Viruses
and Bacteria
Page 51
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Viruses are considered
nonliving particles.
Viruses does not carry out
reproduction until in a living
cell(host).
Obtaining Food= they are
parasites.
Reproduction= Asexual
reproduction through
Replication.
Not made of a cell or cells.
Moneran
KingdomBacteria.
Eubacteria Kingdomconsist of all bacteria in
normal conditions.
2. Archaebacteria Kingdomconsist of bacteria in harsh
conditions such as septic
systems, hot springs and
salty water.
3. Reproduction- Sexually by
Conjugation; Asexually
through Binary Fission.
1.
Protists
Pages 59-64
Amoeba
Pg. 59
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Kingdom- Protista (Protists)
Obtaining Food: heterotrophs- feed on
bacteria by using pseudopods (false
feet)
Body is shapeless.
Gas Exchange: Diffusion using the
plasma membrane.
Lives in water: Aquatic
Reproduction: Asexual by Binary
Fission.
Unicellular: eukaryotic cell= has
organelles.
Digestion: happens in the food vacuole
by enzymes.
Paramecium
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Kingdom: Protista (Protists)
Obtaining Food: uses cilia to
bring food to its oral groove.
Live in water. (aquatic)
Digestion: happens in the
gullet by use of enzymes.
Waste: Excretion by use of
anal pore
Reproduction; Asexual by
Binary Fission.
Gas Exchange: Diffusion by
using plasma membrane: O2
in and CO2 out.
Euglena
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Kingdom: Protista
Eyespot: used to detect
light.
When light is present, it acts
as an autotroph (carries out
photosynthesis); when light
is not present, it acts as a
heterotroph.
Gas Exchange: Diffusion
through the plasma
membrane.
Has Mitochondria: synthesis
its own ATP by respiration.
Unicellular: Eukaryotic cell
(has nucleus)
Algae- Volvox
algae
Volvox
1. Kingdom- Protista
2. Autotroph: carries out
photosynthesis.
3. Reproduction- Fragmentationasexual; produces clones;
eachalgae
little piece becomes a
new organism.
4. Gas Exchange: CO2 in and O2
out
5. All algae is protist made of
eukaryotic cells; some
unicellular and some
multicellular.
Fungus-like Protists
(Slime molds and Water Molds)
1.Heterotrophs-
saprophytes
2.Multicellular- no chitin in cell wall.
3.True fungi have chitin in cell wall.
4.Reproduction- Asexual called
sporulation.
Concept Map on Protists
1.Animal-like Protists are called protozoans.
2.Zooflagellates swim with a flagellum.
2.Sarcodines use pseodopods (false feet).
3.Ciliates use cilia (hair-like projections).
4.Sporozoans
live in a host… fish, birds humans etc.
They reproduce by spores.
5.Plant-like Protists are called Algae.
6.They exist in a wide variety of sizes and colors.
7.Contain chlorophyll; can conduct photosynthesis.
8.Six groups of algae: Diatoms, Dinoflagellates,
Euglenoids, Red Algae, Brown Algae, Green Algae.
Mushrooms- Fungi Kingdom
1.A
mushroom carries out asexual
reproduction called sporulation- each spore
is a clone of the parent.
2.Mushrooms are heterotrophs- release
enzymes over dead plant material- food is
liquified and absorbed into mushroom’s
body.
3.Mushrooms are saprophytes- food source is
dead or dying plant material.
Yeast- Fungi Kingdom
1.Asexual
reproduction: called budding.
2.Important in alcohol fermentation. (produces
two ATP and CO2)
3.Used in baking bread; release CO2 which
causes bread to rise.
Draw Yeast
Lichens= Fungi Kingdom
1.Lichens
are a symbiotic relationship
between algae and fungus.
a. Fungus provides protection, water and
minerals.
b. Algae carries out photosynthesis to
provide food for both.
2.Lichens are major producers in the Tundra
Biome.
3.Lichens grow on rocks and break them
apart to provide fertile soil.
4.They are good indicators of air pollution.
