Chapter 21 The Roots of Revolution You're a hard worker, but you barely earn enough money to survive. YOU earn 15 monetary units of a 12-to 16 hour workday, but a loaf of bread costs 1 monetary unit, a pound of meat costs 3 monetary units and a dozen eggs cost 10 monetary units. You also have high rent to pay, and you give one-tenth of your income to the church. You pay the heaviest taxes and no voice in Government. How do you feel? The Roots of Revolution • You are a noble and you see two children on the road, their mother and father have past away. The two kids are only 7 and 5 they ask you for money for food and ask you for extra shoes; What would you do? • Old Regime- before 1789 • Society was divided, into three estates, or classes • First estate – Clergy of the Roman Catholic Church (less then 1 %) – Church owned 15% of Frances land – Collected large amounts of money from, rents, taxes and fees – Held by higher clergy, (bishops, archbishops, and abbots) – Parish priests, performed most of the church’s work with little pay. Roots of Revolution • Second estate – The nobility (less than 2 %) • Paid few if any taxes, collected dues from peasants, and held the highest positions in the army and government. • Eldest sons had the right to inherit titles and lands. Roots of Revolution • Third Estate – Rest of the people Of France – 97 % – Top of the third Estate was the Bourgeoisie- or urban middle class – These people were merchants manufacturers and professional people such as doctors and lawyers – Below was three groups • City workers, artisans and rural peasants • Peasants made up larges group (paid the heaviest taxes and paid a tithe one 10th of there income to the church Growing discontent • Growing population of France, needed more food and money to support families • Economic conditions • People hated to pay taxes and nobles and clergy didn’t have to pay anything • Poor took to streets started riots against these higher prices and taxes they had to pay. • Bourgeoisie prospered and wanted political power during the 1700’s. Growing discontent • the third estate wanted Liberty & Equality as their natural rights. • These two things united France and challenged the kings power. Financial Crisis • Louis XV- 59 year reign, one of the longest in France’s history. • 20 years of peace under him • But the debts inherited from Louis XIV continued to grow • Taxes didn’t provide enough money so he would barrow from the banks Financial Crisis • Louis XVI succeeded him as king. • Louis XVI married Marie- Antoinette daughter of the Austrian empire • French people didn’t like her because she became involved with the French politics • Debt grew also because France’s involvement in the American Revolution • Banks refused to lend money • Louis called a meeting with all three estates because the debt grew, meeting in Versailles Meeting of the Estates General • Meeting took place • Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes represented the Third Estate (he was a clergyman) • Third Estate wanted to express their vote • 1st and 2nd Estates can vote together or outvote the 3rd. • May 5, 1789 meeting took place and Louis wanted to keep old tradition, Meeting of the Estates General • Meaning 3rd Estate had no voice. • National Assembly • 3rd estate wanted to hold meetings all together • This started the French Revolution • All the 3rd Estate wanted was a voice and more reorientation to the French people. Warm up • How did France’s social structure lead to discontent and financial crisis. • Why did Louis XVI take the unusual step of calling all three estates together? The French Revolution • Spread of the Revolution – King allowed the estates to meet together – King moved troops into Paris and Versailles – July 14, 1789 people took to streets, captured Bastille prison, people looted it for weapons and destroyed it – Outbreak of violence lead to the formation of a new government The French Revolution – The events of July 14,1789 changed France: led to formation of a new government and people’s army. – Members of the National Assembly believed that thy could stop the violence through reforms. – Outlawed the tithe, canceled all feudal dues and services owed by the peasants. – Removed privileges that the 1st and 2nd estates had. The French Revolution • Declaration of the Rights of Man – Document that had basic human rights and political powers – Men are born = and remain = – Granted freedom of speech, press and religion – Right to take part in the government declaring that all men had an equal right to hold public office – Fair trial The French Revolution • Liberty, equality, fraternity – Rights didn’t apply to women – Olympe de Gouges: play and the women wrote their own document, the Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizenes. – National Assembly rejected it – Women not = as men The French Revolution • Emigres and royalists – Nobles fled to Great Britain, Switzerland and Germany – They plotted to overthrow the Revolution – Emigres (emigrants) – King and Queen and nobles who sided with them had a party and insulted the National Assembly – A crowd led by women forced the king, queen and family to return to Paris. The French Revolution • Reforms in government – Divided the country into 83 equal districts (departments) – Called for the election of local officials. – National Assembly also seized lands owned by the Catholic Church – Property sold to public (used to pay down the national debt) The French Revolution • Constitution of 1791 – Limited the authority of the King and divided the government into three branches – Executive, legislative and judicial – King could no longer block or make laws on his own – Legislative Assembly (people who were elected to office) The French Revolution • French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting. The franchise was restricted to “active” citizens who paid a minimal sum in taxes; about twothirds of adult men had the right to vote for electors and to choose certain local officials directly. The constitution lasted less than a year. The French Revolution • Legislative Assembly & War – Constitution of 1791 went into effect in October lasted less than a year – Revolutionaries didn’t create a sound government – Catholics priest and nobles opposed order, the poorest members of French society had been hurt by a rise in the cost of living. – LA divided into 3 groups: conservatives, radicals and moderates Warm-up • Why did the Legislative Assembly exist for so short a period of time? • In what ways was the first government after the revolution a weak one? • What kind of government did the Constitution of 1791 provide? The French Revolution • Conservatives- felt the revolution had gone far enough, ideal government was one in which the king had limited authority • Radicals- wanted more drastic changes than those proposed by the National Assembly. No king, set up a republic and make broad reforms • moderates- no extreme views. Sided with both depending on issues. The French Revolution • In the Legislative Assembly the conservatives sat on right, moderates in the center and the radicals on left….. • Declaration of Pillnitz- invited other European rulers to support the return of royal rule in France. • 1792 France declared war on Austria The French Revolution • End of the Monarchy – French citizens grew alarmed and searched for someone to blame. – Failures in war, along with economic shortages at home, led to a mass uprising in Paris. – Prussians vowed to destroy Paris if any harm came to the royal family – The Legislative Assembly accused Louis of plotting with foreign powers. The French Revolution • End of the Monarchy – Revolutionary troops arrived from the city of Marseilles to defend Paris . – Marching song was called , “ La Marseillaise” national anthem of France – August 10, 1792 captured the king and imprisoned him. The French Republic • National Convention – Delegates were elected to this convention by the universal manhood suffrage. – Meant every adult male could vote whether he owned property or not. – Georges-Jacques Danton – Maximilien Roberspierre – They were Jacobins: Republics who favored domination by Paris. The French Republic • National Convention governed France for three years • First act: declare the end of the monarchy start of the Republic • National Convention brought Louis XVI to trial, charging him with plotting against the security of the nation The French Republic • Exporting the Revolution – French army defeated the Austrian and Prussian forces. Invaded Austrian Netherland – Other European countries feared that they would attack and try to over through other royal families – So formed an alliance against France and to invade The French Republic • Committee of Public Safety – This was to direct the army in crushing foreign invaders. – Also established a special court, the Revolutionary Tribunal to try, “enemies of the Revolution.” – Public Safety adopted a conscription – Conscription- Draft, all unmarried, able-bodied men, 18-25 were subjected to military service The French Republic • Opposition – Some people rose up against the revolutionary government. (western France) – Counterrevolutionary- meaning their aim was counter to or against the Revolution – Also called the Royal and Catholic army. – Girondin: people who feared the domination of France by Paris. The French Republic • Reign of Terror – Lasted from 1793- July 1794 – Revolutionary Tribunal punished the enemies of the Republic and occasionally executed people who were simply suspected of counterrevolution. – Nobility/ anyone suspected of disloyalty. – Many Girondin opponents when to the guillotine. – Robespierre finally got arrested and killed by the guillotined he was the