Presentation by:
Christina Hanan
What events and government
actions are most responsible
for making segregation
illegal?
Background
• Fourteenth Amendment
Citizens
• Jim-“All
Crow
Lawsof the United States, either by
birth or naturalization, are assured equal
protection of the law.”- United States
Constitution.
Background
• Fourteenth Amendment
• Jim Crow Laws
• NAACP– National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People
What is segregation?
http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Politics/images-2/segregation-drinking-fountain.JPG
How does a case get to the
Supreme Court?
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What events and government
actions are most responsible for
making segregation illegal?
While the Fourteenth Amendment and
various court cases were a start to
desegregation, it wasn’t until the Brown v.
Board of Education Supreme Court case that
any action was taken.
Fourteenth Amendment
http://freedomintelligence.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/14th-amendment.jpg
“Because it does not mention race, its
protections- especially its guaranteed of
“equal protection of the laws and “due
process of the law”- apply to everyone in
the United States . . . Formal citizens, and
non citizens, even illegal aliens.” – (Black
Trials p 84)
• “The object of the fourteenth
amendment was undoubtedly to
enforce the equality of the two races
before the law but in the nature of
things it could not have been intended
to abolish distinctions based upon
color,. . . If one race be inferior to the
other socially, the Constitution of the
United States cannot put them
together upon the same place.”
Cumming v. Richmond County
Board of Education
Did the Board of Education
put more money towards
white schooling?
Missouri ex rel Gaines v.
Canada
Was Lloyd
Gaines rejected
to go to law
school because
of his race?
LLOYD GAINES
Brown vs. Board of Education
Bolling v. C
Melvin
Sharpe
Belton v.
Gebhart
Davis v. Board
of Education of
Prince Edward
County
Briggs v.
Elliot
Brown v.
Board of
Education
Bolling v. Sharpe
• 11 students
• Rejected
• Charles Hamilton
Belton v. Gebhart
What happens when separate
but equal is not equal
anymore?
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Briggs V. Elliot
Should blacks be
allowed to ride the
public
transportation?
Davis v. Board of Education of
Prince Edward County
One class.
Brown v. Board of Education
Should Linda Brown
have to travel far away
for school, while there
is a white only school
7 blocks away?
Process
••“The
December
9th,but
1952
separate
equal rule of Plessy v.
was
in error and should
•Ferguson
December
8thconceived
1953
be reversed forthwith, Moreover, any delay
in executing the judgment the court would
involve insurmountable difficulties, so that
the plaintiff in question should be admitted at
once without distinctions of race or color to
the school of her choice.”
Thurgoods Argument
• Separate schools for black and white
inherently are unequal.
• Education is essential, therefore the
government should do whatever they can
in order to make it fair.
Decision
• “We conclude that in the field of public
education, the doctrine “Separate but
equal” has no place. Separate educational
facilities are inherently unequal.”
Concurring Opinion
• “School segregation by state law causes a
feeling of inferiority in black children that
inflicts damage to their hearts and minds
that may never be undone. Public school
segregation by state law, therefore violates
the equal protection clause of the
fourteenth amendment. . . . The Plessy v.
Ferguson “Separate but equal” is herewith
formally overruled.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
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