Leaf
1.Xylem
transport H2O to all cells.
2.Phloem transports sugar (glucose) to all cells.
3.Guard Cells opens and closes stomata.
4.Palisade Mesophyll= where the majority of
photosynthesis happens.
5.Transpiration (H2O moves out) happens at
stomata.
6.Vascular Bundle= contains Xylem and Phloem.
Seed
1.A
seed carries the embryo; embryo formed
by sexual reproduction known as pollination
which occurs in flowering plants called
angiosperms.
2.Seed is compared to the uterus of a female
because both carry the embryo.
3.For a seed to germinate when placed in the
soil, conditions must be favorable; H2O; O2;
temperature (warm); Earthworms help
increase O2 in the soil by turning it over as
they crawl
The Flower
1.Male reproductive parts are: .amen, anther
and filament, the anther produces pollen and
pollen carries the sperm cell.
2.Female reproductive parts are: pistil, stigma,
style and the ovary. Pollen lands on the stigma
and sperm cells are carried to the ovary by the
pollen tube. When the ovary is fertilized you get
a fruit in the end. No flower – no fruit.
Fertilization
1.Part
of the male gametophyte grow
through the pistil to reach the female
gametophyte in flowering plants.
2.Double fertilization involves two sperm
nuclei.
3.A zygote (2n) and endosperm (3n) are
formed.
Do book drawing and write
information in picture.
Page 70
Process of Fruit Formation
All vegetables are fruit to a scientist because
they are formed from a flower.
2.When the eggs in the ovules of a blueberry
flower have been fertilized, the petals, stamen
and stigma wither and fall away.
3.The wall of the blueberry flower’s ovary
becomes fleshy as the seeds develop.
4.The remains of the sepals and some dried
stamens usually can be seen at the top of a
blueberry fruit.
1.
Understanding Roots
1. Apical
Meristem= high rate of mitosis
(new body cells)
2. Xylem= transport H2O and minerals.
3. Phloem= transports sugar (glucose)
4. Xylem and Phloem in plants compare
to arteries and veins in animal
transport.
Plant Responses
*** Plant Responses are controlled by
Hormones called Auxins.***
1. Thigmotropism= plants touch object and
vines wrap around object.
2. Phototropism= plants bend toward light or
sunlight.
3. Geotropism or Gravitropism= roots grow
down and stems grow up.
a.
Positive Geotropism= roots always grow
down.
b.
Negative Geotropism= stems grow
4. Nastic
Movement= venus flytrap leaves fold
around insect that lands on it; traps the
insect and it dies- juices of dead insect used
by plant.
(Pictures to be drawn for each)
Plant Responses of Flowering Plants=
Photoperiodism
1. Many
plants are day-neutral. Flowering in
cucumbers, tomatoes, and corn is not
influenced by a dark period.
2. Spinach and lettuce are long-day plants that
flower in midsummer.
3. Short-day plants include pansies and
goldenrod.
(Pictures to be drawn for each)
Gastrula (Horseshoe Shape)
***
Differentiation= cells begin to specialize (1
specific job)
1. Endoderm= inner cells that form the animals
digestive tract and organs.
2. Ectoderm= outer cells that form skin and nervous
system.
3. Mesoderm= middle cells form muscles, circulatory
system, excretory system, and respiratory system.
4. Stages of Development: Fertilized Egg →zygote →
blastula → Gastrula → Embryo → Fetus
Sponge= Invertebrate, Asymmetry,
Sessile (no locomotion), Filter feeder,
Phylum Porifera
1. Protection=
needle-like structures called
spicules.
2. Obtaining nutrients= ocean water enters pores
bringing in food and food is caught.
3. Excretion= uses a large pore called an
Asculum.
4. Reproduction= Asexual called fragmentation.
5. They are hermaphrodite= carry male and
female sex organs.
Hydra- Cnidarian, Invertebrate, Sessile, Radial
Symmetry, Phylum Cnidaria
Some have Asexual Reproduction called Budding.