last. The French Republic • Work of the National Convention – Changes effected every level of French society. – Convention created a body called the Committee of Public Saftey. (controlled by Jacobins) this committee tried to establish the Republic of Virtue. – Demorcratic republic in which people would act according to the principles of good citizenship. The French Revolution • The Directory – 1795 National Convention completed another constitution – Two house legislature – 500 member lower house/proposed laws – 250 member upper house/ powerful/ accepted or rejected the proposed legislation/ power to select new government’s executive branch. – New government called Directory – Eliminated universal manhood suffrage/only male property owners could vote. – Four years. The French Revolution • Napoleon Bonaparte – Attended military school in France – General at the age of 26/stopped an uprising in Paris that would have prevented the creation of the Directory. – Married Josephine de Beauharnais, leader of French society The French Revolution • Rise of Napoleon – One of the greatest generals of all time. / because of his dominant role that he played starting in 1796 – France wars that were fought from then until 1815 are called the Napoleonic Wars. He was able to move troops rapidly on the battlefield. – Directory worried Napoleon would gain power because of the popular vote. The French Revolution • Napoleon takes power – British organized an alliance of nations to oppose France armies. – Napoleon supporters only believed he could win victories. – 1799 the legislature did away with the four out of five directors. – Troops surrounded the legislature and forced most of its members to leave. – Some members stayed and gave power to Napoleon The French Revolution • Seizing power by force is referred to as a coup d’ etat. (French for “stroke of state” • “I found the crown laying around France and picked it up with my sword. The French Revolution • The Napoleonic Era – Napoleon’s government kept the form of a republic. – The Coup d’ etat of 1799 made him dictator of France. – 1799-1814 : Napoleonic Era The French Revolution • The Consulate – France accepted him as a dictator ( afraid of him and wanted stability after chaos.) – Organize and centralized the government to give himself unlimited power. – First five years Napoleon ruled was called the consulate. – Comes from the executive branch of government. Made up of three counsuls. The French Revolution • Consulate – Napoleon first Consul (commanded the army & navy) – Power to appoint or dismiss most officials and to propose all new laws. – All consulate Legislative bodies could do was approve reject Napoleons decision . – Put the new constitution before the people to vote. – Plebiscite- people could vote only yes or no and could not suggest any changes. The French Revolution • Napoleonic code- French Law; established a bank of France, public of education • Concordat-recognized that most French citizens were catholic, but it still allowed religious freedoms. Church gave up claims to property that the government had seized. Return to Peace • Congress of Vienna – Other monarchy's feared that rebellion against their monarchy's would spread to their country. – Monarchy’s wanted to restore order and suppress the ideas of the Revolution Return to Peace • to place in Austria – Decision making authority rested with Great Britain, Austria and Prussia and Russia. – representative of France Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord – Three guidelines • Countries that suffered most from Napoleon had to be paid • Balance of power had to be restored to Europe. So no single nation would be too powerful • All decisions would follow the rule of legitimacy Return to Peace • Legitimacy; all former ruling families should be restored to their thrones. • France also had to pay indemnity- financial reward to other countries for the damages it had caused. • Reaction followed the Napoleonic Era. Meaning that people in authority wanted a return to the way things had been before. Return to Peace • Age of Metternich believed in absolute monarchy. He feared the movement known as liberalism. • Liberalism: extended the ideas of the American and French revolutions. • Liberals believed in individual rights and the rule of law. • He used secret police and suppression to stop the spread of Liberalism . Return to Peace • Tension in the region began to spread. • The Greeks began to fight against the Ottoman Turks. • Russia, Great Britain , and France brought pressure to the Ottoman Turks. • Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 Greece won its independence. The French Republic • http://www.broadwayworld.com/videoplay.p hp?colid=704246# • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beJzmP8B fYM • http://www.kidspast.com/worldhistory/0382-royal-family-flees-france.php