Renaissance and
Reformation
Renaissance

Renaissance – rebirth of art and learning
from classics of Rome and Greece
Renaissance

4 reasons the Renaissance happened
 Bubonic
plague killed serfs
 Crusades led to more trade opportunities with the
east
 Rise of a merchant class
 Development of a commercial revolution

Because of these reasons, the Renaissance
started in Italy
Italian City-States
Venice
Naples
Rome
Florence
Genoa
Renaissance
Merchants became the power in the Italian
city-states
 Florence became one of the most powerful
city-states and they were ruled by the
Medici family

Renaissance Florence
Cosimo de Medici
Lorenzo de Medici
•The Medici’s supported the arts which made them
patrons
Renaissance
Humanism
 It is focusing on human potential and
achievements
 They studied Greek and Latin language
manuscripts
 They disliked Christian teachings


Their studies of history, literature, and
philosophy made the subjects humanities
Renaissance
Renaissance men were concerned with
the worldly or secular life.
 To become a Renaissance man you had
to be good in many fields like art, science,
athletics, dance, play music and literature.

Renaissance
 Women
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Should know the classics and study
Do not create art they should inspire it
Renaissance

New emphasis on
individuals, many painters
painted portraits
Renaissance

Donatello revived the
classical form by
sculpting David
Renaissance

Perspective which gives a painting 3 dimensions was
brought back
Raphael’s School of Athens
Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci
became a true
Renaissance man by
being a painter,
sculptor, and scientist
Leonardo de Vinci Last Supper
Leonardo’s
Flying Machine
Renaissance

Other artists were Raphael and
Michelangelo
Raphael
Madonna
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La Pieta
Michelangelo
David
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The Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo - Sistine Chapel
Renaissance
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Women Painters:
Sofonisiba Anguissola
and Artemisia
Gentileschi
Artemisia’s Birth of John the Baptist
Giotto
M
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Botticelli’s Birth of Venus
Titian’s
La Pieta
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Renaissance
Writers
 Wrote in Vernacular
 First great writer was Petrarch
 Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince
where he states the end justifies the
means

Northern Renaissance
Renaissance in the north began after the
Hundred Years’ War
 However, the Northern Renaissance
included more religious ideas than the
original Renaissance

Northern Renaissance
Great Painters of the Northern Renaissance:
 Albrecht Durer who focused on realism
 Hans Holbein
 Flemish Jan van Eyck
 Pieter Bruegel

St. Jerome

Henry VII by Holbein
Northern Renaissance

These Artists used oil-based paint
because the paint does not dry quickly it
can blend more easily
Northern Renaissance

Humanism moved to the north and
became Christian Humanism

The great Christian Humanists were:

Desiderius Erasmus who wrote Praise of
Folly

Thomas More who wrote Utopia which
was the ideal place because there was no
greed, war, or crime
Northern Renaissance

The greatest
Renaissance writer in
England was William
Shakespeare who
wrote MacBeth,
Hamlet, etc…
Northern Renaissance

Shakespeare wrote during the reign of
Elizabeth I, so England’s Renaissance is
called the Elizabethan Age
Northern Renaissance

Johann Gutenberg invented the printing
press which changed history.
The first book he ever printed was???
 The Bible called the Gutenberg Bible

Northern Renaissance
The printing press changed society by
 Making books cheap = more people
bought them = higher literacy rate
 More people also could read the Bible and
interpret what it said by themselves = lead
to the Reformation which ended the
Renaissance

Reformation
Problems with the Church:
 Church officials were corrupt
 Many priests were uneducated
 Many priests were marrying, gambling, and
drinking
 SELLING INDULGENCES – pardon of sins
through $ and not through penalties

Reformation

Martin Luther wrote 95
Theses attacking indulgences
Reformation

Luther wanted a full reform of the Church
 Only
faith in God’s forgiveness brought
salvation
 All Church teachings should be based on the
Bible
 All people of faith are equal = priests should
not interpret the Bible for them
Reformation
Most merchants and princes joined Luther
for economic and political reasons
 Mainly to throw off Church control and
Church taxes

Reformation

Luther was excommunicated = he split
from the Church and started his own
Christian religion called Lutherans

Princes who protested against the Catholic
Church and who wanted changes became
Protestants (non-Catholic Christians)
Reformation


Emperor Charles V of
the Holy Roman
Empire fought against
the Protestants
Eventually everyone
signed the Peace of
Augsburg where the
religion of each state
was decided by its
ruler
Reformation



Henry VIII ruled England
and he supported the
Catholic Church, however
he needed a male heir
Married Catherine of
Aragon, but she only gave
him a daughter = Mary
He wanted to annul his
marriage or set Catherine
aside = Pope said no
Reformation
Henry broke from the Church and created
the English or Anglican Church = he
divorced
 He would eventually be married 6 times

Catherine of Aragon
Anne of Cleaves
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Kathryn Howard
Katherine Parr
Reformation

Elizabeth I took over
and made the
Anglican Church
permanent by making
it more acceptable to
Catholics and
Protestants
Reformation
Catholic Spain under Philip II disliked that
and tried to invade England
 The Spanish Armada = 130 ships, 8000
sailors, 19,000 soldiers was made
 It was defeated by bad weather and the
small English fleet

Reformation


John Calvin led
another religion called
Calvinism
He believed like
Luther that humans
cannot earn a place in
Heaven
Reformation
John Calvin’s major teaching was
predestination
 Predestination is the belief that God
determines the fate of every person and
he knows who is going to be saved and
who is not

Reformation
Calvin created a theocracy, area ruled by
religious leaders, in Geneva
 The laws of Geneva:

 Everyone
attended religious class
 No bright clothing
 No card games
 If you preach another religion = burn at the stake
Reformation


John Knox took some
of Calvin’s ideas to
Scotland and created
his own Church
Knox’s Church were
led by laymen or
presbyters =
Presbyterians
Reformation

French Calvinists were called Huguenots
and the French Catholics massacred them
Reformation
Another group decided to baptize only
people old enough to decide to be
Christian = Anabaptists
 They taught Church and state should be
separate and in no violence
 Catholics and other Protestants killed
them

Reformation

Catholics now had to reform = Catholic
Reformation
Reformation

Ignatius of Loyola created
the Society of Jesus or
Jesuits

Jesuits founded schools,
became missionaries, and
stop Protestantism from
spreading
They were very strict and
obedient to the Pope

Reformation





The Catholic Church under
Pope Paul III reformed by
doing 4 things
Investigate indulgences
Approved the Jesuits
Used Inquisition to punish
Protestants
Called the Council of Trent
Reformation
In the Council of Trent met to reform the
Catholic Church in 4 ways
 Church’s interpretation of the Bible was
final
 To get salvation, you need faith and good
works
 Bible and Church tradition were equal
authorities of guiding Christian life
 Indulgences were OK

Reformation
Results of the Reformation
 Other popes used these teachings to burn
offensive books and continue their war
against Protestants
 Skepticism became popular
 Europe was no longer united by a single
religion
 States gained more power
