PARTS OF SPEECH
A Review
I. THE PARTS OF SPEECH
A.
Nouns: names a person, place, thing, or idea
B.
Verbs: shows action or a state of being
C.
Adjectives : describes the qualities of a noun or pronoun
D.
Adverbs : describes the qualities of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
E.
Pronouns : words that take the place of a noun.
F.
Prepositions : show the relations h ip between a noun or pronoun and some
other word in the sentence
G.
Interjections : a word or phrase that express es strong emotion
H.
Conjunctions : a word that connects words of groups of words
I.
Verbals : words made from verbs that function as another part of speech
Yowza, Umberto ate nearly forty tacos at lunch!
Interjection
Noun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Noun
Preposition Noun
After lunch, Umberto felt very sleepy and took a nap in the library.
Preposition
Noun
Noun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Conjunction Verb Adjective Noun Preposition Adjective
Noun
Hugo happily took a large woman on a date to McDonalds for a Happymeal.
Noun
Adverb
Verb Adjective Adjective
Noun
She
ate
nearly
sixty
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition Adjective Noun Preposition Noun
nuggets
Noun
and
Hugo
Conjunction Noun
carried
Verb
Preposition Adjective Noun
her
Pronoun
home.
Noun
II. SOME BASICS
A. Sentences contain a noun and a verb, and make sense on
their own
Sentence: The remarkably silly boy danced with his pet goat.
Not A Sentence: Since the goat had eaten so much cheese.
B. Verbs can be action verbs or linking verbs
Action Verb: The goat ate a frightening quantity of cheese.
Action Verb: He stole it from the local grocery store.
Linking Verb: He felt incredibly sick.
Linking Verb: He was a very naughty goat.
NOUNS
III. NOUNS
A. Nouns can be the subject of a sentence
1. The subject tells what or who the sentence is about.
2. Appears before the verb in a sentence.
Paco ate over two dozen Doritos Locos Tacos.
Afterwards, the poor boy felt sick for days.
B. Nouns can be a subject complement in a sentence.
1. The subject complement renames or identifies the subject
2. It always follows a linking verb
3. It can also be a pronoun
Hulk Hogan was a WWE champion in the 1980’s.
He later became a sellout on reality tv.
The most disappointed people are fans of WWE who watched him fail.
PRACTICE:
W RI T E E AC H SE N TENC E. UN DE RLINE T H E SUBJ E C T ON C E . I F
T H E RE I S A SUBJE CT C OM P LE MENT, UN DE RLI NE I T T W I C E.
1. Chik-Fil- A of fers a variety of delicious meal options.
2. Their best-known item is the spicy chicken sandwich.
3. Polynesian is the best flavor for dipping.
4. Their waf fle fries taste absolutely delicious.
Further Practice: Textbook Page 6 and 7, exercises 1 and 2
III. NOUNS (CONT.)
C. Nouns can be used as direct objects
1 . A Direct object receives the action of a verb
2. Always comes after action verb
Chris Davis clobbered the baseball.
John Cena elbowed the face of CM Punk
D. Nouns can be used as indirect objects.
1 . An indirect object tells “to whom” or “for whom” an
action is done
2. Always is followed by a direct object.
The fans gave John Cena a standing ovation after the match.
Mr. Bailey bought his w ife a prized llama for Valentine’s Day.
III. NOUNS (CONT.)
E. Nouns can be used as objects of prepositions.
1 . Noun is last word of prepositional phrase
2. Prepositional phrase begins with a preposition
The adorable llama kicked Mr. Bailey in the stomach.
Remarkably, Mr. Bailey somehow flew through the window and
landed behind the dumpster.
F. Nouns can be used as object complements.
1 . An object complement renames a direct object.
2. Often follows verbs like “call” “consider” “chose” “elect”
“make” and “name.”
I consider the Orioles a good team.
Students often call the Orioles the O’s.
It is often difficult to make English a fun class.
PRACTICE
IDE N TIFY WHE THE R THE RE D WORD IS A DIRE CT OBJE CT, IN DIRE CT OBJE C T,
OBJE CT OF A PRE POS ITION , OR OBJE CT COM PLE M E N T .
1. The grateful students gave Mr. Bailey a pound of waf fle fries
for Christmas.
2. Fans of the WWE call The Undertaker the Phenom.
3. Remarkably, the rabid llama viciously bit Napoleon on the
arm.
4. In many horror movies, the beautiful girl finds herself the
victim of grisly murder.
5. After being without power for many days, the student was
depressed from lack of Playstation 3 gaming time.
Further Practice: Textbook Pages 8 and 9, exercises 1-2
III. NOUNS (CONT.)
G. Nouns can be used as appositives
1 . An appositive is a word that follows a noun and helps
identify it
My home state, Maryland, is home to the Orioles.
I once met the player Adam Jones.
2. An appositive phrase is an appositive and all words
that modify it
Paco, a very bovine boy, ate too much cheese.
He slept in the back of the Home Depot, a store near his house .
III. NOUNS (CONT.)
3. Appositives can be restrictive or nonrestrictive
a. Restrictive: information directly related to topic
of the sentence; essential
b. Nonrestrictive: unnecessary information;
unrelated to main idea
Mr. Bailey, a huge Orioles fan, teaches at Loyola Blakefield.
His favorite period of the day is his class English 8.
Paco has a tendency to eat far too much at Chik-Fil-A, a restaurant in Parkville .
Paco is a descendent of the great president William Howard Taft.
PRACTICE PART I
W RI T E T H E SE N TE NCE. UN DE RLI NE T H E A P P OSI TIVE P H RA SE .
1. The coach and mentor Buck Showalter led the team to the
playof fs in 2012.
2. The Orioles, an often disappointing team, are finishing a
succesful season.
3. An incredible year in Orioles history was 1997, an
unforgettable year.
4. Star shortstop Cal Ripken led his team to a playof f run.
PRACTICE PART 2
C OP Y T H E SE N T ENC E. UN DE RLI NE T H E A P P OSI TIVE. A DD
C OM M AS I F A N D W H E RE N E C E SSARY.
1. John Cena a seven time champion is in a feud with CM Punk.
2. Arby’s my favorite restaurant serves delicious roast beef
sandwiches.
3. The actor Will Ferrel is in many hilarious movies.
4. My favorite character that he played was Ron Burgandy an
anchorman.
Further Practice: Textbook page 15 exercise 1.5 (#’s 44-48).
FINAL PRACTICE WITH NOUNS
DECIDE WHAT EACH NOUN IS FUNCTIONING AS IN A SENTENCE
subject
subject complement
direct object
indirect object
object of a preposition
object complement
appositive.
Umberto has studied
jazz flute for 10 years.
Many women give
Umberto their love.
Umberto, a shy man,
