1
3
part
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
The Sociological
Perspective
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11
chapter
RACIAL AND ETHNIC
INEQUALITY
CHAPTER OUTLINE
•Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups
•Prejudice and Discrimination
•Studying Race and Ethnicity
•Patterns of Intergroup Relations
•Race and Ethnicity in the United States
•Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity: Global
Immigration
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
█Minority Groups
– Racial Groups
• This term indicates a group that is set apart from
others because of obvious physical differences.
– Ethnic Groups
• This term indicates a group that is set apart from
others primarily because of its national origin or
distinctive cultural patterns.
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4
Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
█ Table 11.1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2000
Number in
Percentage of
Classification
Thousands
Total Population
Racial groups
Whites (includes 16.9 million
White Hispanics)
Blacks/African Americans
Native Americans, Alaskan Native
Asian Americans
Chinese
Filipinos
Asian Indians
Vietnamese
Koreans
Japanese
Other
211,461
75.1
34,658
2,476
10,243
2,433
1,850
1,679
1,123
1,077
797
1,285
12.3
0.9
3.6
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.5
Source: American Jewish Committee 2001; Bureau of the Census 2001c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Therrien and Ramirez 2001..
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
█ Table 11.1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2000
Number in
Percentage of
Classification
Thousands
Total Population
Ethnic groups
White ancestry (single or mixed)
Germans
Irish
English
Italians
French
Poles
Jews
Hispanics (or Latinos)
Mexican Americans
Central and South Americans
Puerto Ricans
Cubans
Other
Total (all groups)
46,489
33,067
28,265
15,943
9,776
9,054
6,000
35,306
23,337
5,119
3,178
1,412
2,260
281,422
16.5
11.7
10.0
5.7
3.5
3.2
2.1
12.5
8.3
1.8
1.1
0.5
0.8
Source: American Jewish Committee 2001; Bureau of the Census 2001c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Therrien and Ramirez 2001..
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
█ Figure 11.1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 1500-2100 (Projected)
Source: Author’s estimate; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2000c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Thornton 1987.
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
█ Minority Groups
– A subordinate group whose members have
significantly less control or power than members
of the dominant or majority group.
– Properties of a minority group include:
•
•
•
•
•
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unequal treatment
distinguishing cultural characteristics
involuntary membership
solidarity
in-group marriage
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8
Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
█Race
– Racial Group
• The term racial group refers to those minorities
set apart from others by obvious physical
differences.
– Biological Significance of Race
• There are no “pure races.”
• Migration, exploration, and invasion have led to
intermingling of races.
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
█Race
– Social Construction of Race
• This term refers to the process whereby people
define a group as a race in part on physical
characteristics and in part on historical, cultural,
and economic factors.
• The one drop rule: if a person had a single drop
of “Black blood,” they were viewed as
nonwhite.
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
█Race
– Stereotypes
• A stereotype is an unreliable generalization
about all members of a group that do not
recognize individual differences within the
group.
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
█Ethnicity
– An ethnic group is set apart from others
based on national origin or distinctive
cultural patterns.
– Ethnic groups in the United States include:
• Hispanic Americans
• Jewish Americans
• Irish Americans
• Italian Americans
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Prejudice and Discrimination
█Prejudice
– Prejudice
• Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire
category of people, often an ethnic or racial
minority.
– Ethnocentrism
• Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that
one’s culture and way of life are superior to all
others.
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Prejudice and Discrimination
█ Discriminatory Behavior
– Discrimination
• Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal
rights to individuals and groups based on some type of
arbitrary bias.
• Discrimination persists even for educated and qualified
minority members.
• The glass ceiling is the invisible barrier blocking
promotion of qualified individuals in a work
environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity.
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Prejudice and Discrimination
█ Figure 11.2: Active Hate Groups in the United States, 2002
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Source: Southern Poverty
Law Center 2003.
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15
Prejudice and Discrimination
█ Incidents: Victim Type by Bias Motivation, 2001
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Source: Hate Crime
Statistics
Report 2001, http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hatecrime2002.pdf
© 2005
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Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Prejudice and Discrimination
█Institutional Discrimination
– The denial of opportunities and equal rights
that results from the normal operations of a
society.
– Institutional discrimination affects some
racial and ethnic groups more than others.
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Prejudice and Discrimination
█Institutional Discrimination
– Institutional discrimination refers to the
denial of opportunities and equal rights to
individuals and groups that results from
normal societal operations.
