Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
: Regional Perspective
May 24, 2006
Regional Anatomy I
Ken JIMBO
Regionalism in Asia-Pacific / East Asia
Political & Security Dimension
1) April 13
Overview and Introduction: What is Regionalism?
2) April 20
Regionalism & Regional Integration
3) April 27
Regionalism in Asia
4) May 11
East Asian Community and East Asian Summit
5) May 18
New Dynamics of Security in East Asia
6) May 24
Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Regional Perspective
Review 1)
New Dynamics of Security in East Asia
(2001-Present)

Strategic Circumstances

US Strategy and Engagement in East Asia

Japan-US Alliance / Korea-US Alliance Renovated

Cooperative Security: Multi-Layered Cooperation

Ad-hoc Functional Mechanisms
Review 2)
New Dynamics of Security in East Asia
Members
Functions
Forceful
Competitive
Inclusive / Regional
（Geographical Cooperation）
Japan-US Alliance
(Collective Security)
(Deterrence/Response)
Unforceful
Cooperative
（CBM / PD）
Exclusive / Functional
（Regional Security Complex）
Korea-US Alliance
Shanghai Cooperation
Organization
Proliferation Security Initiative
Anti-Terrorism Cooperation
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
Shangri-la Dialogue
Non-Traditional Security
Terrorism as a
National Security Threat

September 11, 2001



World Trade Center Bldg.（NYC）
Department of Defense (Washington DC)
More than 3000 had died

Definition of “War”


“More than 1000 dead in a conbat”
Rhetric of “War against Terror”
The New Age of Terrorism

New Trends of Terrorism






Terrorism has become bloodier.
Terrorist have developed new financial resources, so that
they are less dependent on state sponsors.
Terrorists have evolved new model of organization.
Terrorists can now wage global campaigns.
Terrorists have effectively exploited new communications
technologies.
Some terrorists have moved beyond tactics to strategy,
although none of them have achieved their stated long
range goals.
― Brian Jenkins, “The New Age of Terrorism” (RAND, 2006)
Terrorism has become bloodier
Death
3000+
477
412
270
241
223
168
115
Event
NYC/Washington DC
Iran Avadan Arson
Massacre in Algeria
Pan-Am 103 Bombing
Beirut US Marine Corp
Kenya / Tanzania
Oklahoma Bldg
Korean Air Bombing
(2001)
(1979)
(1997)
(1988)
(1983)
(1998)
(1995)
(1987)
Suspect
Al-Qaeda
Anti-Govt Group
GIA
Libya
Islamic Front
Al-Qaeda
Mcbay&Nichols
North Korea
Casualty
5500
4000
Aum Salin Gas Attack
Kenya / Tanzania
(1995)
(1998)
Aum-Shinrikyo
Al-Qaeda
Spatial Analysis of 9-11 Attack
Russia
(weapons)
Europe
(recruiting)
Afghanistan
(HQ/training/financing)
Saudi Arabia
Pakistan
（financing）
(terrorist
cells)
Sudan
（terrorist
cells/training）
Indonesia/Philippines
（terrorist cells/training）
US（terrorist
cells/training）
Terrorist Organizations (Al-Qaeda)
Supporter
SubHQ
Sleeper Cell
Main HQ
SubHQ
(Mutant)
= Terrorist Cell
SubHQ
Hub Cell
Patterns of Terrorism
US Perspective
Domestic
Terrorism
World Trade Center Bombing (1993)
9.11 terrorism／Anthrax (2001)
Conventional
Weapons
Non-Traditional
Weapons
Kenya/Tanzania US Embassy
Bombing (1998)
Aum Shinrikyo Salin Gas Attack (1996)
Overseas
Terrorism
Typology of International Terrorism

Territory-oriented Terrorism

Europe / Middle East


Asia


Palestine (PLA) / Northern Ireland / Bask / Kosovo
Sri Lanka / Kashmir / Ache / MILF
Ideal-oriented Terrorism

Political Terrorism


Religious Terrorism



Islamic Fundamentalist / Christian Fundamentalist
Religious Cults
Social Issue-oriented Terrorism


Far Left / Far Right / Anarchist
Anti-abortion / Animal Protection / Environmental Preservation
Personal Delusion Terrorism

