Living organisms are classified
into 3 Domains and
6 Kingdoms
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
4 Kingdoms in
this Domain
1
Domain Eukarya
4 Kingdoms
1. Kingdom Protista
2. Kingdom Fungi
3. Kingdom Plantae
4. Kingdom Animalia
2
Kingdom Fungi
Structural Characteristics
A. Mostly Multicellular
eukaryotes-yeast is unicellular
B. Hyphae-threadlike filaments
which are the basic structural
units
C. An extensively
branched hyphae is called
a mycelium
D. Used for anchoring,
digesting food and
reproduction
3
Structural Characteristics
Continued
Cell walls of fungi made of a
complex carbohydrate called
chitin
D.
Chitin gives both strength and
flexibility
4
Fungal
reproduction
always
involves
spores.
Septa have openings
which allow
nutrients to move rapidly
to all parts of the hyphae
Most fungi are made of a network of
hyphae called Mycelium
Septa are cross walls
that
divide hyphae into
individual cells
Network of hyphae
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Characteristics of Fungi



Fungi that decompose organic waste is
called Saprophytic decomposers
They are Heterotrophic and use
extracellular digestion to obtain nutrients
The digested food is then absorbed
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Feeding Relationships
in Fungi
Saprophyte-decomposers that
feed on dead organic material
 Parasite-grow and penetrate
host cells for nutrients. Example:
Bracket Fungi
 Mutualists-live in symbiotic
relationship with another organism.
Example: Lichen

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Reproduction in Fungi
Reproduce sexually and asexually

Asexually includes: fragmentation, budding
and production of spores

Unicellular Yeast reproduce by budding

Sporangium is a sac or case in which spores
are produced Example: Black spots on bread
mold
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Kingdom Fungi

Phylum Zygomycota: zygospore fungi


Phylum Ascomycota: sac fungi


30,000 species
Phylum Basidiomycota: club fungi


665 species
16,000 species
Phylum Deuteromycota: imperfect fungi
(i.e., means of sexual reproduction not known)

17,000 species
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Phylum Zygomycota
Black bread
mold:
Zygospores
form when
the
environment
is not good
for growth
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Asexual Reproduction in
Zygomycota
Example: Bread Mold
Hyphae are specialized:
 Stolons grow horizontally on surface and
rapidly produces mycelium
 Rhizoids penetrate the bread and release
enzymes for extracellular digestion and
absorb the food
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Sexual Reproduction in
Zygomycota
Example Bread Mold

During unfavorable conditions a
zygospore forms which is thick
walled and can remain dormant
until favorable conditions
12
Phylum Ascomycota: Sac
Fungi
Examples:
Yeast, cup
fungi, and
morels
Morels are
edible
13
Phylum Ascomycota
Sac Fungi
Cause plant disease such as apple
scab and ergot of rye
 Morels and truffles are two edible
members of this division
 Found in some cheese
 Yeasts are sac fungi-used to make
bread, wine and beer
 Yeasts are used in Genetic
research

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Apple Scab and
Ergot of Rye Disease
Salem Witch Trials-Caused by Ergot?
150 "witches" were taken into custody; by late September 1692,
20 men and women had been put to death, and five more accused
had died in jail. None of the executed confessed to witchcraft.
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Examples of Ascomycota
Sac Fungi
Lemon Drop Fungi
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More Examples of Ascomycota
Sac Fungi
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Phylum Basidiomycota
Club Fungi
Examples:
Mushrooms and
puffballs,
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Basidiomycotes Examples
Puffballs
Bracket Fungi
Mushrooms
Rust
Beef Steak
Fungus
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More Examples of
Basidiomycotes
Puffball Relatives
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More Examples of
Basidiomycotes
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Phylum Deuteromycota
Penicillium-first antibiotic
Beneficial: (penicillin from
Penicillium, soy sauce citric acid
Harmful:
athlete’s foot;
ringworm; Candida albicans causes
vaginal yeast infections)
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Helpful Deuteromycota
Penicillim
 Aspergillis used in Soy sauce
 Fungi in Bleu Cheese
 Citric acid (from fungi) that gives
jams, jellies, soft drinks, fruit-flavored
candies a tart taste

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Harmful Deuteromycota

Ring worm
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Athlete’s Foot Fungus
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Mycorrhizae and Lichens
Fungi can form Symbiotic relationships.
Mutualistic-Lichens: fungi
growing with Cyanobacteria or
green algae
Mycorrhizas: fungi
growing among plant
roots.
Very important in
helping plants
absorb nutrients
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The zygomycete Pilobolus
decomposes animal dung.
The mycelium bends its
spore-bearing hyphae toward
bright light, where grass is
likely to be growing.

The fungus then shoots its
sporangia like cannonballs as
far as 2 m. Grazing animals
such as cows ingest the fungi
with the grass and then
scatter the spores in feces.
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Deadly Fungi

Amanitas phalloides is known as the “Death
Angel” mushroom—accounts for over 90% of
fatalities from mushroom poisoning.
Symptoms usually don’t begin until 10-12 hrs
later. Poison interferes with RNA
transcription—victim dies from liver and
kidney damage.
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