usually just runs away
from them.
FINAL PRACTICE WITH NOUNS
DECIDE WHAT EACH NOUN IS FUNCTIONING AS IN A SENTENCE
subject
subject complement
direct object
indirect object
object of a preposition
object complement
appositive.
Everyone declared the
field trip an enjoyable
experience.
Well, except for
Humbert, who was
kicked in the stomach
by a rabid llama.
Humbert was trying to
give the llama a bag of
Cheetos.
FINAL PRACTICE WITH NOUNS
DECIDE WHAT EACH NOUN IS FUNCTIONING AS IN A SENTENCE
subject
subject complement
direct object
indirect object
object of a preposition
object complement
appositive.
Despite losing to the
Rock, John Cena never
gave up.
The champion CM
Punk challenged him
to a match.
CM Punk is a very
skillful wrestler with a
painful finishing move.
FINAL PRACTICE WITH NOUNS
DECIDE WHAT EACH NOUN IS FUNCTIONING AS IN A SENTENCE
subject
subject complement
direct object
indirect object
object of a preposition
object complement
appositive.
The PS3 is truly the
superior gaming
system.
Many students
unwisely waste their
money on XBOX.
The PS3 offers gamers
a superior experience
due to its advanced
hardware.
FURTHER PRACTICE
 Write a sentence with an indirect object and a direct object.
 Write a sentence with a subject complement and an object of
a preposition.
 Write a sentence with a restrictive appositive (or appositive
phrase) and a direct object.
 Write a sentence with a nonrestrictive appositive (or
appositive phrase) and a subject complement.
PRONOUNS
IV. PRONOUNS
A. Personal pronouns can be subjects, objects, or possessive.
As Subject
As Object
As Possessive
I
Me
My, mine
1st person plural
We
Us
Ours, our
2nd person singular and
plural
You
You
Your, yours
He, She, It
Him, Her, It
His, Her, Hers, Its
They
Them
Their, Theirs
1st person singular
3rd person singular
3rd person plural
Copy This Chart!
IV. PRONOUNS (CONT.)
1. A subject pronoun can be the subject or subject complement
in a sentence.
I rode the llama twice at the fair. (subject)
The man who owned the llama was he. (subject complement)
2. Remember to use a subject pronoun even when the subject
or complement is compound.
Paco and I went to the llama festival. (subject)
The men riding the llamas were Paco and I. (subject complement)
PRONOUNS (CONT.)
3. Object pronouns are used as the object of an action verb, and
indirect object, or a preposition.
Paco claimed the llama kicked him. (direct object)
Paco later sued the llama’s owner because of the emotional damage
caused by it. (object of a preposition)
The owner gave him nearly a million dollars in damages. (indirect object)
PRACTICE
READ THE SENTENCE. CIRCLE THE PERSONAL PRONOUN. IDENTIFY IT AS A SUBJECT,
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT, DIRECT OBJECT, INDIRECT OBJECT, OR OBJECT OF PREPOSITION.
 The unfortunate students who were caught stealing Mr.
Bailey’s lunch were he and Paco.
 The young men sold it to their friend Umberto for five dollars.
 Umberto opened the lunch, and he was horrified to find that
Mr. Bailey ate bologna and olives each day.
 He found Mr. Bailey’s car and put the lunch inside of it.
 Needless to say, the terrible aroma soon of fended him greatly.
Further Practice: Textbook Page 54 exercises 3.2 and 3.3
PRONOUNS (CONT)
B. The words “than” and “as” are used in comparisons, and make using
pronouns dif ficult.
1 . Sentences that use these words of ten omit
information needed to help determine pronoun use
2. You need to add missing words to determine usage.
Examples:
Judges choose him as a w inner more often than they choose (she/her)
Judges choose him as a winner more often than they choose her.
Jacob is as good a competitive eater as (she/her)
Jacob is as good a competitive eater as she is.
Jacob’s hot dog eating impressed me more than (they/them)
Jacob’s hot dog eating impressed me more than it impressed them.
I’ve known Jacob longer than (he/him)
I’ve known Jacob longer than he has know n Jacob.
PRACTICE
CHOOSE THE CORRECT PRONOUN TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE.
1. Jacob eats more quickly than (she/her).
2. Dustin rides llamas better than (I / me).
3. Juan is much more bovine than (I / me).
4. Paco’s singing impressed me as much as (she / her).
5. Everyone is as excited about the taco -eating contest as (I /
me).
6. No one was more pleased with the success of the taco -eating
contest than (he / him).
7. The English teacher helped Umberto more than (he /him).
More Practice: Textbook page 39 exercise 2
PRONOUNS (CONT)
C. Pronouns can be intensive pronouns, which emphasize a
preceding noun.
D. Pronouns can be reflexive pronouns, which are the object of
a verb or preposition.
Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns
Singular
Plural
First Person
Myself
Ourselves
Second Person
Yourself
Yourselves
Third Person
Himself/Herself/Itself
Themselves
PRACTICE
F I LL I N T H E BLA N K W I TH T H E A P P ROP RIATE I N T ENSIVE OR
RE F LE X IVE P RON OUN .
 Hubert ate fourteen tacos by ___________.
 Florence ______________ prepared them for him.
 Afterwards, Florence blamed __________________ for the
mess Hubert made.
 It seems that the tacos had spoiled _______________ in the
hot sun.
More Practice: Page 43 exercise 3
PRONOUNS (CONT.)
E. Pronouns can be demonstrative, which point out a particular
person, place, or thing.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular
Plural
This, That
These, Those
F. Pronouns can be interrogative, which ask questions.
Interrogative Pronouns
Subject
Object
Possessive
Who
Whom
Whose
Whoever
Whomever
Whosever
Which
What
WHO OR WHOM?
CAN ALSO BE USED AS RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
 Who is also a subject
 Whom is always an object
Who visited Mexico? (subject)
Whom did you visit there? (object)
Who gave you the burrito? (subject)
To whom did you give the burrito? (object)
Paco is the man who gave it to me. (subject)
Paco is the man to whom it was given. (object)
PRACTICE
F ILL IN THE BLA N K WITH E ITHE R “WHO” OR “WHOM ”
(who / whom) is the last Oriole to play 162 games?
To ( who / whom ) is the Most Valuable Oriole award going?
Adam Jones is the player ( who / whom) is winning the award.
Many of the players ( who / whom ) play on the Orioles had
great seasons.
 Many players on the Nationals, for ( who / whom ) winning is
not a usual event, are excited to win their division.
 The Nationals are a team about ( who / whom ) we talk very
little.
 They are the team (who / whom) plays in Washington.




