U.S. History
EOCT test
Unit 2 Preparation
SSUSH 4
4a
Explain the language, organization,
and intellectual sources of the
Declaration of Independence;
including the writing of John Locke
and the role of Thomas Jefferson.
Declaration of Independence
• Explanation to Americans and other
countries as to why the colonist had
no choice but to break away from
Great Britain.
• In this document Thomas Jefferson
lists all the unfair practices that
Britain placed on the colonist.
Thomas Jefferson
• Wrote the
Declaration of
Independence
• Was influenced
by John Lock.
• Social Contract
Theory
Declaration of Independence
• Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson
• In 1776
• Declared American Independence
from England
• Main Ideas taken from John Locke’s
“Social Contract” Theory
“Natural Rights”
• “We hold these truths to be self evident,
that all men are created equal, that they
are endowed by their creator with
certain unalienable rights, that among
these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
happiness.”
John Locke
• Social Contract theory
influenced Thomas
Jefferson’s writing the
Declaration of
Independence.
• Protection of Life,
Liberty, and Property
is government’s job.
Theme
Ideals & Beliefs –
Social Contract.
Declaration of Independence
• John Locke believed that if a
government failed to protect its
citizens rights and instead
oppressed them, the citizens had
a right to overthrow the
government and create a new
one.
Baron de Montesquieu
Wrote :
Spirit of the Laws
• Separation of Powers
• Checks and Balances
4b
Explain the reason for and
significance of the French
Alliance and foreign assistance
and the roles of Benjamin
Franklin and the Marquis de
Lafayette
Benjamin Franklin
• Ambassador to
France.
• Helped the United
States make foreign
alliance with France.
• Was effective in
getting French
assistance(help).
French Conditions
• United States must
show that it has the
ability to win the
war.
• France did not want
to have to have total
responsibility in
winning the war
against Great Britain.
Marquis de Lafayette
• Young French aristocrat who
experienced the hardships at
Valley Forge as he camped
with George Washington.
• Was instrumental in getting
French reinforcements.
• Created the strategy to win
the Battle of Yorktown (the
last battle in the war)
Helped Benjamin
Franklin get French
support
Marquis
de
Lafayette
Planned the Battle
of Yorktown &
Capture of General
Cornwallis
Served as Military
Aid to General
George Washington
& wintered at Valley
Forge
Battle of Saratoga
• Called the turning point of the American
Revolution
• because the success of the colonists, even
though outnumbered, convinced France to
send aid like ships and guns to colonists.
• 1st time united States given Diplomatic
Recognition by a foreign country.
Theme
Conflicts & Compromise
– American
Revolution.
Benjamin
Franklin &
Marquis de
Lafayette
Battle of
Saratoga
French sent
ships,
supplies,
Soldiers
4c
Analyze George Washington as a
military leader; include the creation
of a professional military and the life
of a common soldier, and describe
the significance of the crossing of the
Delaware River and Valley Forge.
Continental Army
• Commanded by George Washington
• Fought the British during the Revolutionary
war.
Leadership of George Washington
• Washington lost many Battles prior to the
Battle of Trenton.
• Had Farmers, frontier hunters, not a well
trained military.
• Many deserted under heavy fire from the
enemy.
• There was no money for weapons,
gunpowder, clothing, and other supplies.
Leadership of George Washington
con…
• George Washington is considered a
great American because he
overcame great odds and difficulties
to help the U.S. win the
Revolutionary War.
Militia
• Volunteer colonist who fought against the
British
• Their use of hit and run tactics were
instrumental in winning the war.
Valley Forge
• Lowest point for the Continentals during the
Revolutionary War.
• Soldiers starved, experienced harsh winter,
and went without adequate clothing or
shelter.
Baron Frederick von Steuben
• Drilled Washington's
soldiers to make them
into a more
professional army.
Von Steuben Drilling Soldiers
Battle of Trenton
• New Jersey
• Washington crossed the Delaware river and
caught the British and German Hessians by
surprise.
• This victory was a much needed morale boost
for the Continentals.
Crossing the Delaware
Significance Battle of Trenton
• Victory after a long series of
defeats.
• Boosted Morale of the
Soldiers!
• Gave them great Pride that
they could win the war!
4d
Explain the role of
geography at the Battle of
Yorktown, the role of Lord
Cornwallis, and the Treaty of
Paris 1783.
Marquis de Lafayette
• Young French aristocrat who
experienced the hardships at
Valley Forge as he camped
with George Washington.
• Was instrumental in getting
French reinforcements.
