Drug Abuse Trends in the
State of California
Presented to:
CA Association for Criminal Justice Research
March 17, 2005
Presented by: Kiku Annon, MA, WestEd
Prepared by: Beth Finnerty, MPH, UCLA ISAP
Drug Use in the General CA
Population
State and National Estimates from
the National Survey on Drug Use
& Health
Past Month (Any) Illicit Drug Use Among
Persons Aged 12 and Older: 2002-2003 NSDUH
U.S. Average 8.3%
9.0%
SOURCE: SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2005.
Past Month Illicit Drug Use (other than Marijuana)
Among Persons Aged 12 and Older: 2002-2003 NSDUH
U.S. Average 3.7%
3.9%
SOURCE: SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2005.
Past Month Marijuana Use Among Persons
Aged 12 and Older: 2002-2003 NSDUH
U.S. Average 6.2%
6.5%
SOURCE: SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2005.
Past Year Cocaine Use Among Persons Aged
12 and Older: 2002-2003 NSDUH
U.S. Average 2.5%
2.5%
SOURCE: SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2005.
Percent of
Respondents
Rates of Any Past Year Illicit Drug
Dependence/Abuse: CA vs. US
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
U.S.
CA
Total (12 12-17 years18-25 years 26 and
older
old
old
years and
older)
SOURCE: SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2005.
Percent of
Respondents
Percent of NSDUH Respondents Who
Needed Treatment for Illicit Drugs
But Did Not Receive It: CA vs. US
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
U.S.
CA
Total (12 12-17 years18-25 years 26 and
older
old
old
years and
older)
SOURCE: SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2005.
Drug Availability, Purity, and
Price Information
National Drug Intelligence Center,
ONDCP Drug Policy Information
Clearinghouse
Cocaine/Crack in California
• Powder and crack cocaine supplied and
distributed by Mexican drug trafficking
organizations
• Purity levels for powder cocaine range
from 15-95%
• $60-80/g (retail powder price range)
• $10-80/rock (retail crack price range)
Heroin in California
• Mexican drug trafficking organizations are
primary wholesale and retail suppliers and
distributors of Mexican black tar and brown
powder heroin
• Purity levels vary throughout CA, ranging
from 10-68%
• $50-100/g (retail Mexican black tar price
range)
• $60-100/g (retail Mexican brown powder
price range)
Marijuana in California
• Most widely available and most commonly
used illicit drug in CA
• CA-produced marijuana is preferred because
it is readily available and has high THC
content (10-20% vs. 2-5% Mexicanproduced)
• $60-160/oz (mid-level Mexican marijuana)
• $200-250/oz (mid-level CA-produced
marijuana)
Methamphetamine in California
• Mexican and CA-produced meth are both
readily available throughout CA
• Low-grade purity ranges from 18-40%;
crystal meth purity ranges from 93-98%
• $450-800/oz (mid-level low-grade price
range)
• $600-1,500/oz (mid-level crystal meth
price range)
Drugs and Health-Related
Consequences
Emergency Department Drug
Mentions
Drug-Related Deaths
Regional Differences in Rates* of ED
Mentions of Major Substances of Abuse
*Rate per 100,000 population
Methamphetamine
2002
Marijuana
Heroin
Cocaine
0
50
San Diego
SOURCE: Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2003.
100
Los Angeles
150
San Francisco
200
Number of Mentions
Top 5 Drugs Mentioned in
California Drug Deaths
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Year 2000
Los Angeles
Heroin/Morphine
Cocaine
San Diego
Alcohol-in-Combo
SOURCE: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, DAWN, 2002.
San Francisco
Codeine
Methamphetamine
Drugs and Crime
Felony and Misdemeanor Arrests
CA Dept. of Corrections Offenders
Drug Use Among Arrestees
Adult Felony Drug Arrests by Drug
Category, California: 2003
8%
2%
36%
Narcotics
Dangerous Drugs
Marijuana
Other
54%
SOURCE: California Department of Justice, Criminal Justice Statistics Center, 2003.
Number of Arrests
Adult Misdemeanor Drug Arrests by Drug
Category, California: 1994-2003
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Marijuana
Other Drugs
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
SOURCE: California Department of Justice, Criminal Justice Statistics Center, 2003.
Offenders in CDC Institutions,
by Offense: as of 12/31/03
Offense
Crimes against
persons
Property
Drug
Missing/Other
Total
# of Offenders
% of Total
78,279
50.3%
32,658
21.0
33,252
21.4
11,533
7.4
155,722
100.0
SOURCE: CA Department of Corrections, Prison Census Data as of December 31, 2003.
Drug Offenders in CDC
Institutions: as of 12/31/03
Drug Offense
# of Offenders
% of Total
CS possession
13,061
8.4%
CS possession for
sales
10,943
7.0
CS sales
4,858
3.1
CS other
784
0.5
1,250
3.8
33,252
21.4
Marijuana
possess/sales
Total drug
offenders
SOURCE: CA Department of Corrections, Prison Census Data as of December 31, 2003.
Federally-Sentenced Drug
Offenders, California: FY 2002
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Other (4%)
Crack (2%)
Heroin (3%)
Cocaine (13%)
Meth (19%)
Marijuana (58%)
FY 2002
SOURCE: U.S. Sentencing Commission, FY 2002 Sentencing Statistics, California.
Percentage of Male Arrestees Testing
Positive for Drugs, By California City: 2003
% Testing Positive
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cocaine
Los Angeles
Opiates
Sacramento
Marijuana
San Diego
SOURCE: NIJ, Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program, 2004.