PRONOUNS (CONT.)
G. Pronouns can be relative pronouns. Relative pronouns join a
subordinate clause to its antecedent in the independent clause.
1 . Relative pronouns are who, whom, that, those , and
which
The Nationals are a team that relies on good starting pitching .
Steven Strasburg was their ace who hurt his arm last year .
The decision to shut down Strasburg, which many fans protested, may cost the
team the World Series.
Mr. Bailey, whose dream is an Orioles/Nationals World Series , remains hopeful.
PRONOUNS (CONT.)
H. A pronoun can be an indefinite pronoun. An indefinite
pronoun refers to any or all of a group of people, places, or
things.
1 . Full list appears on page 50 of textbook.
Few may know that the MLB hall of fame is located in New York.
Its purpose is to honor players and others who had contributed to baseball
history.
All of those in the hall are acknowledged greats.
Several of the Orioles are elected into the Hall of Fame.
Can anybody name some of those 5 players?
PRACTICE
WRITE THE SENTENCE. CIRCLE THE PRONOUN. IDENTIFY WHETHER IT IS A RELATIVE
PRONOUN OR AN INDEFINITE PRONOUN. SENTENCES MAY HAVE MORE THAN 1
 Buck Showalter is largely viewed as the manager who really turned around the
Orioles franchise.
 Anybody who has watched the team this year has seen their hustle.
 Many have played better than expected.
 Chris Davis, whose exceeded expectations, clobbered 52 homeruns, which is a
team record.
 Camden Yards, which celebrated its 21 th anniversary, is a stadium that everyone
can agree is beautiful.
INTERJECTIONS
V. INTERJECTIONS
A. An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong
emotion.
Ouch, I just smashed my toe.
Yowza, that burrito is spicy.
Nonesense, I will never eat snail meat.
B. As a general rule, never use interjections in academic
writing.
ADJECTIVES
VI. ADJECTIVES
A. Descriptive adjectives describe a noun or pronoun.
The spicy, hot burrito scorched my tongue.
The boy fell in love with the beautiful woman.
1. They can be a subject complement when they follow a linking verb.
Mr. Bailey was hungry after school.
Pedro is afraid that goblins will steal his Xbox.
2. They can be an object complement when they follow a direct object.
The burrito left Umberto sick.
The snowstorm made the students happy.
ADJECTIVES (CONT.)
B. Demonstrative, Interrogative, and Indefinite pronouns can all
be used as adjectives if they precede a noun.
This cheeseburger is delicious. (as adjective)
This is a delicious cheeseburger. (as pronoun)
Which fast food restaurant do you prefer? (as adjective)
Which is the restaurant you prefer? (as pronoun)
Some students believe that Five Guys is the most delicious. (as adjective)
Some feel that Arby’s of fer s the best food. (as pronoun)
PRACTICE
I N E AC H O F T H E FO L LO W I N G S E N T E N C E S , C I R C L E A L L I N S TA N C E S
O F A DJ E C T I V E S . ( R E M E M B E R A , A N , A N D T H E A R E A DJ E C T I V E S )
 Umberto took Olga to a popular restaurant.
 Olga felt queasy after consuming rancid tacos.
 They made Olga sick.
 Frightening noises emanated from Olga’s rumbling stomach.
 Umberto was disappointed by the miserable date.
MORE PRACTICE
W R I T E T H E S E N T E N C E . C I R C L E T H E D E M O N S T R AT I V E , I N T E R R O G AT I V E ,
O R I N D E F I N I T E WO R D A N D W R I T E W H E T H E R I T I S A P R O N O U N O R
A DJ E C T I V E .
 Who agrees Five Guys is delicious?
 That restaurant serves the best hamburgers in town.
 The owners fill every bag with a mountain of hot french fries.
 What is your favorite topping on a hamburger?
 Many tell me they prefer bacon.
 Personally, I request several handfuls of jalapenos.
HW: WB Pages 13 and 14
ADJECTIVES (CONT.)
C . Most adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive,
comparative, and superlative.
1 . Positive degree shows a quality of a noun
2. Comparative degree compares two items or sets of items
3. Superlative degree compares three or more items.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Adjectives of one
syllable and some
adjectives of two.
Warm
Warmer
Warmest
Sunny
Sunnier
Sunniest
Adjectives of three or
more syllables, and
some adjectives of two.
Important
More important
Most important
Extreme
More extreme
Most extreme
Irregular Adjectives
Good
Better
Best
Many
More
Most
Little
Less
Least
Bad
Worse
Worst
ADJECTIVES (CONT.)
D. The adjectives few and less have a special rule that applies
to them.
1 . Use “few/fewer/fewest” to compare concrete nouns
that can be counted.
2. Use “little/less/least” to compare abstract nouns or
nouns that cannot be counted by quantity.
Olga can eat fewer tacos than Umberto.
Umberto puts less hot sauce on his tacos.
Umberto’s mom ate the fewest menu items of all.
Olga possesses the least love for Chipotle.
PRACTICE
WRITE THE SENTENCE BEING DESCRIBED.
 Write a sentence that uses the superlative degree of
“delicious.”
 Write a sentence that uses the comparative degree of “smart”
 Write a sentence that uses the superlative degree of “bad”
PRACTICE
WRITE THE SENTENCE BEING DESCRIBED.
 Write a sentence that uses the comparative degree of “few”
 Write a sentence that uses the superlative degree of “few”
 Write a sentence that uses the comparative degree of “little”
 Write a sentence that uses the superlative degree of “little”
HW: WB Pages 16 and 17
A clause always has a noun
and a verb.
 Can be Independent (meaning can stand
by itself as a sentence)
 Can be Subordinate (meaning must be
attached to an independent clause)
REVIEW:
CLAUSES
CLAUSE PRACTICE
IS EACH INDICATED CLAUSE INDEPENDENT OR
SUBORDINATE?
Despite the fact that he already ate four hamburgers for lunch ,
Umberto ate dinner at Five Guys.
The remarkably beautiful girl, who always flirted with Umberto ,
overlooked his disgustingly greasy appearance.
When the two of them got married, the couple honeymooned at
a Golden Corral.
They bought a new house together in Texas , which is a state
notorious for having overweight people.
 A phrase is always missing either a noun or a
verb.
 A common type of phrase is a prepositional
phrase.
 Here are the 25 most common prepositions:
Of
In
To
For
with
On
At
From
By
about
As
Into
Like
Through
after
Over
Between
Out
Against
during
Without
Before
Under
Around
among
 Prepositional phrases begin with a
preposition and end with a noun.
I found the rotten taco under the table.
One of my favorite stories is by the illustrious
Edgar Allan Poe, who lived in Baltimore.
REVIEW:
PHRASES
What does this have to do
with adjectives?
ADJECTIVES (CONT.)
E. Some subordinate clauses are adjective clauses which
describe nouns.
1 . They always begin with a relative pronoun (who,