2. Nutrition= captures food by using tentacles and
brings in its mouth.
3. All Cnidarians have radial symmetry and live in the
water. Ex. Jelly Fish, Corals, Sea Anemones
4. Protection= stings and uses cells called
nematocysts.
5. Jellyfish= sexual reproduction (External
Fertilization; External Development)
1.
6. Digestion
in gastrovascular cavity
The Planarian- Flatworms: Invertebrate, Bilateral
Symmetry, Phylum Platyhelminthes
1. Asexual
Reproduction called regeneration.
2. Nutrition= sucks up its food by using a
pharynx out of its mouth (feeds on slow
moving organisms) or dead organisms.
3. Locomotion= use cilia (tiny hairs)
4. Habitat= lies under rocks in streams, Eyespot
picks up light.
5. Excretion= waste removal out of mouth. Only
one body opening.
6. Other Flatworms= tapeworms (parasites), fluke
(parasite found in rice patties).
7. Very simple nervous system: nerve cord
Mollusks- Invertebrate; Aquatic;
Phylum Molluska
3 Major Classes= Food for Humans
A.
Snail
1. Snail: Class Gastropoda
2. Locomotion with large muscular foot.
3. Nutrition: uses a radula; a tongue with teeth to
bring in food.
4. Mantle produces the shell.
5. Snails have well defined, well developed head
in addition to a large foot.
Draw Snail
B.
Squid
1.
Squid= Class Cephalopod.
2.
Uses ink spray to escape predators.
3.
Octopus is a cephalopod also.
4.
Open circulatory system: where blood
leaves out of arteries and veins and fill
up an open space around organs.
Draw Squid
C.
Clam
1. Clam- Bivalve; class Pelecypoda
2. Two shells cover a soft body.
3. Other bivalve include oysters and
scallops.
Draw Clam
Earthworm+= Order Annelida;
Phylum Oligochaeta; Invertebrate,
Bilateral Symmetry; Hermaphrodite
Gizzard= grinds soil; acts as teeth.
2. Locomotion: setae and muscles.
3. Closed Circulatory System: blood stays in arteries
and veins.
4. Sexual Reproduction: Hermaphrodite; external
development; capsule carries fertilized egg and
falls into soil.
5. Excretion: Nitrogenous waste leaves out of anus.
The nephridia removes waste from blood stream.
1.
6.
7.
Nutrition: Food enters the mouth; moves into
the crop and then into the gizzard for digestion
to be completed.
Gas Exchange: O2 enters and CO2 moves
out by use of the skin (diffusion)- lives in moist
soil.
Grasshopper- Invertebrate; Phylum
Arthropoda; Class Insecta.
1. Insects= 6 Legs, 3 Body Sections, Wings,
Closed Circulatory System, Internal
Fertilization- External Development.
2. Excretory= uses malpighian tubules are used
to remove nitrogenous waste known as uric
acid (crystal formation)
3.
Gas Exchange: O2 enters the spiracles and goes
down tracheal tubes to enter bloodstream -CO2
moves out by spiracles.
4.Nutrition= chews food by using mandibles
(eats grass, wheat)
(next page)
5.
6.
7.
8.
3 Body Segments: head, thorax and
abdomen
Some insects can carry on parthenogenesis
(cloning happening with an unfertilized egg)
ex. Ants, wasps, bees.
Locomotion: Jointed Appendages and
Wings.
Protection: Exoskeleton (hard outer covering
made of chitin)
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Draw and label as in the book
Incomplete Metamorphosis.
Old Book- 774
New Book- 754
The Characteristics of a Chordate
1. Chordates
have a notochord; but Vertebrate
Chordates only have a notochord when they
are embryos. The notochord is replaced by
backbone to protect spinal chord.
2. Chordates have muscle blocks (stacks of
muscles).
3. Chordates have dorsal nerve fins.
4. Chordates have gill slits or did have gill slits
in embryonic stage, also called pharyngeal
pouches.
Boney Fish
Locomotion by fins.
