1
Foundations of
Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Lesson 1.1: The Language of Anatomy and
Physiology
Lesson 1.2: Basic Physiological Processes
Lesson 1.3: How Forces Affect the Body
Lesson 1.4: Understanding Science
Do No: Pick 4 Words and write the
definition of each
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Anatomy – Pg. 4
Physiology – Pg. 4
Anatomical Position – Pg. 5
Sagittal Plane – Pg. 5
Frontal Plane – Pg. 5
Transverse Plane – Pg. 6
Metric System – Pg. 6
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Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.1
The Language of Anatomy
and Physiology
1.1 Lesson Objectives
• Define anatomy and physiology and explain the
relationship between them.
• Describe anatomical position and explain why it is
useful.
• Identify the three planes of the body and discuss
how they are useful in describing body movements.
• Identify the major body cavities and the organs that
are housed within each cavity.
• Discuss the choice of the metric system as the
international system of measurement for all fields of
science.
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The Language of Anatomy and Physiology
• introducing anatomy and physiology
• describing the human body
• the metric system
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Introducing Anatomy and Physiology
• human anatomy
– identify the parts of the human body
– gross human anatomy
– microscopic human anatomy
• human physiology
– how the parts of the human body function
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Describing the Human Body
• anatomical position
• planes
– Sagittal
– Frontal
– Transverse
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Common Directional Terms
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvHWnJwBkm
o
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. The frontal plane divides the body into left and
right halves.
2. Proximal means closer to the trunk.
3. Lateral means away from the midline of the body.
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Body Cavities
• dorsal (posterior) cavities
– cranial
– spinal
• ventral (anterior) cavities
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–
–
–
thoracic
abdominopelvic
abdominal
pelvic
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Body Cavities
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL4TWO5CC8
4
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The Metric System
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meter–measures length
kilogram–measures mass
second–measures time
Kelvin–measures temperature
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: diaphragm, kilogram, or
thoracic.
1. The heart is located in the _______________
cavity.
2. The _______________ separates the thoracic
and abdominal cavities.
3. The metric base unit of mass is the
_______________.
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END
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Exit Ticket
1)
Which of these organs is found in the thoracic cavity?
a. Heart
b. Stomach
c. Liver
d. Kidneys
2) A cut that would divide the body into right and left parts is a(n)
______ cut.
a. Sagittal
b. Transverse
c. Frontal
d. Coronal
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3) The knee is ________ to the ankle.
a. Lateral
b. Posterior
c. Distal
d. Proximal
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Answers
1) A. Heart
2) A. Sagittal
3) D. Proximal
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Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.2
Basic Physiological
Processes
Basic Physiological Processes
• structural and functional organization of the body
• homeostasis
• metabolism
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Structural Organization of the Body
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atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
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Human Organ Systems
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ORGAN SYSTEM PRACTICE
• With the person sitting next to you, use your
textbook to fill in the worksheet.
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Matching
1.
Digestive System
1. E – Breaks down food
2.
Skeletal System
2. C – Protects the delicate organs
3.
Respiratory System
4.
Circulatory System
5.
Nervous System
6. B – allows us to move different parts of our body
6.
Muscular System
7. A – removes extra water and waste from our
7.
Urinary System
3. D – takes air into and out of your body
4. F – move substances to all parts of our body
5. G – The control center of our body
body
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What Organ System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Rib
Bladder
Brain
Muscles
Nerves
Skull
Heart
Kidneys
Gullet (Esophagus)
Lungs
Large & Small Intestine
Ureters
Anus
Spinal Cord
Stomach
Blood Vessels
Mouth
Backbone
Windpipe
Nose
1.Skeletal
2. Urinary
3. Nervous
4. Muscular
5. Nervous
6. Skeletal
7. Circulatory
8. Urinary
9. Digestive
10. Respiratory
11. Digestive
12. Urinary
13. Digestive
14. Nervous
15. Digestive
16. Circulatory
17. Digestive
18. Skeletal
19. Respiratory
20. Respiratory
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: cardiovascular, skeletal,
or urinary.