whom,
whose, that, which, where, and when)
2. They can be restrictive or nonrestrictive
Chimichangas, which are fried burritos , are a delicious meal. (nonrestrictive)
The chimichangas that we ate at dinner were very filling.(restrictive)
Humbert was the kid who ate too many of them . (restrictive)
Humbert, whose mom is a nurse, had to carry him to the car. (nonrestrictive)
Unfortunately for her, the car is the place where he got very sick . (restrictive)
ADJECTIVES (CONT.)
F. Some prepositional phrases are adjective phrases that
describe nouns.
The sandwiches at Chick Fil A are absolutely delicious.
The pickles on the sandwich are a flavorful touch.
I personally love the taste of polynesian sauce.
Many of my students appreciate the sandwiches with barbecue
sauce.
Why are these
prepositional phrases
not adjective phrases?
Pedro thought it would be funny to spit in the eye of the llama.
Unfortunately for Pedro, he was kicked in the stomach.
He had to be driven towards the hospital.
PRACTICE
 Write a sentence with a nonrestricive adjective clause.
 Write a sentence with a restrictive adjective clause.
 Write a sentence with an adjectival prepositional phrase.
Homework: WB Pages 18 and 19
ADVERBS
VII. ADVERBS
A. Adverbs are words that describe a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
1. There are many types of adverbs
2. Adverbs can describe time, place, manner, degree, affirmation, or
negation.
Time (when or how often): I frequently visit the Outer Banks.
Place (where): It is far away, but worth the journey.
Manner (how or in what way): We spend our days peacefully on the beach.
Degree (how much or little): The beaches there are very beautiful.
Affirmation (expresses approval): It is undoubtedly the best place to
vacation.
Negation (expresses a negative condition or refusal): I hope my family
never stops visiting the Outer Banks.
PRACTICE
WRITE THE SENTENCE BEING DESCRIBED
 Write a sentence with an adverb of manner
 Write a sentence with an adverb of degree
 Write a sentence with an adverb of negation
 Write a sentence with an adverb of time
Homework: Workbook page 73
ADVERBS (CONT.)
B. There are four interrogative adverbs: how, when, where, and
why. Interrogative adverbs begin a question.
Where did you vacation last year?
When was the last time you visited Disney World?
How do you usually get to your vacation destination?
Note: Don’t confuse these words
with the interrogative pronouns
we learned last month: who,
whom, whose, which, and what
ADVERBS (CONT.)
C. There are adverbial nouns, which are nouns acting as
adverbs. They express time, distance, measure, value, or
direction.
I drove south to get to North Carolina.
We survived four weeks after the zombie apocolypse.
My fullness lasted three days after the all-u-can-eat crabs.
The human stomach has the capability of holding four liters.
Fernando ran four miles to escape the marauding elves.
Practice: WB 74, 75
Or Textbook 113
ADVERBS (CONT.)
D. Adverbs, like adjectives, have comparative and superlative
forms.
1 . Adverbs ending in –ly use “more/less” and “most/least”
2. Adverbs that do not end in –ly get “-er/-est” as their endings
Check
textbook
114 for a
list of all
irregular
adverbs.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Adverbs
ending in -ly
Carefully
More Carefully
Less Carefully
Most Carefully
Least Carefully
Beautifully
More Beautifully
Less Beautifully
Most Beautifully
Least Beautifully
Adverbs
ending in -er
Fast
Faster
Fastest
Loud
Louder
Loudest
Irregular
Adverbs
Well
Better
Best
Badly
Worse
Worst
Much
More
Most
ADVERBS (CONT.)
E. Prepositional phrases can be used as adverbs. Prepositional
phrases begin with a preposition and end with a noun.
25 most
used
prepositions
Of
In
To
For
with
On
At
From
By
about
As
Into
Like
Through
after
Over
Between
Out
Against
during
Without
Before
Under
Around
among
Once, I visited England in the fall.
I spent nearly four months living in Norwich, England.
People in England speak with a strange accent .
They also believe that Americans talk in a funny way.
Be careful not to confuse prepositional phrases that are being used
as adjectives with ones being used as adverbs.
A popular English dish is frying fish and chips in batter.
Many students ate fish and chips at a restaurant on the school’s campus.
In England, people refer to “pants” as “trousers.”
They also call fried potatoes in a bag “crisps.”
During my trip, I also learned that “wanker” is a British insult.
British students refer to the Revolutionary War as the “colonial uprising.”
ADVERBS( CONCLUDED)
F. Subordinate clauses can also be used as adverbs in
sentences. Subordinate clauses have a noun and a verb, but
cannot stand on their own as sentences.
The English have a tenuous relationship with the Irish because
the Irish fought for their independence .
When England lost the war, they still held onto a small part of
Northern Ireland.
Because Ireland was successful , Scotland has also attempted to
earn independence from Britain.
They remain a British colony since they lost the revolution .
Be careful not to confuse subordinate clauses that are being used
as adjectives with ones being used as adverbs.
William Wallace was a Scottish revolutionary who was slaughtered by the English.
Although Northern Ireland belongs to England, it is more like Ireland than its
motherland.
There was a time when Northern Ireland was overwhelmed with terrorism.
Since I have visited both Ireland and England, I believe I enjoyed England far better.
England was the place where I had a great deal more fun.
While England had better food and kinder people, Ireland offered beautiful scenery.
PRACTICE
 Write a sentence with an adverbial prepositional phrase.
 Write a sentence with an adjectival prepositional phrase
 Write a sentence with an adverbial subordinate clause.
 Write a sentence with an adjectival subordinate clause.
Homework: WB 79 and 80
VIII. PREPOSITIONS
VIII. PREPOSITIONS
A. A preposition shows the relationship between a noun or
pronoun and some other word in a sentence.
B. A preposition cannot stand by itself; it is always part of a
phrase. A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and
ends with a noun or pronoun.
N e a r L oyo l a , yo u w i l l f i n d a s to r e c a l l ed L e g e n d s .
L e g e n d s i s a s h o p t h a t c a r r i e s a v a r i et y o f c o m i cs a n d g a m e s .
A m o n g t h e i r m a ny p r o d uc t s , yo u w i l l f i n d a g a m e c a l l e d M a g i c : T h e G a t h e r i n g .
VIII. PREPOSITIONS (CONT.)
Very Common Mistake:
Prepositions Cannot End
Sentences
 Olga is the girl I want to dance with.
