Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya 4 Kingdoms in this Domain 1 Domain Eukarya 4 Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Protista 2. Kingdom Fungi 3. Kingdom Plantae 4. Kingdom Animalia 2 Kingdom Fungi Structural Characteristics A. Mostly Multicellular eukaryotes-yeast is unicellular B. Hyphae-threadlike filaments which are the basic structural units C. An extensively branched hyphae is called a mycelium D. Used for anchoring, digesting food and reproduction 3 Structural Characteristics Continued Cell walls of fungi made of a complex carbohydrate called chitin D. Chitin gives both strength and flexibility 4 Fungal reproduction always involves spores. Septa have openings which allow nutrients to move rapidly to all parts of the hyphae Most fungi are made of a network of hyphae called Mycelium Septa are cross walls that divide hyphae into individual cells Network of hyphae 5 Characteristics of Fungi Fungi that decompose organic waste is called Saprophytic decomposers They are Heterotrophic and use extracellular digestion to obtain nutrients The digested food is then absorbed 6 Feeding Relationships in Fungi Saprophyte-decomposers that feed on dead organic material Parasite-grow and penetrate host cells for nutrients. Example: Bracket Fungi Mutualists-live in symbiotic relationship with another organism. Example: Lichen 7 Reproduction in Fungi Reproduce sexually and asexually Asexually includes: fragmentation, budding and production of spores Unicellular Yeast reproduce by budding Sporangium is a sac or case in which spores are produced Example: Black spots on bread mold 8 Kingdom Fungi Phylum Zygomycota: zygospore fungi Phylum Ascomycota: sac fungi 30,000 species Phylum Basidiomycota: club fungi 665 species 16,000 species Phylum Deuteromycota: imperfect fungi (i.e., means of sexual reproduction not known) 17,000 species 9 Phylum Zygomycota Black bread mold: Zygospores form when the environment is not good for growth 10 Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycota Example: Bread Mold Hyphae are specialized: Stolons grow horizontally on surface and rapidly produces mycelium Rhizoids penetrate the bread and release enzymes for extracellular digestion and absorb the food 11 Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycota Example Bread Mold During unfavorable conditions a zygospore forms which is thick walled and can remain dormant until favorable conditions 12 Phylum Ascomycota: Sac Fungi Examples: Yeast, cup fungi, and morels Morels are edible 13 Phylum Ascomycota Sac Fungi Cause plant disease such as apple scab and ergot of rye Morels and truffles are two edible members of this division Found in some cheese Yeasts are sac fungi-used to make bread, wine and beer Yeasts are used in Genetic research 14 Apple Scab and Ergot of Rye Disease Salem Witch Trials-Caused by Ergot? 150 "witches" were taken into custody; by late September 1692, 20 men and women had been put to death, and five more accused had died in jail. None of the executed confessed to witchcraft. 15 Examples of Ascomycota Sac Fungi Lemon Drop Fungi 16 More Examples of Ascomycota Sac Fungi 17 Phylum Basidiomycota Club Fungi Examples: Mushrooms and puffballs, 18 Basidiomycotes Examples Puffballs Bracket Fungi Mushrooms Rust Beef Steak Fungus 19 More Examples of Basidiomycotes Puffball Relatives 20 More Examples of Basidiomycotes 21 Phylum Deuteromycota Penicillium-first antibiotic Beneficial: (penicillin from Penicillium, soy sauce citric acid Harmful: athlete’s foot; ringworm; Candida albicans causes vaginal yeast infections) 22 Helpful Deuteromycota Penicillim Aspergillis used in Soy sauce Fungi in Bleu Cheese Citric acid (from fungi) that gives jams, jellies, soft drinks, fruit-flavored candies a tart taste 23 Harmful Deuteromycota Ring worm 24 Athlete’s Foot Fungus 25 Mycorrhizae and Lichens Fungi can form Symbiotic relationships. Mutualistic-Lichens: fungi growing with Cyanobacteria or green algae Mycorrhizas: fungi growing among plant roots. Very important in helping plants absorb nutrients 26 The zygomycete Pilobolus decomposes animal dung. The mycelium bends its spore-bearing hyphae toward bright light, where grass is likely to be growing. The fungus then shoots its sporangia like cannonballs as far as 2 m. Grazing animals such as cows ingest the fungi with the grass and then scatter the spores in feces. 27 Deadly Fungi Amanitas phalloides is known as the “Death Angel” mushroom—accounts for over 90% of fatalities from mushroom poisoning. Symptoms usually don’t begin until 10-12 hrs later. Poison interferes with RNA transcription—victim dies from liver and kidney damage. 28