FINISH YOUR TIMELINES
• You will have 30min to finish your timelines
today. If you do not get them done you will
have to complete them during flex period on
Thursday.
• If you are done your time line, I will ask you to
assist those who are still working.
1. In terms of distance, how big was the section
of paper representing human history?
2. Where were most of the events on your
timeline? Why?
3. What were some important events that were
not included in this assignment?
Maps
• A flat representation of a round surface
– Will always show some sort of distortion (Compare size
of Greenland to Australia – Australia is actually much
larger than Greenland)
• Always contain:
1. Legend/Key: explains symbols on the
map.
2. Scale: what the distance on the map
equals in real life
Ex) 1 : 24,000 in.
Maps
• A flat representation of a round surface
– Will always show distortion
• Always contain:
1. Legend/Key: explains symbols
2. Scale: compares distance on the map to
distance in real life
Ex) 1 : 24,000 in.
Maps and Map Projections
• There are 4 types of map
projections
–
–
–
–
Mercator
Robinson
Conic
Gnomic
• Mercator Projection
– Land at the poles is
much larger
– Land at the equator is
normal
Mercator Projection Map
Robinson Projection Map
• Most widely used.
• Shows distances, sizes and shapes accurately.
• Distortions around edges of the map.
Conic Projection Map
• Made by wrapping a cone around a globe at a certain latitude.
• Almost no distortion around latitude lines.
• Only accurate only a small area.
• Good for road and weather maps.
Gnomic Projection Map
• Projects from single
point on Earth (least
distortion at this
point)
• Used by sailors or
anyone who needs to
find the shortest
distance between 2
points
Mapping activity
Draw these landforms in 2 dimensions. (left –
mountain, right – canyon)
Topographic Maps
• Shows 3 dimensions
• Contour lines – all points on line have same elevation
(vertical distance above sea level)
• Index contour – 5th line of every contour line that
tells elevation
• Contour interval – change in elevation between 2
contour lines
• Hachure mark – shows a depression in the land
Hachure mark
Index contour
Topographic Maps
• Show elevation
– How high or low the ground is
• Contour Lines: connects areas of equal
elevation
– Contour lines never cross!!
• Contour Interval: space between contour lines
to show elevation change
– Contour lines close together = steep elevation (like a
mountain or hill)
Topography
A. Topography: the surface features of an area.
B. This map shows the presence of an island but gives no
clue how tall the island is.
C. Topographic maps are 2 dimensional representations of 3
dimensional landforms.
Building a
Topographic
Map
A. Always start at
Sea Level: 0.
B. Select an
interval (on this
map 10 ft).
C. Trace the land
contour at each
interval.
Building a
Topographic
Map
D. When done,
you have a
topographic
map.
E. Now you know
how high
some features
are compared
to others.
A. Contour interval: the
difference in elevation
between 2 lines.
B. Index contour:
elevation lines that are
labeled and usually
darker than others.
C. What is the contour
interval of this map?
1. Hint: pretend it’s a
thermometer.
20 ft
Reading a
Topographic Map
Special Symbols
Closed circle = hill
or mountain top
Marks inside a
circle= depression
Mount Rainier Volcano, Washington
State
Devil’s Tower Black Hills , Wyoming
Latitude:
• Divides N & S
• Runs (drawn) E & W
• Reference Line:
EQUATOR – 0⁰ N & S
or 0⁰ Latitude
These lines are parallel and never intersect!
For this reason they are sometimes called
“parallels”
The 38th parallel
Was used to separate North and South Korea after WWII.
It was also the agreed line for the armistice of 1953
which halted the Korean Conflict. Today it is one of the
tensest and most heavily armed borders in the world.
Ecuador
Longitude:
• Divides E & W
• Runs (drawn) N&S
• Reference Line:
Prime Meridian – 0⁰ E & W
or 0⁰ Longitude
Prime Meridian
Centered on the Royal
Observatory in
Greenwhich England
a district of south-east
London, England
Agreed upon by 22
countries in 1884
I'm climbing the
“LADDER OF
LATITUDES”
It's a “LONG way from
North Pole to South
Pole for LONGitudes.”
Determining Location
• Latitude: distance North or South of the equator in
degrees
• Equator = 0°
• Poles = 90°
• Lines run east and west, but are measured in degrees north or
south of the equator
• Longitude: distance to the east or west of the Prime
Meridian (Greenwich, England) in degrees
• Prime Meridian = 0°
• International Date Line = 180°
• Lines run north and south, but are measured in degrees east or
west of the Prime Meridian
Plotting Latitude and Longitude
• Latitude is 1st and is always N or S
• Longitude is 2nd and is always E or W
State Capitol Building 35.78027N, 78.63910W
Finding the
Coordinates
• When locating
coordinates, always
look at the location of
the latitude first.
• After you have found
that number, then
proceed on to find the
longitude.
Steps to plotting latitude and
longitude
1. Find latitude degrees. Is it north or south
from the 0 degree mark (equator)?
2. Find longitude degrees. Is it east or west
from the 0 degree mark (Prime Meridian)?
East West, North South on the Earth
(N, W)
(S, W)
(N, E)
(S, E)
• The N tells us we’re
north of the Equator.
The S tells us we’re
south of the Equator.
• The E tells us that
we’re east of the
Prime Meridian. The
W tells us that we’re
west of the Prime
Meridian.
East West, North South on the Earth
(N, W)
Prime Meridian
• That means all points
in North
America will have a
North latitude and a
West longitude
because it is North of
the Equator and West
of the Prime
Meridian.
East West, North South on the Earth
Prime Meridian
• What would be the
latitude and
longitude
directions in
Australia?
If you said South and East , you’re right!
Longitude
Latitude
To write a coordinate using latitude
and longitude:
• Latitude first, longitude second
– You must always include the degree symbol AND
direction
• For example:
– Raleigh, NC: 35ºN, 78ºW
– Mt. Everest: 27ºN, 86ºE
– Greenwich, England: 51ºN, 0º
– Sydney, Australia: 34ºS, 151ºE