PQRST
Chapter Ten Section One
Thomas Bentley
1. Expansion of Democracy
Why did middle class people like Andrew Jackson?
-small workshops were being replaced by large scale factories
-wealth was concentrating into a minority
-middle class people thought they were being left behind
-these people supported Andrew Jackson, who they thought would change this.
Nominating Conventions- convention where party members choose candidates, as opposed to
party leaders
Jacksonian Democracy- period of democratic expansion
2. Election of 1828
Why did tensions run so high in the 1828 election?
-avid supporters of Jackson called themselves the Democratic Party
-supporters of Adam’s presidency called themselves Republicans
-John C. Calhoun was the vice president to Andrew Jackson
3. The Campaign
What was a key factor in the 1828 election? Discuss why this played so much into voter’s
choices.
-Jackson was seen as a war hero who succeeded with hard work
-Adams was seen as intelligent, but out of touch with people and the time
-Jackson won by a landslide
4. Jackson’s Inauguration
Why does the president get to put his political backers in positions of power? What saying does
this come from? Discuss the drawbacks of the system.
-victory was seen as a win for the common people
-wild party was difficult to control
-Jackson capitalized on Spoils System, which is the practice of giving government jobs to political
backers, comes from the saying “to the victors go the spoils.”
-Martin Van Buren became Secretary of State
-Jackson also created Kitchen Cabinet, an informal group of Jackson’s most trusted advisors who
occasionally met in the White House kitchen
Section two: Jackson’s Administration
By Nolan Slagle
1. Three regions emerge
What caused the differences between the regions?
 1st Region- North














Northerners supported tariffs
tariffs helped compete with British factories
they also opposed the federal sale of public land at cheap prices, fearing it would make
people leave the factories to go west.
2nd Region the south
economy was based on farming.
Southern farmers raised mostly the cash crops of cotton and tobacco
Exported to foreign countries for profit
imported their manufactured goods
Tariffs made imported goods more expensive for southern farmers, angering some of
the South’s European trading partners.
They would likely raise their own tariffs in retaliation.
southerners called for low tariffs.
The 3rd region was the west
the frontier economy was just emerging, they favored policies that boosted their
farming economy and encouraged further settlement.
Their biggest priority was cheap land and internal improvements such as better roads
and water transportation
2.Tariff of Abominations
Evaluate the pros and cons of the tariffs.
 In 1827, northern manufacturers began to demand a tariff on imported woolen goods.
 Northerners wanted the tariff to protect their industries from foreign competition,
especially from Great Britain.
 British companies were driving American ones out of business with their inexpensive
manufactured goods.
 The tariff was to be so high that importing wool would be impossible.
 While the northerners supported it, southerners opposed the tariff, fearing it would
hurt their economy.
 Before Andrew Jackson took office, Congress placed a high tariff on imports, Angry
southerners called it the Tariff of Abominations
 President John Quincy Adams signed the tariff legislation, though he did not fully
support it. At the time, presidents tended to reserve veto power for legislation that
they believed violated the Constitution.
3. Nullification Crisis
What could have contributed to the crisis?
 Vice President John C. Calhoun had supported the criteria needed for a strong
central government
 But when Tariff of Abominations were passed, Calhoun joined his fellow
southerners in protest
 Economic depression and previous tariffs had severely damaged the economy
of his home state, South Carolina
 In reasons to the tariffs, the South Carolina Exposition and Protest was drafted.
It said that Congress should not favor one state or region over another


he also used the Protest to advance the states’ rights doctrine. which said that
since the states had formed the national government, state power should be
greater than federal power
Conflict between the supporters and the opponents of nullification deepened. The
dispute became known as the nullification crisis.
4. The Hayne-Webster Debate
Who do you think was right, explain.
 debate about states’ rights began early in our nation’s history.
 Jefferson and Madison supported the states’ power to disagree with the federal
government in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798–99
 But Calhoun went further, believing that states could judge whether a law was or was
not constitutional.
 This position put the power of the Supreme Court in question
 Daniel Webster of Massachusetts argued that the United States was one nation, not a
pact among independent states. believing that the welfare of the nation should override
that of individual states
5. Jackson Responds
What kinds of pressure would have been placed one Jackson to make a decision.
 Although deeply opposed to nullification, Jackson was also concerned about economic