 Olga is the girl with whom I want dance.
 That is the movie I was telling you about.
 That is the movie about which I was telling you.
 Do you know what college you want to go to?
 Do you know to which college you want to go?
PRACTICE
I DE N T IFY T H E P RE P OSI TI ONAL P H RA SE I N E AC H OF T H E
FOLLOW I NG SE N TENC ES. T H E Y M AY H AVE M ORE T H A N ON E .
1. Magic: The Gathering is a game about dueling wizards.
2. Wizards, called Planeswalkers, summon monsters with the
magical essence mana.
3. In the challenging game, players utilize collectible trading
cards adorned with colorful illustrations.
4. Many students at the illustrious Loyola Blakefield play Magic
after school.
VIII. PREPOSITIONS (CONT.)
C. Some words can be used as either prepositions or adverbs.
Remember that prepositions always have objects, adverbs will
not.
Inside my house, you will find two cats.
Both of the cats live inside.
The explorers knew that treasure was beneath the temple.
They had no idea what type of treasure could lay beneath.
VIII. PREPOSITIONS (CONT.)
D. Prepositional phrases can function as adjectives, adverbs, or
nouns in sentences.
As Adjectives:
The Hobbit is a book by J.R. Tolkein.
The book tells the exciting story of a Hobbit’s journey .
As Adverbs:
The book is being made into a movie.
The director worked with tremendous dedication to ensure the movie is great.
As Nouns:
A beautiful place to film a movie is on the island nation New Zealand.
After the movie is a great time to discuss it.
PRACTICE
I DE N T IFY T H E P RE P OSI TI ONAL P H RA SE BY C I RC LI NG I T. T H E N
W RI T E W H E T H ER I T I S A N A DJ E C TIVE, A DVERB, OR N OUN .
 After school is the best time to play games.
 My family often plays games at the beach.
 My sister and I like to play monopoly with our cousins.
 Monopoly sometimes lasts for three hours.
 The object of the game is bankrupt your opponents.
IX. CONJUNCTIONS
IX. CONJUNCTIONS
A. Conjunctions can be coordinating conjunctions, which
connect words or groups of words that are similar.
F or
A nd
N or
B ut
Or
Y et
So
IX. CONJUNCTION (CONT.)
B. Correlative Conjunctions are conjunctions that are always
used in pairs to connect words or groups of words that have
equal importance.
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
not only…but also
whether…or
PRACTICE:
WORKBOOK PAGES.
 WB Page 109, #’s 8-19
 WB Page 110, #’s 1-12
Homework: Memorize the
coordinating and correlative
conjunctions for a quiz
tomorrow.
IX. CONJUNCTIONS (CONT.)
C. Conjunctions can take the form of conjunctive adverbs.
Conjunctive adverbs connect independent clauses. A semicolon
always appears before conjunctive adverbs, and commas appear
after them.
Here are the most
common:
PRACTICE
IDENTIFY THE CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
 Risk is a game that takes a long time to play; in fact,
some games have lasted several days.
 Chess is a game that requires strategy and attention;
consequently, many of the smartest men in history have
played it.
IX. CONJUNCTIONS
D. Conjunctions can be subordinate conjunctions . Subordinate
conjunctions join a subordinate clause to an independent
clause. They almost always introduce adverb clauses.
Here Are Some Common Examples
After
In order that
Although
Once
Unless
Provided
Until
As if
Since
Whenever
Because
Whether
Before
Than
While
How
That
Why
If
Even if
There are more.
See textbook page
172.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
U n l e s s yo u r e a l l y l i ke f a n t a s y l i te r a t ur e , yo u s h o u l d av o i d p l ay i n g D u n g e o n s a n d D r a g o n s .
Subordinate Clause
Independent Clause
D u n g e o n s a n d D r a g o n s i s a n i n te n s e g a m e b e c a u s e yo u d o n o t h av e a b o a r d o r r u l e b o o k .
Independent Clause
Subordinate Clause
PRACTICE
U N DE RLI NE T H E S U B OR D I N ATE C L AU SE . C I RC L E T H E
SUBORDI N ATE C ON J UN CTION .
 Pokemon cards were extremely popular when they debuted in
1996.
 Once Yu-Gi-Oh was released in 1999, it became the highest
selling card game in history.
 Yu-Gi-Oh still remains popular to this day, while Pokemon has
seen its sales steadily decline.
Additional Practice: Textbook pages 172-173
exercise 1.
X. VERBS
A. T YPES OF VERBS
VERBS
AC T I O N
Tr a n s i t i v e
Active
Intransitive
Passive
LINKING
AU X I L I A RY ( H E L P I N G )
B. PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
1. Every verb has four principal parts, shown in the chart
below.
2. Participles can function as verbs (which show action or state
of being), or as adjectives or nouns (if used as verbals).
Base Form
Past Form
Past Participle
Present Participle
To Talk
Talked
Talked
Talking
To Type
Typed
Typed
Typing
To Call
Called
Called
Calling
To Hide
Hid
Hidden
Hiding
To Freeze
Froze
Frozen
Freezing
Notice how sometimes the past and past participle forms are
the same, but other times, they are different.
But how can the same word be used as a verb, an adjective, and a noun?
The suffering students are freezing
in the cold weather. (as verb)
The freezing temperature causes
chills. (as adjective)
The protagonist of “To Build a Fire”
did not consider the danger of
freezing. (as noun)
C. VERB PHRASES
1. A VERB PHRASE is one or more verbs that work together as
a unit.
2. In verb phrases, the main verb is supported by an auxiliary
verb.
3. Common Auxiliary Verbs are BE, HAVE, DO, DID, CAN, MAY,
SHOULD, COULD.
4. Note: past participles take helping verbs, but past stands
alone .
Examples:
The new Nintendo system is called the Wii U. (past participle)
Previous systems had offered backwards compatibility with Gamecube. (past
participle)
The new system is not providing the ability to play Gamecube games. (present
participle)
PRACTICE.
IDENTIFY THE VERB OR VERB PHRASE. THEN,
IDENTIFY ITS PRINCIPAL PART.
 Mario’s companion is named Yoshi.
 Yoshi had not appeared in a game prior to 1991 .
 Nintendo introduced Yoshi in Super Mario World for SNES.
 The dinosaur can perform a variety of skills.
 Yoshi will eat villains such as goombas and koopas for Mario.
 Many fans are hoping for Yoshi in the new Super Smash
Brothers game.
Homework: WB Page 41
D. ACTION VERBS
1. Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive.
a. Transitive verbs express an action that passes to a receiver
b. Intransitive verbs do not have a receiver for its action
Competitive video game players practice their games for hours. (transitive)
The student practiced after the school day concluded. (intransitive)
In Super Smash Brothers, Mario can fight Luigi in an epic deathmatch. (transitive)