• Created the strategy to win
the Battle of Yorktown (the
last battle in the war)
Battle of Yorktown, 1781
• General Lord
Cornwallis was
surrounded and
trapped by colonial
and French troops.
Lord Cornwallis
• Commander of the
British Army.
• Trapped and forced to
surrender at the
Battle of Yorktown in
1781.
Treaty of Paris 1783
• Ended the
Revolutionary War
• Great Britain forced
to acknowledge U.S.
independence.
SSUSH 5
5a
Explain how the weaknesses
in the Articles of
Confederation and Daniel
Shay’s Rebellion led to a call
for a stronger central
government.
Articles of Confederation
• The first form of government for
the newly formed united states
• Gave too little power to congress
(could not tax or enforce laws)
• The State’s kept their power and
authority
Shay’s Rebellion
• An uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts
farmers protesting increased state taxes in
1787.
• The states began to realize that a stronger
central government was needed.
• They decided to send delegates to revise the
Articles of Confederation but decided to write
a new Constitution.
Weaknesses of
the Articles of
Confederation
Provoked a need for Stronger
Government
Could Not
Tax
No
President
9 of 13 to
Pass Laws
No National
Courts
All 13 to
Amend
Weakness in
Articles of
Confederation
Example
Change in Constitution
No Standing Army
In ability to deal with
the threat of "Shay's
Rebellion"
Federal Government is given the power
to raise and maintain a standing army
No Federal
Taxation
States did not pay
debts to Congress
and so federal gov't
had no $$
Congress is granted the power to tax,
impose duty and raise tariffs
No Single National
Currency
States minted money,
no set exchange
disrupted trade
among the states
Congress is granted sole power to coin
money
No Executive
Leadership
Failure of direct
leadership resulted in
indecision
A strong executive (President) is
created
Each State had
Equal Vote in
Congress
Smaller states with
low populations had
disproportional power
Bicameral Legislature with proportional
representation in the House of Reps.
Required
Unanimous Vote to
Amend
Complete inability to
correct the failures
under the articles
The 1787 Constitutional Convention
completely replaced the Articles rather
than amending them
Need for
stronger
Government!
Constitutional
Convention
5b
Evaluate the major arguments of the
anti-federalists and the Federalists
concerning form of government,
factions, checks and balances, and
the power of executive, including
the roles of Alexander Hamilton and
James Madison.
Baron de Montesquieu
Wrote :
Spirit of the Laws
• Separation of Powers
• Checks and Balances
James Madison
• Known as the “Father of the Constitution”
• Delegate to the constitution convention from
Virginia
• Proposed the Virginia Plan
• Also introduced a plan for sharing power
between the national Government and the
state governments. FEDERALISM
Federalism
Concurrent Powers
Delegated Powers
Reserved Powers
5c
Explain the key features of the
Constitution, specifically the
Great Compromise, separation of
powers (influence of
Montesquieu), limited
government, and the issue of
slavery.
Arguments at the
Constitutional
Convention
The most heated argument at the
Constitutional Convention was over
the issue of state representation would
be determined in the new Legislative
branch?
Essential Question
How would each state be represented
in the Legislative branch of the new
government?
Virginia Plan
• Two House Legislature
based on each state’s
population
• Bicameral Legislature
New Jersey Plan
•One House Legislature
with equal
representation.
•Unicameral Legislature
Connecticut Plan
“Great Compromise”
• Resolved the conflict between the
Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan
• Created a Bicameral Legislature (two
houses).
• House of Representatives –
representation based on Population
• Senate – based on equal representation.
Two per state
Slavery Issue
Would slaves be counted into the
population in determining state
representation for the House of
Representatives?
Would slaves be counted into the
Census that happens every ten years?
Slavery Issue
• Would the States control the
slave trade?
-Or• Would the National
government control the slave
trade?
Power of the Executive
• Should the States elect the President?
• Should the people elect the President?
• Should Congress elect the President?
Federalist & Antifederalist Argue
Over Ratification
(approval) of U.S.
Constitution
Federalist
• Believed the country would not survive
without the strong central government.
• Published the “Federalist Papers”
• James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander
Hamilton
Anti-Federalist
• Believed the constitution gave too much
power to the national government and that it
failed to provide a Bill of Rights to guarantee
protection to the People
• Demanded a Bill of Rights!
Patrick Henry, an anti – Federalist is
known for 2 quotes
“Give me Liberty or Give me death!”
“I believe I smell a rat!”
Bill of Rights
• 1st ten Amendments to the Constitution
• Added in 1791 because the Anti-federalists
insisted at list of rights be added before the
constitution could be ratified.
• Bill of Rights protects individual rights!
