european capacity building initiative
ecbi
european capacity building initiative
initiative européenne de renforcement des capacités
ecbi
Equity and CBDR/RC on the Durban Platform
2012 ecbi Fellowships
Benito Müller
for sustained capacity building in support of international climate change negotiations
pour un renforcement durable des capacités en appui aux négociations internationales
sur les changements climatiques
UNFCCC Article 3.1
What is done to protect the climate system, and how it is carried out
should be equitable and in accordance with CBDR/RC.
How? Procedural Justice

Distributive
Justice
What?
Distributive Justice
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[Art. 3.1] The Parties should protect the climate system for the
benefit of present and future generations of humankind,
on the basis of equity and in accordance with their
common but differentiated responsibilities and
respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed
country Parties should take the lead in combating
climate change and the adverse effects thereof.
Distributive Justice: Definitions
Distributive Justice
Principles of distributive justice are normative principles designed to guide the allocation of the
benefits and burdens of economic activity.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-distributive/
As far as distributive justice definition is concerned, the term distributive justice is referred to as equal
distribution of resources that are scarce among all demographics and population sectors, no matter what
socioeconomic group they belong.
http://www.justicedefinition.com/distributive-justice-definition.html
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Distributive Justice: the justice that is concerned with the apportionment of
privileges, duties, and goods in consonance with the merits of the individual
and in the best interest of society
Two Paradigms
− one Methodology
‘This, then, is what the just is – the proportional;
the unjust is what violates the proportion.’
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book V
II. “Burden sharing”:
Sharing costs/benefits of the manner in which the climate system is being protected.
• Proposed Distributive Justice Principles: Polluter Pays (and Solidarity)
• Aristotelian parameters: responsibility levels (and capability levels)
NB:
• Allocations of emissions permits/space will impose (direct) costs and benefits, and
they will have to be treated as just, if the allocations are deemed to be just.
• Burden sharing covers more issues than mitigation (e.g. adaptation and impact
burdens) that will have to be addressed.
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I. “Resource Allocation”:
Sharing limited emission permits/space between countries
• Proposed Distributive Justice Principle: Egalitarian (‘per capita’)
• Aristotelian parameter: population size
What differentiation?
United States Input to the Negotiating Text for Consideration at the 6th Session of the AWG-LCA
Section 1 – Mitigation : Article 2
1. Developed country Parties:
a. For each such Party, Appendix 1 includes quantitative emissions reductions/removals in the 2020/[ ]
timeframe, in conformity with domestic law.
b. Each such Party shall formulate and submit a low-carbon strategy for long-term net emissions reductions of
at least [ ] by 2050.
2.
Recognizing that the circumstances of countries naturally evolve over time, Paragraph 1 above shall
apply, when Appendix 1 is next updated, to other Parties in accordance with objective criteria of
economic development.
3. Developing country Parties whose national circumstances reflect greater responsibility or capability:
a. For each such Party, Appendix 1 includes nationally appropriate mitigation actions in the 2020/[] timeframe
that are quantified (e.g., reduction from business-as-usual) and are consistent with the levels of ambition
needed to contribute to meeting the objective of the Convention.
b. Each such Party shall formulate and submit a low-carbon strategy for long-term net emissions reductions by
2050, consistent with the levels of ambition needed to contribute to meeting the objective of the
Convention.
c. Appendix 1 shall include date(s) by which the Party will commit to the type of action referred to in
paragraph 1(a) above.
d. Other developing country Parties should implement nationally appropriate mitigation actions and develop
low-carbon strategies, consistent with their capacity.
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(4 May 2009)
What responsibility?
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• The state or fact of being accountable; liability,
accountability for something
• The fact of having a duty to do something.
Responsibility to
‘Today
we have learned in the agony of war that great power involves
great responsibility.’
Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1945 Jefferson Day Dinner speech
(Posthumously published in Ben D. Zevin, Nothing to Fear: The Selected Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 19321945:p.455)
‘Un grand pouvoir implique de grandes responsabilités’
Attributed to Voltaire
(Œuvres de Voltaire, Volume 48, Lefèvre, 1832,
not verified)
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“With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility”
Responsibility for
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Benito Müller, Niklas Höhne,
and Christian Ellermann (October 2007)
What equity?
