STANDARD(S):
11.1 Students analyze the significant events in
the founding of the nation.
LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
1. Describe the regional economic differences in
the early United States.
2. Summarize tensions between national and
sectional interests.
3. Examine the crucial issues and events of
Andrew Jackson’s presidency.
4. Identify the presidents that followed Jackson
and the challenges they faced.
Section 2
The Age of Jackson
During a time of growing sectionalism, Andrew
Jackson’s election in 1828 ushers in a new era of
popular democracy.
NEXT
SECTION
2
The Age of Jackson
Regional Economies Create Differences
Early Industry in the United States
• Industrial Revolution begins in Britain and spreads
to U.S.
• Textile mills open in New England, where farming
is not profitable
• Market economy in North: farmers sell crops, buy
factory goods
NEXT
THE AGE OF JACKSON:
SECTION 2
• During a time of
growing
Sectionalism,
Andrew Jackson’s
election in 1828,
ushered in a new
era of popular
democracy
REGIONAL ECONOMIES
CREATE DIFFERENCES
• The Northeast continued
to develop industry while
the South and West
continued to be more
agricultural
• The Industrial Revolution
reached America by the
early-mid 19th century
• New England first to
embrace factory system
• Especially in textile
(fabric) mills
SECTION
2
The Age of Jackson
Regional Economies Create Differences
The South Remains Agricultural
• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin makes cotton production
more profitable
• Need for more field laborers leads to growth of
slavery
NEXT
THE SOUTH REMAINS
AGRICULTURAL
• Meanwhile, the South
continued to grow as an
agricultural power
• Eli Whitney’s invention of the
Cotton Gin (1793) made
producing cotton even more
profitable
• The South became a “Cotton
Kingdom”
Cotton Gin quickly separated
cotton fiber from seeds
• More labor was needed –
1790 = 700,000 slaves
1820 = 1,500,000 slaves
BALANCING NATIONALISM AND
SECTIONALISM
SECTION
2
Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism
Clay’s American System
• Henry Clay promotes Madison’s economic plan as
“American System”:
- establishes tariff, recharters national bank
- sponsors development of transportation systems to
make travel easier
• John C. Calhoun gets Southern support for plan
NEXT
Clay’s American System
HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT
COMPROMISER
• House Speaker
Henry Clay’s
American Plan
called for a
protective tariff, a
National Bank,
and an improved
infrastructure to
help travel
SECTION
2
Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism
The Missouri Compromise
• Missouri Compromise admits Missouri as slave
state, Maine as free
• Divides Louisiana Territory: slavery legal in south,
not in north
NEXT
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
• In 1818 settlers in Missouri
applied for statehood
• Northerners and Southerners
disagreed on whether Missouri
should be admitted as a “free”
state
• Henry Clay organized a
compromise in which Missouri
was “slave” but Maine would be
“free”
• Also Louisiana Territory split at
36 30’ north latitude
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
1. Why did the House of Representatives
support John Quincy Adams over Andrew
Jackson?
As speaker of the house, Henry Clay had great
influence in Congress.
Clay disliked and distrusted Jackson.
Clay and the rest of Congress elected Adams to
be president.
SECTION
2
The Election of Andrew Jackson
The Election of 1824
• John Quincy Adams beats Andrew Jackson in
presidential election
• Split between Clay, Jackson tears apart
Democratic-Republican party
NEXT
The Election of 1824
• In the 1824 election,
won by John Quincy
Adams, 350,000 white
males voted
• Jackson, hero of the
common man, won
election in 1828 in part
because the right to vote
had been expanded to
more citizens
SECTION
2
The Election of Andrew Jackson
Expanding Democracy Changes Politics
• Andrew Jackson wins election (1828), has
support of common people
NEXT
Expanding Democracy Changes
Politics
• In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males voted
• Many of the new voters supported the rugged
westerner Jackson who also won re-election in 1832
SECTION
2
Jacksonian Democracy
The Spoils System
• Jacksonian democracy—ideal of political power for
all classes
• Spoils system gives government jobs to supporters
NEXT
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
The Spoils System
• As part of his political
philosophy, Jackson sought to
grant political power to the
common people
• Called The Spoils System or
Jacksonian Democracy,
Jackson hired his own
supporters to replace the
previous administration’s staff
• Jackson gave away many jobs
to his friends and political allies
SECTION
2
Jacksonian Democracy
The Indian Removal Act
• Indian Removal Act (1830) forces Native Americans
off their lands
• Supreme Court rules Georgia cannot give orders to
Cherokee (1832)
• Jackson disobeys court ruling
NEXT
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830
• Congress, with Jackson’s support,
passed the Indian Removal Act in
1830
• Under this law, the federal
government funded treaties that
forced tribes west
• The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia
refused and were supported by the
Supreme Court
• Jackson refused to abide by the
Court decision
• Jackson said, “John Marshall
(Supreme Court Chief Justice) has
made his decision, now let him
enforce it.”
SECTION
2
Jacksonian Democracy
The Trail of Tears
• U.S. soldiers force Cherokee to march west along
Trail of Tears
NEXT
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830
The Trail of
Tears
• U.S. soldiers
force
Cherokee to
march west
along Trail of
Tears
•
Trail of Tears
followed the
Court ruling as
U.S. troops
rounded up
the Cherokee
and drove
them west,
mostly on foot.