– Some examples are:
• requiring English only to be spoken at work
• preferential admissions policies by colleges
• restrictive employment-leave policies
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Prejudice and Discrimination
█Institutional Discrimination
– Affirmative Action: Positive efforts to
recruit minority members or women for
jobs, promotions, and educational
opportunities.
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19
Studying Race and Ethnicity
█Functionalist Perspective
– Three functions of racial prejudice for the
dominant group include:
• Justification for maintaining an unequal society
• Discouraging of subordinate groups from
questioning their status
• Encouraging support for the existing order
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Studying Race and Ethnicity
█Conflict Perspective
– Exploitation Theory
• Racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and
supplies the dominant group with a supply of
cheap labor.
• By forcing minorities to accept low wages,
capitalists can restrict wages of all workers.
• Workers from the dominant group wanting
higher wages can be replaced by minorities who
must accept lower wages.
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21
Studying Race and Ethnicity
█Interactionist Perspective
– Contact Hypothesis
• Interracial contact between people of equal
status in cooperative circumstances will cause
them to become less prejudiced.
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22
Patterns of Intergroup Relations
█ Extreme Behaviors
– Genocide:The deliberate, systematic killing of an
entire people or nation.
– Expulsion: The forced removal of a people from a
region or country.
– Ethnic Cleansing: Term originating with Serbian
forces in 1991 in the newly independent states of
Bosnia and Herzegovina. This forced expulsion of
Croats and Muslims from the former Yugoslavia
had elements of expulsion, torture, sexual abuse,
and genocide.
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23
Patterns of Intergroup Relations
█ Amalgamation
– Amalgamation occurs when a majority group and
a minority group combine to form a new group.
– The melting pot belief became compelling in the
early twentieth century; however, many people
were not willing to have certain groups as part of
the melting pot. The melting pot analogy,
therefore, does not adequately describe dominantsubordinate relations existing in the United States.
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24
Patterns of Intergroup Relations
█ Assimilation
– Assimilation describes the process by which a
person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to
become part of a different culture. In general, a
minority group member wants to conform to the
standards of the dominant group.
– As persons become more assimilated, they retain
fewer of their original cultural characteristics.
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25
Patterns of Intergroup Relations
█Segregation
– This term refers to the physical separation of
two groups of people in terms of residence.
– Generally, a dominant group imposes
segregation on a minority group.
– Examples include:
• apartheid in South Africa
• housing practices in parts of the United States
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26
Patterns of Intergroup Relations
█Pluralism
– Pluralism is based on mutual respect among
various groups in a society for one another’s
cultures.
– Pluralism allows a minority group to express
its own culture and participate without
prejudice in the larger society.
– Switzerland exemplifies a modern pluralistic
state.
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27
Patterns of Intergroup Relations
█ Intergroup Relations Continuum
EXPULSION
EXTERMINATION
or genocide
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SEGREGATION
SUCCESSION
or partitioning
ASSIMILATION
FUSION
PLURALISM
or amalgamation or multiculturalism
or melting pot
Source: Richard T. Schaefer. 2000. Racial and Ethnic Groups. 8th ed.
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc. AllFigure
rights
Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice-Hall,
1.4reserved.
on p. 25.
28
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█Racial Groups
– African Americans
• African Americans are currently the largest
minority group in the United States.
• Contemporary prejudice and discrimination
patterns against African Americans are rooted in
our history of slavery.
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29
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ African Americans, 2000
Number of people
indicating exactly
one race, Black or
African American,
by county
50,000 to 1,406,000
10,000 to 49,999
5,000 to 9,999
1,000 to 4,999
100 to 999
0 to 99
McGraw-Hill
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity.
Series CENSR/01-1, p. 41. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at
© 2005
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/dt_atlas.html..
30
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ Figure 11.3: Census 2000: The Image Diversity
Source: C. Brewer and
Suchan 2001:20.
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Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█Racial Groups
– Native Americans
• Native Americans represent a diverse array of
cultures.
• Native Americans have a teen suicide rate four
times the national average.
• An increasing number of Americans are
claiming identity as Native American.
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Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ Percent of Population in Selected Race and Hispanic Origin Groups by Age: U.S 1980-2000
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National Center for Health Statistics, “Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans,”
©issued
2005Oct.
