FOR LECTURE 3 EXAM
• The whole test is matching. Be able to match the
following with their description:
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Virulence factors/enzymes
The three hemolysis patterns
Disease terms
Toxins
Match the disease to the organism
Know which diseases have which vectors
(invertebrates PPT)
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VIRULENCE FACTORS
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Adhesins (to adhere)
Invasins (to get into cells)
Endotoxin (LPS, LOS, and Lipid A)
Exotoxins
• Cytotoxins (kills cells)
• Enterotoxin (GI upset)
• Neurotoxins (disrupts nerves)
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• Enzymes
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β lactamase (deactivates penicillins)
Ribosylase (causes diarrhea)
Catalase
Coagulase (causes blood clots)
Staphylokinase (dissolves blood clots)
Streptokinase (dissolves blood clots)
IgA or IgG protease (deactivates Ab’s)
Hyaluronidase (can move thru tissues)
SOD (superoxide dismutase;
deactivates WBC lysosomes)
H Ag (flagella allows motility)
K Ag (capsule)
Angiotrophic ability (pulls blood vessels close)
Facultative intracellular pathogens (can survive with and without O2)
MDR plasmids (genetic drug resistance)
PG (prostaglandins; promotes inflammation)
HEMOLYSIS
• Hemolysin Patterns:
•  (alpha hemolysis; partially breaks down RBC
membranes. Turn blood agar green)
•  (beta hemolysis; completely ruptures RBCs.
Turns blood agar clear)
•  (gamma hemolysis is no RBC lysis; no color
change on blood agar)
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DISEASE TERMS
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Furuncle (boil; infected hair follicles)
Carbuncles (mass of boils)
Cellulitis/ soft tissue infections.
Scalded Skin Syndrome  exfolatin toxin from Staph aureus
Necrotizing Faciitis: destroys muscle and fat tissue
Toxic Shock: Bacteremia (bacteria in blood) and multisystem failure
Enterointoxication (enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea). This is Dz, not
infection.
Pneumonia (fluid in the lungs)
Osteomyelitis (bone infection). Requires 6-8 weeks of iv antibiotics
Renal Abscess  infarcts (seeds from renal artery, forms abscess, clots
blood beyond that site)
Endocarditis (heart valve infection) --> destruction of valve --> blood clot
forms, breaks off, travels as a septic embolism
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Outer membrane
Peptidoglycan
GRAM NEGATIVE
GRAM POSITIVE
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ENDOTOXINS
(GRAM NEGATIVE ONLY)
O Antigen
Inner plasma membrane
LPS
Cell Wall
Lipid A
(endotoxin)
LPS
(LOS is LPS with a smaller O antigen)
Outer plasma
membrane
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BACTERIA LIST
• Gram Positive bacteria
• Gram Positive Cocci
• Staphylococcus
• S. aureus
• S. haemolyticus
• S. epidermidis
• S. saprophyticus
• Streptococcus
• Group A (Strep. Pyogenes)
• Group B (Streptococcus
agalactiae)
• Group D (Enterococcus
faecalis)
• Viridins (Steptococcus
pneumoniae)
• Gram Positive Rods
• Bacillis cereus
• Bacillis anthracis
• Clostridium perfringins
• Clostridium difficile
• Clostridium botulinum
• Clostridium tetani
• Listeria
• Proprionibacterium acnes
• Corynebacterium diptheriae
• Nocordia asteroides
• Actinomyces israelii
• Acid-fast bacteria
• Mycobacterium tuburclulosis
• Mycobacterium leprae
• Non-acid-fast, non-gram staining
• Mycoplasma pneuomoniae
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EXOTOXINS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
 Cytotoxins
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Verotoxin (Shigella-like toxin; E. coli EHEC)
AB toxin (Kills colon epithelium; E. coli EHEC)
Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (Staph aureus)
Exfolatin (Scalded Skin Syndrome; Staph aureus)
Necrotizing Fasciitis Toxin (group A Strep)
Anthrax
Diphtheria
Pertussis and tracheal cytotoxin
 Enterotoxins
 Neurotoxins
 Botulism
 Tetanus
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Gram positive exotoxins (no endotoxins)
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Staphylococcus aureus Cytotoxins (TSS, NF, exfolatin), Neurotoxin, Enterotoxin
Clostridium difficile
Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin
Clostridium perfringens Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin
Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin (botulism toxin)
Clostridium tetani Neurotoxin (Tetanus toxin)
Bacillus cereus Enterotoxin
Bacillus anthracis Cytotoxin (Anthrax toxin)
Corynebacterium
Cytotoxin (Diphtheria toxin)
diphtheriae
What Diseases do these cause?
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Gram Positive bacteria
 Gram Positive Cocci
 Staphylococcus
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Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles,
S. aureus toxic shock, bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, MRSA
S. haemolyticus Skin infections
S. epidermidis Wound and internal fixation devices infections
S. saprophyticus UTI
 Streptococcus
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Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Impetigo, Toxic Shock
Syndrome, Necrotizing fasciitis, Rheumatic fever
Group A (Strep. Pyogenes)
Group B (Streptococcus agalactiae) neonatal sepsis and meningitis in infants
Group D (Enterococcus faecalis) Nosocomial infections
Viridins (Steptococcus pneumoniae) Pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis,
cavities, sinus and ear infections
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What Diseases do these cause?
• Gram Positive Rods
• Bacillis cereus Food poisoning
anthrax
• Bacillis anthracis
• Clostridium perfringins Food poisoning, gas gangrene
Diarrhea from antibiotics, pseudomembranous colitis
• Clostridium difficile
Botulism
• Clostridium botulinum
Tetanus
• Clostridium tetani
Food poisoning
• Listeria
acne
• Proprionibacterium acnes
Diphtheria
• Corynebacterium diptheriae
Pneumonia, wounds, CNS infections
• Nocordia asteroides
• Actinomyces israelii
Maxillary osteomyelitis, human bite wounds
• Acid-fast bacteria
Tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium tuburclulosis
Hansen’s disease
• Mycobacterium leprae
• Non-acid-fast, non-gram staining
Walking pneumonia
• Mycoplasma pneuomoniae
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