. .thousands
died
INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830
2. What did the Indian Removal Act
call for?
The federal government would provide
funds to negotiate treaties that would
force Native Americans to move west.
SECTION
2
Nullification and the Bank War
The South Faces Economic Problems
• Rise in tariff lowers sale of British goods and
Southern cotton
• South forced to buy expensive Northern goods
NEXT
The South Faces Economic Problems
TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”
• In 1824 and again in
1828, Congress
increased the Import
Tariff of 1816
THE NORTH
TARIFFS
THE SOUTH
• Southerners called
the 1828 Tariff, “a
Tariff of
Abominations,” and
blamed it for
economic problems
in the South
SECTION
2
Nullification and the Bank War
The Nullification Crisis
• Calhoun’s idea of nullification: states say if law is
constitutional
• South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null;
threatens secession
• Compromise bill lowers tariff, allows military to
collect duties
NEXT
THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS
South Carolina
First to Secede
• In an attempt to free South
Carolina from the tariff, John
Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from
S.C.), developed the Theory of
Nullification
• He believed if a state found an
act of Congress to be
unconstitutional, it could declare
the law void within its borders
• Tensions only relieved by a Clay
Compromise Tariff in 1833
3. What was John C. Calhoun’s theory of
nullification?
Calhoun’s theory held that the U.S. Constitution
was based on a compact among the sovereign
states.
Since the states never relinquished their
sovereignty, each state retained the right to
determine whether acts of Congress were
constitutional.
If a state decided an act was unconstitutional, it
could nullify the act within its borders.
SECTION
2
Nullification and the Bank War
Jackson’s Bank War
• Federal funds removed from Bank of the U.S.; put
in pet state banks
NEXT
The BANK War
Jackson’s removed from Bank of the
U.S. & put in pet state banks
JACKSON’S BANK WAR
• Jackson opposed
National Bank so he
created Pet Banks – so
called because they were
favored by Jackson’s
Democrats
• Many felt Jackson was
acting more like a King
than a president
• In 1832, his opponents
formed a new party – the
Whigs
4. How did the style of politics
change during the Age of
Jackson?
More Americans became involved in
the political process.
Also, the West was playing an
increasing role in national politics.
SECTION
2
Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy
Election of 1836
• Democrat Martin Van Buren wins election with
Jackson’s support
NEXT
Election of 1836
• In 1836, Democrat
Martin Van Buren won
the Presidency
• He inherited problems
from the “Bank Wars”
MARTIN VAN BUREN
1837-1841
• Jackson’s Pet Banks
printed money without
Gold backing
SECTION
2
Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy
The Panic of 1837
• Many pet banks print money in excess of gold and
silver deposits
• Banks close, credit system collapses, 1/3 of
population jobless
NEXT
PANIC OF 1837
• Jackson’s Pet Banks
printed money without
Gold backing
• In 1837 a panic set in
and many banks
closed, accounts went
bankrupted, and
unemployment soared
5. How did Jackson’s policies
contribute to the Panic of 1837?
Many of the pet banks that accepted
federal deposits were wildcat banks that
failed when people tried to redeem their
currency for gold or silver.
SECTION
2
Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy
Harrison and Tyler
• Van Buren loses in 1840 to Whig war hero William
Henry Harrison
• Harrison dies; new president John Tyler opposes
many Whig ideas
• 1840s, Democrats, Whigs dominate; political
appeals become emotional
NEXT
HARRISON Defeats Van Buren
• Whig William Henry
Harrison defeated
Democrat Van Buren in
the election of 1840
HARRISON 1841
• Harrison, known as
“Tippecanoe” for a
battle he won against
natives, died a month
into his term
HARRISON DIES
• Whig William Henry
Harrison died a
month into his term,
caught the flu.
TYLER
1841-1845
• His VP, John Tyler
became (ACTING)
president
CHP3:2:A
• A – How did agriculture and industry
support a market economy in the North?
– Farmers produced livestock or specific crops
that they sold in urban markets and then
purchased goods that had been manufactured
in Northern factories.
CHP3:2:A
• B – What was the intention behind the
“American System”?
– The “American System” was supposed to
unite the nation’s economic interests and
promote economic independence for the
nation.
CHP3:2:A
• C – What agreements made up the
Missouri Compromise?
– Maine was admitted as a free state and
Missouri as a slave state. The rest of the
Louisiana Territory was split into two parts at
36’ 30’ north latitude. South of the line
slavery was legal. North of the line except for
Missouri – slavery was banned.
CHP3:2:A
• D – How did the federal government
initially try to enforce the Indian Removal
Act?
– The government tried to negotiate treaties
that would force the Native Americans to sell
their lands and resettle in the West.
CHP3:2:A
• E – What do you think might be the
consequences of Calhoun’s nullification
theory for federal-state relations?
– Some might argue that nullification would
weaken federal authority and lead to disunion.
Others might say that it would merely return
proper authority to the states.
CHP3:2:A
• F – What were some of Jackson’s reasons
for opposing the Second Bank of the
United States?
– He thought the national bank was a tool of the
upper classes and a threat to democracy.
CHP3:2:A
• G – How did “wildcats banks” contribute to
the panic of 1837?
– “Wildcat banks” printed paper currency in
excess of the gold and silver necessary to
back it up. Eventually, other banks stopped
accepting that currency and the nation’s
economy collapsed.