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Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2003, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus03cht.pdf
33
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ Table 11.2: Relative Economic Positions of Various Racial and Ethnic
Groups
Characteristic
Whites
African
Americans
Native
Asian
Americans Americans
Four-year college
education, people
25 and over (2002)
27.3%
17.5%
11.5%
43.8%
11.2%
Median household
income (2001)
$46,305
$29,470
$32,116
$53,635
$33,565
Unemployment
rate (2003)
5.5%
11.1%
———
5.9%
8.2%
People below the
poverty line (2001)
7.8%
22.7%
25.7%
10.2%
21.4%
Hispanics
Source: Bauman and Graf 2003:5; Bishaw and Ireland 2003: Bureau of the Census 2002a:41-44; DeNavas-Walt and Cleveland 2002:4;
Department of Labor 2002; McKinnon 2003; Proctor and Dalaker 2002:3; Ramirez and de la Cruz 2003; Reeves and Bennett 2003.
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34
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ American Indians and Alaska Natives, 2000
Number of people
indicating exactly
one race,
American Indian
and Alaska
Native (AIAN),
by county
50,000 to 76,990
10,000 to 49,999
5,000 to 9,999
1,000 to 4,999
100 to 999
0 to 99
McGraw-Hill
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity. Series
CENSR/01-1, p. 53. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
census.gov/population/www/cen2000/dt_atlas.html..
35
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█Racial Groups
– Asian Americans
• Asian Americans comprise one of the fastest
growing segments of the United States
population.
• Asian Americans include:
– Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Americans
• Asian Americans are often held up as a model or
ideal minority group.
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36
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ Asian Americans, 2000
Number of people
indicating exactly
one race, Asian,
by county
50,000 to 1,138,000
10,000 to 49,999
5,000 to 9,999
1,000 to 4,999
100 to 999
0 to 99
McGraw-Hill
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity.
Series CENSR/01-1, p. 65. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at http://www.
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
census.gov/population/www/cen2000/dt_atlas.html..
37
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█Ethnic Groups
– Hispanics / Latinos
• Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority in the
United States.
• Hispanics share Spanish language and culture,
which can be problematic for assimilation in the
U.S.
• Hispanic Americans include:
–
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Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban
Americans
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38
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ Latino Americans, 2000
All races:
Number of people
indicating Hispanic
or Latino origin
by county
50,000 to 4,243,000
10,000 to 49,999
5,000 to 9,999
1,000 to 4,999
100 to 999
0 to 99
McGraw-Hill
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity.
Series CENSR/01-1, p. 95. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at
© 2005http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/dt_atlas.html.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
39
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█Ethnic Groups
– Jewish Americans
• Jewish Americans constitute 3 percent of the
population.
• Jewish Americans have high levels of education
and professional training.
• Jewish Americans, like other groups, face the
problem of maintaining cultural heritage and the
problem of assimilation.
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Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ Ethnic Groups
– Jewish Americans
• Jews constitute almost three percent of the US
population
• Anti-Semitism, or anti-Jewish prejudice, exists in the
United States, though rarely as widespread and
formalized as in Europe.
• Like other minorities, Jewish Americans face the choice
of maintaining ties to their religious and cultural
heritage or becoming assimilated into Gentile culture.
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41
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█Ethnic Groups
– White Ethnics
• White ethnics are people whose ancestors came
from Europe in the last 100 years.
• Predominant White ethnic groups include:
– German Americans
– Irish Americans
– Italian Americans, and
– Polish Americans.
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42
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ Figure 11.5: Major Hispanic Groups in the U.S., 2000
Source: Therrien and Ramirez 2001:1.
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43
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
NOTE: Please answer BOTH
Questions 5 and 6.
5 Is this person Spanish/Hispanic/
Latino? Mark X the “NO” box if not
Spanish/Hispanic/Latino
No, not Spanish/Hispanic/Latino
Yes, Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano
Yes, Puerto Rican
Yes, Cuban
Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic/
Latino Print Group
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6 What is this person’s race? Mark X
one or more races to indicate what
this person considers himself/herself
to be.
White
Black, African Am., or Negro
American Indian or Alaska Native –
Print name of enrolled or principal
tribe.
Asian Indian
Native Hawaiian
Chinese
Guamanian
Filipino
or Chamorro
Japanese
Samoan
Korean
Other Pacific
Vietnamese
Islander
Other Asian – Print race.