Meth
San Jose
Heavy Drug Use and Risk for Dependence
Among Male Arrestees, By California City: 2003
% of Male Arrestees
50
40
30
20
10
0
Heavy Use
Los Angeles
Injected Drugs in At Risk for Drug
Past Year
Dependence
Sacramento
San Diego
SOURCE: NIJ, Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program, 2004.
San Jose
Percentage of Female Arrestees Testing
Positive for Drugs, By California City: 2003
% Testing Positive
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cocaine
Opiates
Los Angeles
Marijuana
San Diego
San Jose
SOURCE: NIJ, Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program, 2004.
Meth
Heavy Drug Use and Risk for Dependence among
Female Arrestees, By California City: 2003
50
% of Female
Arrestees
40
30
20
10
0
Heavy Use
Injected Drugs in At Risk for Drug
Past Year
Dependence
Los Angeles
San Diego
SOURCE: NIJ, Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program, 2004.
San Jose
Drugs and the CA Treatment
and Recovery System
California Alcohol and Drug Data
System (CADDS)
Polysubstance Abuse is the
Norm, Rather than the Exception
Percent of All Admissions
100%
Single Substance
Polysubstance
90%
80%
41%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
59%
20%
10%
0%
SOURCE: ADP, California Alcohol and Drug Data System, 2005.
California Treatment Admissions by
Primary Drug of Abuse: 2003
4%
13%
20%
Heroin
Alcohol
Meth
Cocaine/Crack
Marijuana
Other
11%
22%
30%
SOURCE: ADP, California Alcohol and Drug Data System, 2005.
N=242,600
California Treatment Admissions by
Primary Drug of Abuse (Excluding
Alcohol): 2003
4%
15%
31%
14%
Heroin
Meth
Cocaine/Crack
Marijuana
Other
N=190,539
36%
SOURCE: ADP, California Alcohol and Drug Data System, 2005.
Percent of All Admissions
Trends in CA Treatment Admissions
(Excluding Alcohol): 2000 - 2003
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2000
Heroin
2001
Meth
2002
Marijuana
SOURCE: ADP, California Alcohol and Drug Data System, 2005.
2003
Cocaine
Percent of All Admissions
Primary Drug by Route of
Administration: CA, 2003
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Other
Inject
Inhale
Smoke
Heroin
Meth
Cocaine
SOURCE: ADP, California Alcohol and Drug Data System, 2005.
Marijuana
Percent of Meth Admissions
Changes in Route of Methamphetamine
Administration: CA, 2000-2003
70
60
Smoke
Inhale
Inject
Other
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000
2001
2002
SOURCE: ADP, California Alcohol and Drug Data System, 2005.
2003
Percent of All Admissions
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Abuse
of Selected Substances: CA, 2003
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Alcohol
Cocaine/Crack
Primary Abuse
Heroin
Marijuana
Secondary Abuse
SOURCE: ADP, California Alcohol and Drug Data System, 2005.
Meth
Tertiary Abuse
Percent of All Admissions
Number of Prior Episodes Among
California Treatment Admissions: 2003
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cocaine/Crack
Heroin
0
Marijuana
1 or 2
3 to 5
SOURCE: ADP, California Alcohol and Drug Data System, 2005.
6+
Meth
CJ-Related Referral Sources Among
CA Treatment Admissions: 2003
Percent of All Admissions
90
SACPA Parole
SACPA Court/Probation
Court/Crim Justice
Non-Criminal Justice
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cocaine/Crack
Heroin
Marijuana
SOURCE: ADP, California Alcohol and Drug Data System, 2005.
Meth
Legal Status of CA Treatment
Admissions: 2003
N/A
Parole
Probation
Diversion
Incarcerated
Percent of All Admissions
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cocaine/Crack
Heroin
Marijuana
SOURCE: ADP, California Alcohol and Drug Data System, 2005.
Meth
California Student Survey
Or
The Statewide Healthy Kids
Survey
CSS
• Mandated by Office of the Attorney
General
• Given Biennially since 1986
• Representative sample of students in
grades 7, 9, 11 in CA
Percentage of Self Reported Substance Use
in Past 6 Months from the CSS: 2003/2004
70
% Reporting
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
SOURCE: CSS03Compendium Table.
% Reporting
Percentage of Weekly Substance Use in Past
6 Months from the CSS: 2003/2004
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
SOURCE: CSS03Compendium Table.
% Reporting
Percentage of Self Reported Substance Use
in Past 30 Days from the CSS: 2003/2004
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
SOURCE: CSS03Compendium Table.
% Reporting
Lifetime-High Risk Use: 2003/2004
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
SOURCE: CSS03Compendium Table.
Violence & Safety at school in past 12
months: 2003/2004
% Reporting
50
40
30
20
10
0
SOURCE: CSS03Compendium Table.
% Reporting
Violence & Safety at school in past 12
months (cont): 2003/2004
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
SOURCE: CSS03Compendium Table.
Relationship Between AOD Use and
Violence-9th grade: 2003/2004
% Reporting
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
SOURCE: CSS03Compendium Table.
% Reporting
Relationship Between AOD Use and
Violence-11th grade: 2003/2004
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
SOURCE: CSS03Compendium Table.
Almost The End
For questions, contact:
Beth Finnerty
UCLA ISAP
310-445-0874 ext. 376
finnerty@ucla.edu
The End
For questions on CSS, contact:
T. Kiku Annon
WestED
562-799-5127
kannon@wested.org