2. Gas Exchange: happens in gills: O2 enters from
water and CO2 moves out. By diffusion.
3. Closed Circulatory System: heart has 2
chambers.
4. Reproduction: Sexual called spawning- external
fertilization; female releases lots of eggs into
water male swims over releasing sperm.
5. Kidney removes nitrogeneous waste out of
bloodstream.
6. Swim Bladder: Controls depth fish swims.
7. Sense Organ: Lateral Line System detects
changes in water.
1.
8.
3 Classes of Boney Fish:
A.
Agnathans- jawless fish
(Hagfish)
B.
Chondrichthyes- Sharks, rays,
(lots of cartilage)
C.
Osteichthyes- Bony Fish- spot;
trout, brim, etc
Scaly Mackeral
Lamprey Eel
Hagfish
Amniotic Egg
1. Covered
by a hard shell.
2. All birds, all reptiles, all monotremes lay the
amniotic egg.
3. Internal fertilization.
4. Yolk= food sac supplies food to embryo.
5. Amnion= fluid that surrounds the embryo to
protect it.
6. Allantois= place where nitrogeneous waste of
embryo sent for storage.
7. Chorion= gas exchange; O2 in and CO2 out.
Amniotic Egg
Amniotic Egg
Reptiles
1. Reptiles
are vertebrates; Chordates
2. All reptiles have scaly skin.
3. Closed circulatory system: most have a 3chambered heart; some have 4-chambered
heart.
4. Internal Fertilization- lay fertilized amniotic
egg on land.
5. Ectotherms- cold blooded.
6. Gas Exchange- lungs: (O2 in and CO2 out).
7. Nitrogenous waste removed out of
bloodstream by kidneys.
Amphibians
1. Amphibians
are Vertebrates; Chordates;
and Ectotherms.
2. They undergo metamorphosis
(incomplete). Fertilized egg tadpole 
adult frog (eggs laid in water)
3. Have thin, moist skin used for gas
exchange and also uses their lungs.
4. Double Life: live on land and in water.
5. Closed circulatory system: 3-chambered
heart.
6. Reproduction: sexual: external fertilization
Frog
Frog
Grass Frog
Salamander
Birds
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Vertebrate, Chordate, Endotherm.
Have 4-chmbered heart: very efficient.
Heart keeps oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood separated.
Breast-bone (sternum)- strong support
for flight.
Sexual Reproduction; internal
fertilization; female lays a fertilized
amniotic egg.
Oxygenated blood have high level of O2.
Deoxygenated blood has high level of
1.
The Owl is nocturnal: circadian rhythm=
(biological time clock based on 24-hours):
metabolism low during day and high at night.
They incubate an amniotic egg.
Draw owl head
2.
Hawk= carnivore (Niche)= eats animals only
Dray Hawk
3. Red Bird= (State Bird); omnivore (niche): eats
plants and animals.
Mammals
Mammals= All produce milk for their
young. They are vertebrates, Chordates,
4-chambered heart, lungs, have hair,
diaphragm muscle beneath lungs,
endotherms, have glands that produce
hormones, teeth that grind food.
1.
Man- Primate; Placental mammal; have
opposable thumb.
draw man
2.
Kangaroo- Marsupial has pouch where
young fetus develops.
draw kangaroo
3.
Horse- Ungulate; has hoofs; Placental.
draw horseshoe
4.
Anteater= Insectivora; eats insects;
placental
5.
Mouse= Rodentia= large incisors that gnaws
food; placental mammal.
Draw Mouse
6.
Duckbilled Platypus= Monotreme- lays
amniotic egg.
Draw Duckbilled Platypus
7.
Whale= Cetacean= lots of blubber;
Placental.
Draw Whale
8.
Fox= Carnivore; Placental Mammal.
9.
Bat= Chiroptera- can fly; placental mammal.
draw bat
10.
Rabbit= Logomorpha- powerful hind legs for
jumping; placental mammal.
draw rabbit
11.
Armadillo= Edentata= toothless; placental
mammal.
Draw Armadillo