Some other race – Print race
Source: Bureau of the Census. 1998. United States Census 2000. Dre
© 2005 The Rehearsal.
McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc.
All rightsPrinting
reserved.
Washington,
DC: U.S.
Government
Offic
44
Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ Figure 11.6: Immigration in the U.S., 1820s–1990s
Source: Immigration and Naturalization Service 199a, 99b. Projection for the 1990s by the author based on Immigration and Naturalization.
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Race and Ethnicity in the United
States
█ Some Workers Who Came to the United States from India Found the
American Dream has Turned into a Nightmare
(Click inside frame to start video)
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Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█Global Immigration
– The Issue
• Worldwide immigration is at an all time high.
• The constantly increasing number of
immigrants puts pressure on the job markets and
welfare systems of the countries they enter.
• Who should be allowed in?
• At what point should immigration be curtailed?
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Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█Major Migration Patterns of the 1990s
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Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█ Figure 11.7: Foreign-Born Population of the United States, 2000
Source: Schmidley
2001:12.
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49
Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█Global Immigration
– The Setting
• The immigration of people is not uniform across
time or space.
• However, more and more migrants who cannot
make adequate livings in their home nations are
making permanent moves to developed nations.
• Fear and resentment of this growing racial and
ethnic diversity is a key factor in opposition to
immigration.
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Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█ Countries of Birth and Foreign-Born Population with 500,000 or more in
2000: 1990 and 2000
Mexico*
China*
(Numbers in thousands.
Philippines*
90-percent confidence
India*
intervals in parentheses
for 2000 estimates. For
Cuba*
1990, resident population.
Vietnam*
For 2000, civilian
noninstitutional population El Salvador*
plus Armed Forces living
Korea
off post or with their
Dominican
families on post)
Republic*
Canada
Germany
Soviet Union*
United Kingdom
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7,841 (7,364-8,318)
4,298
1,391 (1,195-1,588)
921
1,222 (1,038-1,407)
913
1,007 (839-1,174)
450
952 (784-1,121)
737
863 (708-1,019)
543
2000
765 (614-916)
465
701 (561-841)
1990
568
692 (548-836)
348
678 (536-820)
745
653 (547-759)
712
624 (521-727)
*Change from 1990 to 2000 is
334
statistically significant.
613 (511-716)
640
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. The Population Profile of the United States: 2000. Figure 3© 2005 The
McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1. (Internet Release)
accessed
at http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23-206.pdf.
51
Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█ Foreign-Born Population and Percent of Total Population for the United States: 1850
to 2000
(For 1850–1990, resident population. For 2000, civilian noninstitutional
population plus Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post)
Foreign-born population (in millions)
Percent of total population
14.8
14.4
13.2
13.3
14.7
13.6
13.2
11.6
10.4
9.7
8.8
7.9
6.9
6.2
5.4
4.7
2.2
4.1 5.6 6.7 9.2 10.3 13.5 13.9 14.2 11.6 10.3 9.7 9.6 14.1 19.8 28.4
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
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Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Figure 1-1 in Profile of the Foreign-Born Population.
Current Population Reports P23-206. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
accessible at http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/cps2000.html.
52
Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█ Global Distribution of Minority Groups
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Source:
Atlas of World Politics,
5th Edition,
John
L. Allen,©2002
© 2005Student
The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc.byAll
rights
reserved.
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Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█ World Refugee Population
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Source:
Atlas of World Politics,
5th Edition,
John
L. Allen,©2002
© 2005Student
The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc.byAll
rights
reserved.
54
Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█Global Immigration
– Sociological Insights
• Immigration provides many valuable functions.
• Receiving nations, it alleviates labor shortages
such as in the areas of health care and
technology in the United States.
• For the sending nation, migration can relieve
economies unable to support large numbers of
people.
Continued...
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55
Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█Global Immigration
– Sociological Insights
• Conflict theorists note how much of the debate
over immigration is phrased in economic terms.
• But this debate intensifies when the arrivals are
of different racial and ethnic backgrounds from
the host population.
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Social Policy and Race and
Ethnicity
█ Global Immigration
– Policy Initiatives
• The entire world feels the overwhelming impact of
economic globalization on immigration patterns.
• The intense debate over immigration reflects deep value
conflicts in the cultures of many nations.
• Hostility to potential immigrants and refugees reflects
not only racial, ethnic, and religious prejudice, but also
a desire to maintain the dominant culture of the in-group
by keeping out those viewed as outsiders.
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