Taxonomy
Taxonomy,
Classification,
& Kingdoms
Chapter 18
Why Classify?
To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
classification system to name organisms &
group them in a logical manner.
Taxonomy
Discipline of classifying
organisms and assigning each
organism a universally
accepted name.
Defined:
In other words, naming things.
Systematics
Defined: the field that—
(a) provides
scientific names for
organisms,
(b) describes them,
(c) preserves collections of them,
(d) provides classifications for the
organisms, keys for their
identification, and data on their
distributions,
(e) investigates their evolutionary
histories, and
(f) considers their environmental
adaptations.
Taxonomy
Systematics
Why common names don’t work
Common names vary among languages.
Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture
Red-tailed Hawk
Honey Buzzard
Turkey Vulture
Another Example:
Dolphin
Dolphin
Tursipos truncatus
Mahi mahi
Carolus Linnaeus
(1707 – 1778)
Began taxonomy.
 Created the system of naming
(nomenclature)we use today.
 In taxonomy, a group or level of
organization is called taxonomic category or
taxon.

Binomial Nomenclature
“Bi” means 2
 “nomial” means name
 “Nomen” means name
 “clature” means the system of

Defined:
In binomial nomenclature, each
species is assigned a two-part
scientific name. (Genus / species)
Example of Binomial Nomenclature
 Polar
Bear is Ursus maritimus

Ursus: genus
Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears

U. maritimus: species
The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea.
Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
Definitions to know
 Genus: is a group of closely related species
 Species: Group of similar organisms that can
breed and produce fertile offspring
 Family:
Group of genera that share many
characteristics
 Order:
Group of similar families
 Class:
Group of similar orders
 Phylum:
Group of closely related classes
 Kingdom:
Largest taxonomic group,
consisting of closely related
Organizing the taxa
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Here We Go…
Polar Bear
Don’t write anything yet!!
Species: U. maritimus
Genus: Ursus
Family: Ursidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animilia
What do these mean?...lets see
What they mean
Write this!
Domain: Eukarya (nucleated cells w/membranous organelles)
Kingdom: Animilia (heterotrophic, multicellular)
Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)
Family: Ursidae (bears)
Genus: Ursus (a kind of bear)
Species: U. maritimus (lives in marine environment)
Organizing the taxa
Domain Eukarya (and plants, mushrooms, amoeba
Kingdom Animal (and bugs, jellyfish, squid,
sea stars)
Phylum Chordata (and birds, frogs, snakes)
Class Mammalia and cows, whales, goats,
moose, rats, bats)
Order Carnivora (and cheetahs, otters, seals)
Family Ursidae (and panda bears
Genus Ursus (brown bears, polar bears)
Species Ursus maritimus
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Ursidae
Genus
Ursus
Species
maritimus
Human Classification
Domain Eukarya
 Kingdom Animalia
 Phylum Chordata

(subphylum vertebrata)
Class Mammalia
 Order Primates
 Family Hominidae
 Genus: Homo
 Species: Homo sapiens

In your comp book

Choose ANOTHER organism (nonhuman) and write its classification
alongside the human classification.
How to remember:
Da King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Classification
New Species
The Three-Domain System

There are 3 Domains:




Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
There are 6 Kingdoms:
A. Eubacteria
D. Fungi
B. Archaebacteria C. Protista
E. Plantae
F. Animalia
The Three-Domain System

There are 3 Domains:

Domain Bacteria




Domain Archaea




Kingdom Eubacteria
Unicellular/Prokaryotes
Cell walls have Peptidoglycan
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Unicellular/Prokaryotes
Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan
Domain Eukarya

Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Kingdom Archaebacteria
-
Unicellular Prokaryote
Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan
Extremophiles – Love extreme environments
like inside the guts of animals, volcanoes, hydrothermal
vents, and hot springs
Archaea
Hydrothermal Vent
Hot Spring
Volcanoes
Kingdom Eubacteria
-
Unicellular Prokaryote
Cell walls with Peptidoglycan
All other bacteria you encounter everyday
E. coli
Staphlycoccus
Streptococcus
Kingdom Protista
Video Clip: Amoeba
-
Unicellular or Multicellular
Live in colonies
Amoeba
Euglena
Paramecium
Kingdom Fungi
-
Unicellular or Multicellular
Cell walls made of Chitin
Heterotrophs….they eat!
Yeast
Mushrooms
Kingdom Plantae
-
Multicellular
Cell walls made of Cellulose
Autotrophs….make their own food
Trees & Grass
Moss
Venus Fly Trap
Kingdom Animalia
-
Multicellular
NO cell walls
Heterotrophs….they eat
Worms
Insects
Jellyfish
Giraffes
6 Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Most
common
bacteria
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
“Ancient Bacteria”
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph/ Heterotroph
heterotroph
Includes
Algae
Cell wall w/
Peptidoglycan
Live in very
hot places
Don’t
belong in
other euk
E. ecoli
Pyrococcus furiosus
Paramecium
Release
enzymes
to digest
food
Cell walls
w/cellulose
&
Chloroplasts
H. coccinea
Adiantum
pedatum
No cell wall
No
chloroplasts
Multicellular
Homo sapiens
Write Scientific Names Correctly
Genus species
 Genus capitalized
 Species lower case
 Underline if hand written
 Italics if typed

= species
Genus + specific epithet
Homo sapiens
Canis lupis
Hippocampus erectus
Scientific Name: Genus/species
If these three species belong to the same
genus, they are descended from a common
ancestor.
Felis domestica
domestica
Felis
Domestic
Cat
Felis leo
leo
Lion
Felis margarita
margarita
Sand cat`
A Problem with Traditional Classification
Example: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet
•
The barnacle and the limpet have similarly
shaped shells & look alike
•
The crab has a very different body form
•
Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could
be classified together and the crab in a different
group.
Related
This incorrect because
crabs and barnacles
are actually related
Draw this!
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
Even though they do
not look a like, crabs &
barnacles are actually
related
Classification Using Cladograms
Cladogram: A diagram that shows the
evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
Using Cladograms, you can see
that crabs and barnacles share
MORE similar characteristics
because they both molt & are
segmented
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
You can also see that
ALL have a free
swimming larva stage
Where do viruses go?
Viruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein,
and in some cases lipids that can reproduce
ONLY by infecting living cells.
Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA
surrounded by a protein coat.
These are T4 Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is a
virus which infects
bacteria
Where do viruses go? (continued)
Viruses are not considered alive because they
don’t have ALL the characteristics of life.
Example: They can’t reproduce independently
These are the Influenza Viruses
Influenza or "flu" is an
infection of the respiratory
tract that can affect millions
of people every year.
The End.