Models of UrbanLand Use
Models of Urban Land Use in
North America
Study of urban land use generally draws from
three descriptive models
1. Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model
2. Hoyt’s Sector Model
3. Harris & Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model
Models of Urban Land Use
These models were developed to generalize the
patterns of urban land use found in early
industrial US cities
1. None of them can accurately describe land use
in all cities
2. Describe patterns of land use in a generic city,
do not describe the process by which land use
changes
Some assumptions seen through the
models (some will be addressed in later
models)
• Private ownership of
property
• Economic competition
for space
• CBD is main point for
employment
• Expanding area and
population
• Physical geography
plays no role (flat &
featureless)
• Transportation is
cheap, fast and reliable
in all directions
Trade Off Model of Land Use
• Rents decrease as
distance increases
• Certain land use types
benefit from a more
central location
Models of Urban Land Use
Criticisms of all models
• Economic focus
• Marginalize cultural/social influences
• Limited environmental focus
• ???
Models of Urban Land Use
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Concentric Zone Model
Sector Model
Multiple Nuclei Model
Peripheral Model
Urban Realms Model
Transport Technology/Intraurban Model
White’s 21st Century Model
Urban Development Model
Concentric Zone
Sector
Multi-Nuclei
Peripheral
Vance’s
Urban
Realms
Each Urban Realm is shaped by:
•Terrain
•Overall city size
•Amount of economic activity in
each realm
•Internal accessibility of each
core
•Inter-accessibility among realms
Adam’s Model
• Focused on intraurban growth
• Based on breakthroughs in transportation
technology
• A pattern of outward-urban expansion
• Occurred in 4 stages
– <1888- Walking-Horsecar era
– 1888-1920- Electric Streetcar era
– 1920-1945- Recreational Auto era
– 1945-present- Freeway era
–Radial era 1945-1970
–Circumferential Beltway 1970-Present
Intraurban growth
Walking/Horse car (1800-90)
Electric Streetcar (1890-1920)
Recreational Auto (1920-1945)
Freeway (1945-present)
Radial Highway (1945-1970)
Freeway (1945-present) Circumferential
Beltway (1970-Present)
White’s 21st Century
Model
Comprised of seven key elements:
1.
Core-still key but functions
may have changed
2.
Zone of Stagnation-Result of
vertical not horizontal
expansion
3.
Pockets of poverty and
minorities
4.
Elite enclaves
5.
Diffused middle class-based
upon life stage and history
6.
Industrial Anchors & Public
Sector Control-Exert pressure
on patterns of land use and
development
7.
Epicentres and corridors
Joke
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
MODEL
Stages of Urban Development
Model
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•
•
•
Urbanisation
Suburbanisation/Exurbanisation
Disurbanitsation/Counterurbanisation
Reurbanisation
Urbanisation Stage
• Certain settlements grow at the cost of
surrounding countryside
Suburbanisation/Exurbanisation
Stage
• When the urban ring grows at the cost of the
urban core
Disurbanitsation/Counterurbanisation Stage
• When the population loss of the core
exceeds the population gain of the ring
resulting in total loss of population
Reurbanisation Stage
• Either the rate of population loss in core
tapers off or the core starts regaining
population
Suburbanisation Factors:
•
•
•
•
•
Rise in disposable incomes
Automobile
Resisting annexation which lead to
incorporation
Huge demand for housing
Public policies promoting
1. Home Ownership (Govt Loans)
2. Highway Construction (Interstate System)
Exurbanisation Factors
• Deconsentration of employment & creation
of office parks & manufacturing parks
• Anti-urban location preference (larger home
lots)
• Policies favoring ring development instead
of urban revitalization
Counterurbanisation Factors
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Decentralisation of manufacturing
Growth of service sector
Early retirement & large retirement $$$
Pursuit of leisure activities
“Modernization” of rural life
Long distance commuting
Anti-urban feelings
Completion of interstate
Growth of energy & extractive industries
Reurbanisation Factor
• Shift in urban economy from manufacturing to
service
• Growth in sunbelt cities
• High tech growth
• Immigration filling inner city areas
• Re-focus on urban living
– Revitalization of downtowns
• Lofts
• Sports Arenas
– Gentrification of older areas
Developing World Urban Land
Use Models
Developing World Urban Land Use
Models
• Classical (North American) models of urban structure do
not fit cities of Africa, Latin America, or Asia because of
colonialism, foreign investment, and social structures
• The Third World city’s downtown has both a modern CBD
and a traditional market district
• It is still very common for wealthy residents to prefer
locations near the downtown commercial areas
• Recent migrants from rural areas typically cluster at the
edges of the urban area in squatter settlements
– called favelas in Brazil, kampungs in Indonesia, shantytowns in
much of Africa
• Suburban nodes and edge cities have not yet developed
Latin America
1. Urban Primacy
• Resulting from rural-to-urban migration
2. Spatial Polarization
• The wealthy live in walled-off, gated communities, mainly
near the city center and in attractive wedges or corridors of
suburbanization
• The poor live in slums and squatter settlements
3. Uneven or dual economies
• A large informal sector
• What are some of the different
cultural influences seen in this
urban form?
• Are there any
similarities
between this
model and the
Western models?
Dissimilarities?
African Cities
• Colonial urbanization is seen most
frequently in port cities used to export
resources
– From mines, forests, or plantations
• Colonial cities were (and are) highly
segregated
– Western residential areas are distinct from
indigenous (or local or native) residential areas
Types of African Cities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Indigenous City
Islamic City
Colonial City
European City
Dual City
Hybrid City
Apartheid City
Apartheid City
Islamic City
• City center has both
mosque and souk/soq
(market or bazaar)
• Neighborhoods are stable
– Few people move in or out
– No gentrification
• Genders are separated
– Separate male and female
spaces
• What are the
cultural
influences seen
in Accra’s urban
form?
Southeast Asian Cities
• More than one CBD, each with its own
commercial activity
– Colonial CBD
– Chinese CBD
– Often an Indian CBD
• Elite corridor towards the airport
• Residential zones are haphazrd
• The urban fringe has squatter settlements as well
as new suburbs and new towns
• Many gated communities
Colonial Based South Asia City
• Generally based upon a
port (trade and
military)
• Fort and open space
used for protection &
recreation (cricket)
• Native area
overcrowded and
unsanitary
• CBD supported
Europeans while
bazaar supported
natives
Bazaar-based South
Asian City
• Older than colonial based
cities
• Trade based origin focused
on bazaar and crossroads
• Concentric in origin
• Segregation based upon:
– Religion
– Language
– Caste
• How well does
Jakarta match
the Model of the
South-East
Asian City?