Unabomber
Categorization of Counter-Terrorism
Indigenous
Measures
Cooperation
with Allies
and Friends
Regional
Cooperation
Ｉ
Prevention
Information
Analysis
Investigation
Border Control
Intelligence
Sharing
ＩＩ
Consequence
Management
Anti-terrorism
Exercise
urbansuburban
coordination
Cooperation in
case of
emergency
Joint Seminar
ＩＩＩ
AntiTerrorism and
Policing
Investigation
Trial
Subduement
Cooperation on
Investigation,
Justice, Military
IV.
New Measures
Lessons
Learned
New Pact
Global
Cooperation
Terrorist
Organization
Surrounding
Environment
Recommendation
Evaluation
Assesment
Intelligence
Information
Sharing
Joint Action
Information
Sharing
Fact Finding
New Concept
New Treaty
Norm Creation
Capacity
Building
Source: Naofumi Miyasaka (2004)
US Strategy on Anti-/Counter- Terrorism(1)
“Patterns of Global Terrorism” (-2003)

Patterns of Global Terrorism


Officially recognizing more than 30 terrorist organizations
Four Policy Principles on Counter Terrorism




make no concessions to terrorists and strike no deals
bring terrorists to justice to their crimes
isolate and apply pressure on states that sponsor terrorism
to force them to change their behavior
Bolster the counterterrorist capabilities of those countries
that work with the US and require assistance
―US State Department ”Patterns of Global Terrorism” (2003)
US Strategy on Anti-/Counter- Terrorism (2)
“US Strategy for Combating Terrorism” (2003)
Terrorist Organizations in Asia (1)
cf “Patterns of Global Terrorism” (2003)
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Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)-Mindanao
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)-Mindanao
Kumplan Mujahideen Malaysia (KMM)-Malaysia
Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO) Yousif Longpi-Indonesia
Jemaah Islamiah (JI) - Riduan Isamuddin:

Ties to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Zacarias Moussaoui, Khalid alMihdar, Nawaf al-Hazmi-2000 Al Qaeda Summit in Kuala Lumpur
Abu-Sayyaf Group (ASG) - Philippines
Tamil Tigers - Phuket, Thailand
Sri Lankan Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

These organizations are all related through their shared ideology of radical
Islamic nationalism revolving around the preservation of Islamic culture in
response to real and perceived aggression.
Terrorist Organizations in Asia (2)


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
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
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Islamic Jihad Group -Throughout Central Asia & South Asia
Japanese Red Army - Japan
East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) - Western Xinjiang
province/China
Cambodian Freedom Fighters - Cambodia & U.S.
Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) - Philippines
Communist Party of Philippines / New People’s Army
AUM Shinrikyo (AUM) - Japan & Russia
Abu Nidal Organization (ANO)-Asia, Middle East and Europe
Southeast Asia as Terrorist Bed

Areas with Major Islamic Population






Middle East
Indonesia
South Asia
Africa
Turkey
19.5%
17%
25%
20%
10%
(238,000,000)
(200,000,000)
(300,000,000)
(240,000,000)
(125,000,000)
Characteristic of Southeast Asia’s Extremists

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Muslim Youth Movement
Diffused Centralized Command & Control
External Support and Recruitment
Early Stages of Organizational Development
Gaining Momentum in Technics and Efficiency (eg Bali
Bombing)
Regional Cooperation in Asia
on Combating Terrorism

APEC
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ARF

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APEC Action Plan for Combating the Financing of Terrorism (2002)
APEC Counter Terrorism Action Plans (2003)
Counter-Terrorism Task Force (2003)
Fund for Regional Trade and Security Initiative (2004)
Statement on Measures Against Terrorist Financing (2002)
Statement on Cooperative counter-terrorist action on border security (2003)
Statement Strengthening Transport Security Against International Terrorism
(2004)
Statement on Sharing and Intelligence Exchange and Document Integrity
and Security in Enhancing Cooperation to Combat Terrorism and Other
Transnational Crimes(2005)
ASEAN+3

Joint Statement (2001-2005)
Bilateral and Ad-hoc Cooperation
on Combating Terrorism

Regional Groupings

Bali Process

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Southeast Asia Center for Counter-Terrorism


Malaysia
Bilateral Cooperation




Bali Regional Ministerial Meeting on Counter-Terrorism (2004)
Legal Issue Working Group
Japan-(ROK, Australia, Russia, EU)
Among ASEAN Member States
Australia (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand)
Ad-hoc (functional) Cooperation


Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI): Japan, Australia, Singapore
Container Security Initiative (CSI) : Japan, China, Singapore, Malaysia
Taiwan
Globalism / Regionalism / Bilateralism
Economic Sphere
Security Sphere
Global Framework
GATT / IMF
UN / Multinational
Mega-Regionalism
APEC
ARF / OSCE
Regionalism
Coalition
Bilateralism
EU / ASEAN +3
Multilateral FTAs
Bilateral FTAs
EU / ASEAN
Anti-Terrorism
Bilateral Alliance