problems in the southern states
Jackson urged Congress to pass another tariff that lowered the previous rate
South Carolina thought the slight change was inadequate. The state legislature decided
to test the doctrine of states’ rights
South Carolina’s first action was to pass the Nullification Act. It declared that the 1828
and 1832 tariffs were void
threatened to withdraw from the Union if federal troops were used to collect duties
South Carolina also voted to form its own army
Jackson declared that he would enforce the law in South Carolina. At his request,
Congress passed the Force Bill which allowed force of the army if necessary
in 1833, Henry Clay of Kentucky had proposed a compromise that would lower the tariff
little by little over several years.
both the U.S. Congress and South Carolina moved quickly to approve the compromise
6. Jackson Attacks the banks
Evaluate Jackson’s position against the banks.
 While Jackson upheld federal authority during the nullification crisis, he didn’t always
support greater federal power
 he opposed the Second Bank of the United States, founded in 1816.
 It was given a 20-year charter
 held federal deposits, made transfers of federal funds between states, and dealt with
any payments or receipts involving the federal government, also issued bank notes, or
paper currency












80 percent of the Bank was privately owned, but its operations were supervised by
Congress and the president
Mainly southern states opposed the bank, farmers believed that the Bank only helped
the wealthy
Jackson believed it was an unconstitutional extension of the power of Congress
Maryland even tried to pass a tax that would limit the Bank’s operations.
McCulloch, cashier of the Bank’s branch in Maryland, refused to pay this tax, they took
him to court and the case went all the way up to
The case was called, McCulloch v. Maryland, the outcome was that the national bank
was constitutional
After the ruling, Biddle, the Bank’s director, decided to push for a bill to renew the
Bank’s charter in 1832
Jackson campaigned for the bill’s defeat. Saying, “I will kill it,” So when congress voted
for it, Jackson vetoed the legislation
Congress could not get the two-thirds majority needed to override Jackson’s veto, and
Jackson had already weakened the bank’s power by moving money into state banks.
The state banks used the funds to offer credit terms for those who wanted to buy land
These acts lead to inflation
Jackson ordered Americans to use only gold or silver buy government-owned land in an
attempt to decrease inflation
7. Panic of 1837
What could have contributed to the panic?
 Jackson was still very popular with voters but chose not to run in 1836, so the
Democrats nominated the Vice President, Martin Van Buren.
 new political party formed to oppose Jackson. they called themselves Whigs, after
an English political party that opposed the monarchy
 favored the idea of a weak president and a strong Congress
 with backing from Jackson, Van Buren won the election.
 Shortly after Buren took office, the country experienced the Panic of 1837, or a
severe economic depression
 Since Buren was in office at the time, the people blamed him.
 In the election of1840 the Whigs stood behind one candidate, William Henry
Harrison.
 Harrison won in by a landslide. The Whigs had won the presidency.
Textbook PQRST
Scott Boggess
Questions:
1. Who won the election of 1824?
2. What is Jacksonian Democracy?
3. Who is the people’s president?
4. When did Jackson take government?
5. What was the new political era?
Summary:











In 1824 differences led to a fierce battle for the presidency
There were 4 candidates, John Q. Adams, William Crawford, Henry Clay, and Andrew
Jackson.
Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but did not get the majority.
John Adams won.
Jackson and Adams made 2 parties the Republicans, and the Democrats.
The idea of spreading political power to the people became known as Jacksonian
Democracy.
The expansion of voting rights gave Jackson and overwhelming win for President.
Jackson came from humble origins so he became known as the people’s president.
Shortly after winning his Presidency his wife died of a Heart Attack.
Jackson was liked so much a mob broke out and he fled to the White House.
A new era began because Jackson Reformed a lot.