1. The _______________ system supports the body.
2. The _______________ system eliminates waste.
3. The _______________ system transports oxygen.
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Homeostasis
• Control mechanisms maintain a steady
internal environment
– Receptor – Transmitter that senses
environmental changes
– control center – system that receives
and analyzes information from
sensory receptors, then sends a
command stimulus to an effector to
maintain homeostasis
– Effector – unit that receives a
command stimulus from the control
center and causes an action to help
maintain homeostasis
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Homeostasis
• negative feedback
– conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction trigger a
negative reaction in the opposite direction
• positive feedback
– conditions cause a reaction to accelerate
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Negative Feedback Loop
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Positive Feedback Loop
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Homeostatic Imbalance
• organ systems have a diminished ability to keep
the body’s internal environment within the normal
ranges
– Examples
• Imbalances
– Aging imbalance can lead to changes in the body like
wrinkles, reduction in the size of muscles, or decrease
mental acuity.
– Imbalances can also lead to chronic diseases associated
with aging – Diabetes.
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Metabolism
• Metabolism – a term used to describe the multitude of chemical
reactions constantly going on within the body’s cells.
• 2 General Types of Activity
– Anabolism
• The process through which complex molecules such as proteins
are constructed from simpler ones.
• Big molecules made from smaller molecules
– Catabolism
• Opposite of Anabolism
• Big molecules broken into smaller molecules
• metabolic rate
– The speed with which the body consumes energy.
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Negative feedback mechanisms increase
disruptive forces.
2. Homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a
steady internal environment.
3. Anabolism breaks molecules down.
1. F – Negative feedback reduces disruptive forces
2. T
3. F – Anabolism Makes big molecules from small
molecules
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END
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Exit Ticket
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Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.3
How Forces Affect
the Body
How Forces Affect the Body
• basic kinetic concepts
• forces and injury to the human body
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Basic Kinetic Concepts
• force
– push or pull
• mass and weight
• pressure
– force spread over an area
• torque
– twisting force
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Forces and Injury to the Human Body
• compression
– squeezing force
• tension
– pulling force
• shear
– tearing apart force
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Directional Force Distribution within the
Body
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Mechanical Stress
• types of stress
– compressive
– tensile
– shear
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Combined Loads
• multiple forces acting at
same time
• bending
– off-center force
• torsion
– twisting force
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The Effects of Force Application
• acceleration
• deformation
– elastic
– plastic
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: tension, kinetics,
pressure, torsion.
1. analysis of force action
2. twisting force
3. pulling force
4. force spread over an area
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Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.4
Understanding Science
Understanding Science
• the scientific method
• developing scientific theories
• the impact of scientific research
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Science
• creates new knowledge
– testable explanations
– testable predictions
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The Scientific Method
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Step 1: Identifying a Research Question
Step 2: Formulating One or More Hypotheses
Step 3: Planning the Organization of the Study
Step 4: Collecting the Data
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The Scientific Method (continued)
• Step 5: Analyzing and Evaluating the Data with
Statistical Tools
• Step 6: Interpreting and Discussing the Results
• Step 7: Deriving Conclusions from the Results
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Developing Scientific Theories
• tested through the scientific method
• accurate explanation of some aspect of the natural
world
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Early Greek and Roman Anatomists
• Aristotle
– wrote On the Parts of Animals
• Galen
– compiled numerous anatomical reports
– first to assert that the brain controls muscles
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Anatomists in the Renaissance
• Leonardo da Vinci
– The Vitruvian Man
• Andreas Vesalius
– De Humani Corporis Fabrica
(On the Structure of the
Human Body)
• William Harvey
– one of the first accurate
descriptions of human
physiology
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: scientific theory, science,
or Galen.
1. _______________ creates new knowledge.
2. A(n) _______________ is an accurate explanation
of some aspect of the natural world.
3. The early Greek and Roman anatomists were
Aristotle and _______________.
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