Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan
CHAPTER 14 LECTURE OUTLINE
THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF THE
CITY
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-1
Chapter 14 Modules
•
•
•
•
14A Early Urban Morphology
14B Three Historical Urban Types
14C Land Values, Densities, and Urban Form
14D Transportation and Modern Urban
Growth
• 14E Housing the City
• 14F Urban Development in Europe and Japan
• 14G Cities in Less Developed Countries
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-2
14A: Early Urban Morphology 1
• Morphology means form or shape
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
All cities share:
An urban population
An urban center
A perimeter, such as a wall and gates
A transportation network
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-3
The Law of the Indies
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 14A.2
14-4
14A: Early Urban
Morphology 2
• Transportation
networks can be
• Organic
• Street systems
develop as the city
grows, even if the
pattern is odd
• Planned
• Grid systems like
Manhattan
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-5
14B: Three Historical Urban Types 1
• Ancient City
• Perimeter wall
• Elite compound at center
for temple, key
government functions
• Roads were planned and
unplanned
• Structures were rarely
tall
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-6
14B: Three Historical Urban Types 2
• Trading City
• Centered on a
marketplace
• Central square
• Market near the town
gates
• Street patterns were
meant to help merchants
• Warehouses nearby
• Guild halls
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-7
14B: Three Historical Urban Types 3
• Industrial City
• Focused on factories
• Factories located near
water
• Warehouses with nearby
hotels
• Railroads connecting city
to main ports
• Tenements and worker
housing
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-8
14C: Land Values, Densities, & Urban
Form
• Land values are generally highest near
the Central Business District (CBD)
• Often has a peak value intersection (PVI)
• Nodal point
• Land Value = function ( site, internal
situation)
• Internal situation relates to access
• Cities can have daytime and nighttime
densities
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-9
Land Values in the City
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 14C.1
14-10
Urban Functions & Land Values
Figure 14C.2
[insert figure 14C.2 here]
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-11
Urban Functions & Land Values
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 14C.3
14-12
The Density Gradient
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 14C.5
14-13
Density in Cleveland
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 14C.6
14-14
14D: Transportation & Modern Urban
Growth 1
• Transportation affected
the shaping of
American cities
• The walking city before
1850 only had a radius
of about 2 miles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-15
14D: Transportation & Modern Urban
Growth 2
• The streetcar city
started with horsedrawn omnibuses that
were replaced horsedrawn streetcars and
finally with electric
streetcars at the end of
the 19th century
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-16
14D: Transportation & Modern Urban
Growth 3
• The auto-centered is
distinct from earlier
forms.
• CBD surrounded by an
inner city that were the
streetcar suburbs
• On the outskirts, a ring of
edge cities that are
shopping and business
districts among near
suburban housing
• Bedroom communities
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-17
Interstate Highway System
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 14D.6
14-18
14D: Concentric Zone Model
• Early model of the
modern city
1.
2.
3.
4.
CBD
CBD fringe
Zone of transition
Zone of independent
workingmen’s homes
5. Residential zone
6. Commuters zone
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-19
14D: Sector Model
• A modification of the
concentric zone model
– High-rent areas (5) are
far from factories (2)
– Low-rent areas (3) are
next to undesirable
factories and
warehouses
– Middle-income areas (4)
are in-between highand low-rent areas
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-20
Homeownership Over Time
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 14E.1
14-21
14E: Housing the City
• Over time, wealthier families move from older housing into
newer housing (“filtering”)
• Vacancies are filled by less prosperous families
• Older housing may be subdivided and turned into rental units
• Over time, some poorer areas become wealthy again through
gentrification
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-22
14E: Housing the City
• Subprime lending
refers to mortgages
made to people who
do not qualify for
regular mortgages
• If the rates are unfair, it
can be predatory
lending
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-23
14F: Urban Development in Europe &
Japan
• A mix of old and new buildings because of World
War II
• Because of the rebuilding, there are often
experimental areas
• More government control over cities than the U.S.
• Cities end abruptly and transition to the
countryside in some areas
• Green belts in some areas
• Many European cities are compact
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-24
14G: Cities in Less Developed
Countries
• High growth rates but also high poverty make urban
planning a challenge
• Formal sector
• Jobs in industry, established services, and government
• Informal sector
• Selling items on the street, gambling, scavenging, trade
in illegal substances or activities
• Temporary structures for immigrants are sometimes
called squatter settlements
• Poor population, little or no water, sanitation
infrastructure, or electricity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
14-25
Latin America City Model
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 14G.4
14-26