The many Nintendo characters fight among themselves. (intransitive)
Your textbook has a term in it called the “phrasal verb.” A “phrasal verb” in your
textbook is a transitive action verb with a preposition after it.
The odor of the particular child cleared out the room.
A good teacher must work to win over his class.
CM Punk smacked down his opponent in the ring.
The odor of the particular child cleared out the room.
A good teacher must work to win over his class.
CM Punk smacked down his opponent in the ring.
Very controversial!
Many would say that
the preposition is
NOT part of the verb,
but is an adverbial
prepositional phrase.
PRACTICE
CIRCLE THE VERB. IDENTIFY WHETHER IT IS TRANSITIVE OR INTRANSIT IVE. IF IT
I S T R A N S I T I V E , D R A W A N A R R O W T O T H E D I R E C T O B J E C T.
 Many students received Assassins Creed for Christmas.
 The students boast of the game’s quality.
 This game franchise recounts the adventures of a legacy of
assassins.
 The storyline occurs throughout history.
YODA: JEDI MASTER, ENGLISH FAILURE
“Named must your
fear be before
banish it you can.”
“The dark side I
sense in you”
 “Named must your fear be before banish it you can.”
Object
 “The dark side I sense in you”
Subject
Subject
QUALIT Y WRITERS PUT SUBJECTS FIRST.
 “Named must your fear be before banish it you can.”
 You must name your fear before you banish it.
 “The dark side I sense in you”
I sense the dark side in you.
D. ACTION VERBS (CONT.)
2. A transitive action verb has a voice. It can be in the active voice
or the passive voice.
a. In the active voice, the subject is the doer of the action.
b. In the passive voice, the subject is the receiver of the action.
Active Voice:
Bethesda Games created Elder Scrolls: Skyrim.
In the game, your avatar battles fierce dragons and monsters.
Passive Voice:
Elder Scrolls: Skyrim w as created by Bethesda Games.
Fierce dragons and monsters are battled by your avatar in the game.
NEVER USE
THE PASSIVE
VOICE!
Seriously. Superior authors consistently
select the active voice. Passive writing
bogs down compositions and sounds
dull.
PRACTICE
WRITE THE SENTENCE. THEN, REWRITE IT IN THE
ACTIVE VOICE.
 The video game industry was changed by the first Zelda game.
 The ability to save was the new feature Zelda of fered.
 The game’s epic storyline and length were lauded by video
game critics.
Homework: handout
MORE PRACTICE:
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE?
( QUE ST IONS F ROM A 10 T H G RA DE G RA M MAR E X A M)
1. The sidewalks were covered with snow.
A. Active
B. Passive
2 . M a r k T w a i n w r o t e H u c k l e b e r r y F i n n i n t h e 1 st p e r s o n p o i n t o f v i e w .
A. Active
B. Passive
3. One may argue that Chief Bromden represents the central character in Cuckoo's Nest.
A. Active
B. Passive
4. The black veil is perceived by the townspeople as a sign of secret sin Mr. Hooper has committed.
A. Active
B. Passive
5. Tybalt is brutally slaughtered by Romeo after he murdered Mercutio under his arm.
A. Active
B. Passive
6. Lennie and George in Of Mice and Men are presented by John Steinbeck as being likeable but flawed.
A. Active
B. Passive
7. The Baltimore Orioles present the illusion of promise but submit their fans to endless suffering.
A. Active
B. Passive
8. Rarely do students at Loyola find themselves being subjected to poor teachers who lack intelligence.
A. Active
B. Passive
E. LINKING VERBS
1. Linking Verbs join a subject with a subject complement.
2. Remember that subject complements rename or describe
the subject.
A very popular game in the library is chess.
For many Loyola students, chess is extremely fun.
The student who was the champion at chess is him.
The verb “to be” is the most common linking verb. (AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE,
WILL BE, HAS BEEN, HAD BEEN, ETC.)
HOWEVER
It is not the only one. Other linking verbs are words like appear,
become,
feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste,
turn.
To many video game fans, the Wii U appears very bad.
Many longtime Nintendo players feel disgusted with Nintendo’s lack of progress.
However, the Wii U could become amazing if it offers games like Super Smash Bros.
Action or Linking?
Some words can be used as either.
When playing Fallout 3, it is important to constantly look at the map.
Cities, quests, and shops will look different on the map after you discover them.
Many players remain in their basements playing Fallout 3 for hours.
Of all the games I have played, Fallout 3 remains the best.
People who play video games for too long often smell bad.
You can practically smell them when you walk in the room.
PRACTICE
WRITE THE SENTENCE DESCRIBED .
 Write the word “feel” as an action verb.
 Write the word “feel” as a linking verb.
 Write a single sentence that uses the word “grow” twice, once
as an action verb and again as a linking verb.
F. THE TENSES OF VERBS
1. Verbs indicate tense, which is the time of the action.
2. Mr. Bailey constructed a handout on this.
Present Simple
Present Progressive
Present Perfect active
Present Perfect Passive
Present Perfect Progressive
Play
Is Playing
Have Played
Has Been Played
Have Been Playing
Eat
Is Eating
Have Eaten
Has Been Eaten
Have Been Eating
Smell
Is Smelling
Have Smelled
Has Been Smelled
Have Been Smelling
Past Simple
Past Progressive
Past Perfect Active
Past Perfect Passive
Past Perfect Progressive
Played
Was Playing
Had played
Had been played
Had been playing
Ate
Was Eating
Had Eaten
Had Been Eaten
Had Been Eating
Smelled
Was Smelling
Had Smelled
Had Been Smelled
Had Been Smelling
Future Simple
Future Progressive
Future Perfect Active
Future Perfect Passive
Future Perfect Progressive
Will Play
Will Be Playing
Will Have Played
Will Have Been Played
Will Have Been Playing
Will Eat
Will Be Eating
Will Have Eaten
Will Have Been Eaten
Will Have Been Eating
Will Smell
Will Be Smelling
Will Have Smelled
Will Have Been Smelled
Will Have Been Smelling
G. THE MOOD OF VERBS
1. Verb forms can indicate mood. There are three moods in
English.
a. Indicative mood: states a fact or asks a question. Any verb tense
can be used for this mood.
Microsoft is working on a new Xbox.
The new system will possess a blu-ray player.
b. Imperative mood: gives a command. Use base form of the verb and
add “do not” if you want to use the negative.
Play Fallout 3 as soon as possible.
Do not play the very disappointing Fallout: New Vegas.
G. MOOD OF VERBS (CONT.)
c. Subjunctive Mood: is used in contrary to fact statements
(after if or as though) and in statements expressing a wish.
Huh?
SUBJUNCTIVE:
THE MOST EVIL MOOD IN ENGLISH
SUBJECT/VERB
AGREEMENT RULES
AGREEMENT RULES