The Constitution
• Begins with “We the People”
• Created the federal system of government /
“The Supreme Law of the Land”
• Created a Republic
• A Republic is a government in which the
people elect representatives to carry out the
work of government.
Organization of the Constitution
• Preamble – Introduces the constitution by
listing the six goals of the document.
• Seven Articles
• The first 3 set up the Three Branches of
government.
5d
Analyze how the Bill of Rights
serves as a protector of
individual and state’s rights.
Bill of Rights
• 1st ten Amendments to the Constitution
• Added in 1791 because the Anti-federalists
insisted at list of rights be added before the
constitution could be ratified.
• Bill of Rights protects individual rights!
The Bill of Rights
• 1st Amendment
• Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly
and petition
The Bill of Rights
• 2nd Amendment
• Right to Bear arms
The Bill of Rights
• 4th Amendment
• Rights against illegal Searches and Seizures
• “Privacy Amendment”
Bill of Rights
• 5th Amendment
• Rights of the Accused
• No person shall be held to answer for a capital,
or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or
indictment of a Grand Jury . . . nor shall any person be
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of
life or limb; nor shall he be compelled in any criminal case to
be witness against himself, nor deprived of life, liberty,or
property, without due process of law. . . .
— Fifth Amendment
A
P
P
S
3
Based on
Issued by an
Probable Cause
Impartial Judge
Search
Warrant
Name the Person,
Place, and Item to be
searched for.
Must be a
reasonable Search &
Seizure
5e
Explain the importance of the
Presidencies of George
Washington and John Adams;
include the Whiskey Rebellion,
non-intervention in Europe, and
development of political parties
(Alexander Hamilton).
George Washington
• Presided over the
Constitutional Convention
• Overcome many obstacles
during the Revolutionary War
and is considered a great
military leader.
Whiskey Rebellion
• Unlike shay’s rebellion that showed the
country needed a strong central government,
• This rebellion showed the country that the
government we formed under the U.S.
Constitution was strong.
• George Washington used 13,000 troops to
enforce the Whiskey tax.
Two Term Presidency
• George Washington only served for two terms
in office.
• One term is four years.
• Two terms is Eight years
• Every president from George Washington to
Franklin Delano Roosevelt served no more
than eight years.
• FDR was elected to 4 terms (died in the 4th)
• 22nd Amendment limits Presidents to 2 terms.
Farewell Address
1. George Washington kept the U.S. neutral
during conflicts between Britain and France.
• Washington warned against entangling
alliances .
• Thought the Country needed time to grow.
2. George Washington also warned against
creating Political Parties (Factions).
• The country could possibly fight within and
weaken the country or have a civil war.
Non-intervention in Europe
• George Washington warned the U.S. not to
side with Great Britain or France.
• The young country needed to stay out of other
countries wars.
Federalist Era
John Adams – Alien & Sedition Acts
• Second President of the U.S.
• Passed a series of laws where U.S. citizens
were put in prison and their property seized if
spoke out against government.
• Many considered a violation of 1st amendment
freedom of speech and press.
VA & KY Resolutions
• Written by Thomas Jefferson and James
Madison
• Rebuked the Alien & Sedition Acts as
unconstitutional because violated 1st
amendment.
• Nullification theory – a state may declare a
federal law null and void if it is
unconstitutional.
Rise of Political Parties
• John Adams’ secretary of
treasury Alexander Hamilton
becomes the leader of the
FEDERALIST PARTY
• Thomas Jefferson becomes
the leader of the
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN
PARTY.
“XYZ” Affair
• Led to an undeclared war with France
• Three French agents, originally called X, Y, and
Z, demanded a large cash bribe for the
delegation to speak to the French foreign
minister
• huge loan to help fund the French wars as a
condition for continuing negotiations
SSUSH 6
6a
Explain the Northwest
Ordinance’s importance in
the westward migration of
Americans, and on slavery,
public education, and the
addition of new states.
Northwest Territory
• States fought over
this land area for
ownership.
• Gave land claims to
the U.S. government.
• Congress passes 2
laws to control
development and
settlement.
Land Ordinance of 1785
• Establishes definite
boundary lines so
there would be no
confusion over land
ownership.
• Surveyed the land to
sale to citizens to
populate.
Public Education
• One Township was
sold off to finance and
support public
education.
• Townships
encouraged to
establish public
schools.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Established process
that territories could
use to become a
state.
1. Set up temp gov’t.
2. 5,000 people elect
rep. to legislature.
3. 60,000 could apply
for statehood.
Northwest Ordinance effect on Slavery
• Outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory.
• Settlers guaranteed freedom of Religion,
freedom of speech, and other rights.