalyptol
July 16
mean±SE
July 30
mean±SE
August 13
mean±SE
August 29
mean±SE
0.5±0.21
8.53±1.99
4.55±0.83
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01±0
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01±0.01
0.02±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
L-Limonene
0.01±0
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Camphene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
α-Pinene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Limonene
0.01±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
β-Ocimene
0.09±0.05
0.02±0.01
0.01±0
<0.01
Cymene
0.01±0.01
0.16±0.16
<0.01
<0.01
MTs
α-Humulene
0.13±0.06
<0.01
0.2±0.16
<0.01
0.01±0
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Valencene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
α-Cubene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
β-Selinene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
β-Cubebene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Caryophyllene
0.01±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Germacrene
0.01±0.01
0.01±0
<0.01
<0.01
β-Bourbonene
0.03±0.02
0.03±0.01
0.02±0.01
<0.01
SQTs
3-Ethyltoluene
0.05±0.04
<0.01
0.04±0.02
<0.01
0.03±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
ψ-Cumene
0.01±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Ethyldimethylbenzene
Hexadecane
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
3-Methylpentane
0.05±0.05
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Methylcyclopentane
0.04±0.04
<0.01
0.02±0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Sulcatone
0.02±0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Undecane
0.01±0
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
6H-Furo[2',3':4,5]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-6-one, 3(acetyloxy)-2,3,3a,9a-tetrahydro-2[[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]-
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Hexanal
<0.01
0.02±0.02
<0.01
<0.01
Styrene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.21±0.13
0.2±0.2
0.01±0.01
<0.01
0.01±0
0.01±0
<0.01
<0.01
Ethylbenzene
(Z)-2-Hexen-1-ol
Octene
Hex-2-enyl acetate
1,4-Pentadiene
1.22±0.8
0.47±0.22
0.04±0.04
<0.01
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Nonane
0.01±0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Nonene
<0.01
0.01±0
<0.01
<0.01
Benzaldehyde
0.06±0.03
0.01±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
μ-Xylene
0.02±0.02
0.01±0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
3-Hexenol
1.12±0.44
0.86±0.57
0.27±0.26
<0.01
Octanal
0.03±0.02
0.09±0.04
<0.01
<0.01
Cyclohexylbenzene
0.02±0.01
0.01±0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
2-Hexen-1-al
0.51±0.27
0.49±0.37
0.01±0.01
<0.01
(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate
8.99±4.06
3.15±1.17
1.09±0.76
<0.01
Dodecane
0.07±0.03
0.01±0.01
0.02±0.01
<0.01
Pentadecane
0.06±0.02
0.06±0.02
0.02±0.01
<0.01
Tridecane
0.05±0.02
0.05±0.02
0.05±0.01
<0.01
4-Xylene
0.12±0.04
0.18±0.08
0.04±0.03
<0.01
Tetradecane
0.06±0.02
0.03±0.01
0.05±0.01
<0.01
ORVOCs
3-Methylthiophen
12.72±5.08
<0.01
5.7±2.2
<0.01
1.65±1.03
<0.01
0.01±0.00
<0.01
Acetophenone
0.25±0.1
0.06±0.04
<0.01
<0.01
OVOCs
0.25±0.1
0.06±0.04
<0.01
<0.01
13.65±5.06
14.54±2.47
6.24±1.64
0.01±0.00
Total
(b) C. tetragona
July 17
mean±SE
July 31
mean±SE
August 14
mean±SE
Isoprene
Eucalyptol
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
0.02±0.01
0.49±0.32
0.01±0
α-Fenchol
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
D-Camphor
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Borneol
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Cymene
0.01±0.01
0.04±0.01
0.01±0
α-Terpineol
<0.01
0.01±0
<0.01
4-Terpinenol
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
0.03±0.01
<0.01
0.08±0.03
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
oMTS
α-Pinene
α-Fenchene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Camphene
<0.01
0.01±0
<0.01
β-Terpinene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
β-Pinene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Myrcene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
α-Terpinene
<0.01
0.01±0.01
0.01±0
Limonene
<0.01
0.03±0.01
0.01±0
β-Phellandrene
<0.01
0.01±0
<0.01
γ-Terpinene
<0.01
0.02±0.01
<0.01
Terpinolene
<0.01
0.01±0
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
0.09±0.05
<0.01
0.02±0.01
<0.01
α-Bergamotene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
β-Maaliene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
β-Selinene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
α-Muurolene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
α-Selinene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
γ-Muurolene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
δ-Cadinene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Calamenene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
γ-Eudesmol
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
β-Eudesmol
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Cadalene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
SQTs
3-Methylpentane
0.01±0
<0.01
0.02±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.15±0.12
Hexane
<0.01
<0.01
0.18±0.14
Methylcyclopentane
<0.01
<0.01
0.17±0.13
3-Methylhexane
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Methylcyclohexane
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Hexanal
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
4-Xylene
0.04±0.01
0.03±0.01
0.03±0.01
Nonene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Styrene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Cyclooctatraene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Nonane
0.01±0
0.01±0.01
<0.01
0.14±0.04
0.05±0.02
<0.01
Sulcatone
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
<0.01
<0.01
0.01±0.01
Decane
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Octanal
0.07±0.02
0.06±0.02
<0.01
MTs
Copaene
Benzaldehyde
Undecane
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Dodecane
0.01±0
0.02±0.01
<0.01
(1E)-1-Ethylidene-7a-methyloctahydro-1H-indene
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.03±0.01
0.03±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01±0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
1,3,3-Trimethyl-1-phenylindan
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
ν-Butyl benzoate
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
Tridecane
6H-Furo[2',3':4,5]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-6-one, 3(acetyloxy)-2,3,3a,9a-tetrahydro-2[[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl]Cyclohexylbenzene
Tetradecane
1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline
Pentadecane
0.02±0.01
0.02±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02±0.01
0.02±0.01
<0.01
Hexadecane
Imidazole.4-[[(4-formyl)phenoxy]acetylamino]-5aminocarbonylOctadecane
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01±0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
ORVOCs
Isopentane
0.36±0.07
0.02±0.02
0.29±0.08
<0.01
0.55±0.41
0.04±0.03
Acetophenone
0.23±0.1
0.03±0.03
<0.01
OVOCs
0.26±0.1
0.03±0.03
0.04±0.03
Total
0.66±0.15
0.52±0.12
1.11±0.55
References
Guenther A.B., Zimmerman P.R., Harley P.C., Monson R.K. & Fall R. (1993) Isoprene and monoterpene
emission rate variability: model evaluations and sensitivity analyses. Journal of Geophysical Research 98,
12609-12617.