What is wrong with the following sentences?

Many of the authors we study writes about life in
America.

Edgar Allan Poe and Mark Twain is some of the most
famous.

Neither Mr. Bailey nor his students likes the New York
Yankees.
AGREEMENT RULES


The verbs do not agree with the subjects in number.
A singular subject must get a singular verb. A plural
subject must get a plural verb.
Many of the authors we study writes about life in America.
 Many of the authors we study write about life in America.

Edgar Allan Poe and Mark Twain is some of the most famous.
 Edgar Allan Poe and Mark Twain are some of the most
famous.

Neither Mr. Bailey nor his students likes the New York
Yankees.
 Neither Mr. Bailey nor his students like the New York
Yankees.

AGREEMENT RULES (CONTINUED)

Any two nouns joined by “and” get a plural verb
except when the two items count as one (like
“spaghetti and meatballs” or “peanut butter and
jelly”)
 Mr. Bailey and Dr. Donovan are English
teachers.
 The students and teachers enjoy the Turkey
Bowl.
AGREEMENT RULES (CONTINUED)

If two nouns are joined by “nor,” or “or”, the noun
closer to the verb decides whether the verb is
singular or plural.

Neither Mr. Bailey nor his students cheer for
the Yankees.

Neither his students nor Mr. Bailey cheers for
the Yankees.
AGREEMENT RULES (CONTINUED)

If the words “each,” “either,” neither,” “anyone,” “someone,”
“everyone,” “anybody,” “somebody,” or “everybody” are used AS A
SUBJECT, they get a singular verb

Everyone enjoys Mr. Bailey’s English class.

Each of the students enjoys Mr. Bailey’s English class.

Neither boy enjoys Mr. Bailey’s English class.

Either of the teachers will proctor your class.
AGREEMENT RULES (CONTINUED)

If the words “several,” “few,” “both,” or “many”
are used, the verb is plural.

Several of the students play Modern Warfare.