I. In general.
The quality of being equal or fair; fairness, impartiality; even-handed dealing.
II. In Jurisprudence.
The recourse to general principles of justice (the naturalis æquitas of Roman
jurists) to correct or supplement the provisions of the law. equity of a statute: the
construction of a statute according to its reason and spirit, so as to make it apply to
cases for which it does not expressly provide.
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b : the money value of a property or of an interest in a property in
excess of claims or liens against it.
Equality on the Durban Platform
“Treat like cases as like”
Nicomachean Ethics, V.3. 1131a10-b15;
Politics, III.9.1280 a8-15, III. 12. 1282b18-23
Full Aristotelian Conception
Descriptively equal cases ought to be treated equally, descriptively
unequal cases ought to be treated unequally, according to their degree
of inequality.
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Aristotle’s principle of formal equality:
The Oxford Measure −
of Capability to Pay
2012 ecbi Fellowships
Benito Müller
european capacity building initiative
ecbi
european capacity building initiative
initiative européenne de renforcement des capacités
ecbi
for sustained capacity building in support of international climate change negotiations
pour un renforcement durable des capacités en appui aux négociations internationales
sur les changements climatiques
Capability as Ability to Pay − A Taxation Model
Tax Liability vs Charity
Gross Capability Axioms (gdp = GDP/cap)
If gdpk = gdpm then GCk : GCm = GDPk : GDPm
If GDPk = GDPm then GCk : GCm = GDPk : GDPm
european capacity building initiative
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Capability = Gross Capability minus Capability Adjustment
Ck = GCk − Cak [cu : capacity unit]
taxable income = gross income minus tax allowances
Capability as Ability to Pay − A Taxation Model
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Homogeneous World Solution (gdpk ≡ gdpm )
Gross Capability = National Income
GCk ≈ GDPk
Oxford Gross Capability
Gross Capability = Progressively weighted National Income:
OGCk = γk × GDPk, with γk = gdpk / gdpworld [cu/$]
Gross Capability Examples
GDP (2009 $ PPP)
GDP and Gross Capabilities
$15,000
$60,000
$50,000
$11,000
$40,000
$9,000
$7,000
$30,000
$5,000
$20,000
$3,000
$10,000
$1,000
-$1,000
$0
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
european capacity building initiative
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World per capita GDP (2009): $10’643
$13,000
Gross Capability Examples
OGCk = γk × GDPk, [γk = gdpk / gdpworld ]
Gross Capabilities
GDP (2009 $ PPP)
GDP and Gross Capabilities
65,000
$15,000
$65,000
65,000
$13,000
$55,000
55,000
50,000
$11,000
$45,000
45,000
$9,000
40,000
$35,000
35,000
$7,000
60,000
γUS = 4.3
55,000
50,000
45,000
γEU = 3.0
40,000
35,000
30,000
30,000
$25,000
25,000
$5,000
25,000
20,000
20,000
$15,000
$3,000
γCH = 0.6
15,000
10,000
10,000
$5,000
$1,000
15,000
γJP = 3.0
5,000
5,000
γIN = 0.3
0
0
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
-$5,000
$0
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
$0
-$1,000
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
european capacity building initiative
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World per capita GDP (2009): $10’643
60,000
Gross Capability Examples
OGCk = (γk)δ × GDPk, δ ≥ 0
Gross Capabilities
GDP (2009 $ PPP)
65,000
$15,000
9
60,000
$13,000
55,000
8
50,000
$11,000
7
45,000
$9,000
6
40,000
35,000
5
$7,000
US (γ = 4.3)
30,000
4
25,000
$5,000
3
EU; Japan (γ = 3.0)
20,000
$3,000
15,000
2
10,000
1
China (γ = 0.6)
$1,000
5,000
India (γ = 0.29)
0
0
0
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
$0
-$1,000
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
δ
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γδ
Gross Capability Examples
Gross Capability (δ = 0)
OGCk = (γk)δ × GDPk, δ ≥ 0
Gross Capability (δ = 1)
Gross Capabilities (δ = 0.8)
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
$0
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
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Reference
level
Oxford Measure − Capability Adjustment
PCAk = Πk × PHk [cu]
Multidimensional Poverty Index: MPIk [scalar]
PCAk = Π × Pk × MPIk , with Pk = population
european capacity building initiative
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Capability = Gross Capability minus Capability Adjustment
Adjustment for what?