Many of the students prefer Xbox

Both of the teachers play PS3.
SUBJUNCTIVE:
THE MOST EVIL MOOD IN ENGLISH
XI. VERBALS
Note: Not Everyone
Considers This To Be Its
Own Part of Speech
What are some
words ending in –ing
that could describe
this picture?
XI. VERBALS
A. Verbals are words made from verbs that function as other
parts of speech.
B. Verbals can be participles.
1. A participle is a verb form used as an adjective.
2. Remember that verbs can have a past, present, or perfect participle
form.
3. Participles can be used alone or as part of participial phrases, which
include the participle, its object or complement, and any modifiers.
PARTICIPLE EXAMPLES
A sizzling piece of steak tempts any hungry man. (present participle alone)
Sizzling on its plate, the sirloin beckoned to be consumed . (present participle in phrase )
A seasoned cut of sirloin provides the perfect summer meal. (past participle alone)
Seasoned with Old Bay and pepper , the cut of mean emanated flavor. (past participle in phrase )
The talented chef lit the grill for his marinating steak. (present participle alone)
Having marinated for hours, the steak appeared tender and juicy. (perfect participle in phrase)
PRACTICE
U N D E R L I N E T H E PA R T I C I P I A L P H R A S E I N E AC H S E N T E N C E . T H E N
D E C I D E W H E T H E R I T I S P R E S E N T, PA S T, O R P E R F E C T T E N S E .
The best chefs, having studied the ar t of butcher y, know where to har vest the
best beef from a cow.
Cut from the shor t loin of a cow, the por terhouse of fer s the richest flavor.
The rear end of a cow, packed with juicy fat, provides bottom round for roast
beef.
Butcher s utilize the breast of a cow for ground beef, constituting the majority
of hamburger s in America .
PARTICIPLES (CONT.)
4. Participles are commonly misused. A dangling participle
does not appear to modify any word in a sentence. A misplaced
participle seems to modify the wrong word.
T h e h u n g r y s t u d e n t g a z e d u p o n t h e t - b o n e s te a k d r o o l i n g a t t h e m o ut h . ( m i s p l a c e d )
H av i n g b u r n e d i t o n b o t h s i d e s , t h e c h e f f e l t d i s a p p o in te d . ( d a n g l i n g )
C o v e r e d i n a s p i c y s e a s o n i n g b l e n d , t h e c h e f p l a c e d t h e s te a k o n t h e g r i l l. ( m i s p l a c e d )
H av i n g b e e n e a te n b y t h e h u n g r y c u s to m er , t h e c h e f t h r ew t h e b o n e to h i s d o g .
(dangling)
XI. VERBALS (CONTINUED)
C. Verbals can be gerunds.
1. A gerund is a verb form ending in –ing used as a noun.
2. Gerunds, like participles, can be used in phrases.
3. Gerunds can be used as subjects, objects, or appositives.
Many men in America relish the act of eating.
(as object)
Devouring delicious pork has become a popular choice.
(as subject)
Many do not realize the abundance of pig parts fit for cooking in a
variety of ways. (as object)
The idea behind a brine, soaking pork in sugar and salt, is to enrich the
flavor of the meat. (as appositive)
Remember: the same word can be used as a participle (verb used as
adjective) or as a gerund (verb used as a noun)
Cooking Bacon in the morning causes the house to emanate with aroma. (as gerund)
The cooking bacon began to burn on the skillet. (as participle)
PRACTICE
U N D E R L I N E T H E V E R B A L O R V E R B A L P H R A S E I N E AC H S E N T E N C E .
T H E N , D E C I D E W H E T H E R I T I S A G E R U N D O R A PA R T I C I P L E .
Though many consider pigs dirty, butchering a pig yields many flavorful cuts of meat.
Used for lunchmeat ham, the pig’s rear end offers fatty, flavorful flesh.
Pig’s stomachs, salted and smoked, produce crispy bacon.
Carnivores everywhere enjoy devouring succulent bacon.
XI. VERBALS (CONT.)
D. Verbals can be infinitives.
1 . An infinitive is a verb form preceded by the word “to”
that is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
2. Infinitives can be used on their own or as part of
phrases.
3. Infinitives can be used as subjects, complements,
objects, adjectives, adverbs, or appositives. (yikes!)
INFINITIVE EXAMPLES
To eat crabs gives many Maryland ers pleasure. (as subject)
Fisherm en now struggl e to catch enough crabs . (as object)
The primary task of environm ental ists in Maryland is to preserve the crab
population . (as complement)
Their goal, to restore the crab population , requires a great deal of work. (as
appositive)
In the summer, my family visits the Wye River to catch crabs . (as adverb)
There are fewer crabs to catch than ever before. (as adjective)
INFINITIVES (CONT.)
4. Some infinitives are “hidden,” meaning the word “to” does not appear
before the verb. This is only used af ter the verbs “hear,” “see,” “feel,”
“let,” “make,” “dare,” “need,” and “help.”
For example:
We heard our teacher talk about a very large man .
The teacher saw the man eat over three dozen crabs .
We would not dare eat as many crabs as the fat man .
5. Do not “split” infinitives. This refers to placing an adverb between the
word “to” and the verb.
For example:
All-U-Can-Eat restaurants allow customers to joyfully eat unlimited
crabs.
Many kindly offer customers the chance to continuously consume steamed
shrimp as well.
PRACTICE
IDENTIFY THE INFINITIVE PHRASE IN EACH SENTENCE. THEN IDENTIFY WHETHER
I T I S B E I N G U S E D A S A S U B J E C T, O B J E C T , C O M P L E M E N T, A P P O S I T I V E , A D J E C T I V E ,
OR ADVERB
E v e r yo n e s a t a r o u n d t h e p i c n i c t a b l e to p i c k c r a b s .
Pe o p l e f r o m o u t s i d e o f M a r y l a n d o f te n m u s t l e a r n to p i c k c r a b s a p p r o p r ia tel y.
I f yo u g et t h e c h a n c e to e a t s n o w c r a b , I h i g h l y e n c o u r a g e i t .
To c a t c h s n o w c r a b s p r o v e s a d i f fi cul t a n d c h a l l e n g i n g l i fe s t yl e .
S n o w c r a b f i s h e r m e n m u s t t r av e l to t h e f a r r e a c h e s o f E a r t h to f i n d t h e e l u s i ve c r e a t ur e s .
T h e i r l i fe c h o i ce , to s p e n d m a ny c o l d n i g h t s o n t h e a r c t i c s e a , i s c o n f us i n g to m a ny p e o p l e .
O n e d ay, my h o p e i s to t r y a f r e s h s n o w c r a b .