The size of the domestic poverty problem
• Poverty Capability Adjustment PCAk
Measuring the size of the poverty problem − two dimensions:
• Poverty Headcount PHk [number of poor people]
• Poverty Intensity Index: PIk [scalar]
• Global Poverty Capability Allowance Π [cu/person]
• Differentiated Poverty Capability Allowance Πk = Π × PIk [cu/person]
Oxford Measure − Global Capability Allowance Π
Zero Capability Allowances
10,000
Bhutan
9,000
Namibia
8,000
Swaziland
7,000
Zero Capability Allowances (ZCAk)
OCMk = OGCk − Π × Pk × MPIk
0 = OGCk − ZCAk × Pk × MPIk
Vanuatu
6,000
5,000
4,000
Congo
3,000
Π =def 3 × ZCALDC
Angola
2,000
3 × ZCALDC
1,000
LDC average (ZCALDC)
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
0
$10,000
Africa(-)
$8,000
$6,000
$4,000
$2,000
$0
LDCs
Africa(-) = Sub-Saharan w/o South Africa
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Poverty Capability Adjustment =
Global Capability Poverty Allowance (Π) ×
Population × Multidimensional Poverty Index
PCAk = Π × Pk × MPIk ,
Gross and Net Capability Examples
Net Capability
(δ = 1; Π = 3×ZCALDC)
Gross Capability (δ = 1)
Gross Capability (δ = 0)
$60,000
$40,000
$20,000
$0
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
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Reference
level
Net Capability:
Sensitivity to Choice of Poverty Allowance Π
0
1
2
3
4
5
Capability Intensity (OCMk /GDPk)
400%
1
300%
2
3
4
5
6
106%
104%
200%
102%
100%
100%
98%
0%
96%
94%
-100%
92%
-200%
-300%
LDC
Slope = ̶ Poverty Intensity
−(Poverty Headcount × Poverty Intensity)/GDP
−(PHk × PIk )/ × GDPk
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Poverty Allowance Π = ZCALDC ×
Oxford Measure: Capability Headroom
Capability Headroom = − Capability/GDP [%]
1,000
% (Log scale)
Burundi 666%
δ = 1, Π = 3 × ZCALDC
LDC aggregate
100
10
Djibouti 9%
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
1
$3,500
$3,000
$2,500
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
$500
$0
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(for countries with negative capability)
Oxford Measure − Sample Capabilities I
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
65,000
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
60,000
US
55,000
50,000
Non-zero Capability
45,000
EU
40,000
Capability
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
Japan
China
5,000
Brazil
South Africa
0
-5,000
Russia
India
LDC aggr.
Canada
Saudi
Switzerland UAE
Australia
Zero Capability
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δ = 1, Π = 3 × ZCALDC
Oxford Measure − Sample Capabilities II
7,000
UK
6,000
China
5,000
Russia
Canada
Spain
4,000
S. Korea
Australia
3,000
Brazil Mexico
Netherlands
2,000
Belgium
Austria
Poland Saudi
Turkey
Switzerland
1,000
EgyptThailandS. Africa
Argentina
Indonesia
Pakistan
Malaysia
Nigeria
Colombia
0
Kazakhstan
Ukraine
Ethiopia
Bangladesh
India
Czech R.
UAE
Non-zero Capability
Italy
Sweden
Greece
-1,000
Zero Capability
LDC Aggregate
-2,000
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
GDP ($PPP, 2009) per capita
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France
δ = 1, Π = 3 × ZCALDC
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Thank you!